O direito intertemporal é um dos ramos mais complexos da ciência jurídica. Não bastasse a amplitude do tema e sua ligação com todos os ramos da ciência jurídica, as soluções apresentadas pela doutrina para seus problemas são bastante variadas e partem de enfoques bem diferenciados na observação dos seus fenômenos. A despeito de ser uma matéria extremamente importante, porque vinculada com o progresso da ciência jurídica e com a evolução do ordenamento mediante a alteração das leis, ela não recebeu a atenção adequada da doutrina processual, o que reflete na absoluta ausência de parâmetros seguros para o direito intertemporal processual. Este estudo é uma tentativa de sistematização desse ramo do direito. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos partiu-se da análise das principais doutrinas do direito intertemporal, com atenção especial às de GABBA e ROUBIER por serem elas as que exercem maior influência no nosso sistema. A preocupação principal nesse momento foi a de fixar conceitos que são imprescindíveis para uma boa compreensão do modo como o direito intertemporal é tratado em nosso ordenamento. Posteriormente foi estudado o sistema de direito intertemporal brasileiro, numa análise global, sem uma preocupação especial, ainda, com o direito processual. A abordagem partiu de uma evolução histórica do tratamento da disciplina e culminou com o esboço do modo como nosso sistema confere proteção aos direitos adquiridos e às situações jurídicas consolidadas contra alterações legislativas. Fixadas essas idéias, passou-se à análise do direito processual civil intertemporal. Em um primeiro momento foram demonstrados os motivos que justificam uma abordagem da disciplina a partir de um enfoque eminentemente processual, para, posteriormente, traçar um resumo da forma como essa disciplina é tratada pela legislação, doutrina e jurisprudência. Dessa análise ressaltaram as principais lacunas da disciplina, que são: a ausência de delimitação dos direitos processuais adquiridos; a falta de sistematização da disciplina dos poderes do juiz em matéria de direito intertemporal e a inexistência de parâmetros seguros para identificação das situações jurídicas processuais. Identificadas essas lacunas, foram desenvolvidos esforços para que este estudo fornecesse subsídios para preenchê-las. Para tanto, foram estudados isoladamente cada um desses temas e, dentro das limitações do trabalho, buscou-se enfocá-los de maneira diferenciada e mais aproximada, a fim de alcançar os objetivos propostos. No tópico final foram esclarecidas as principais conclusões obtidas durante o estudo com o desenho do modo como, a partir delas, entendeu se possível sistematizar o direito processual civil intertemporal brasileiro. / Intertemporal Law is one of the most intricate branches in the field of legal theory. Adding to its width and to its connection with all juridical fields, the solutions presented by this doctrine are quite ample and stem from diverse focuses when observing its phenomena. Notwithstanding being an extremely important subject, for it binds upon the progress of the legal science and upon the evolution of Law amendment ordinance, it has not been closely observed by the procedural doctrine, what explains the lack of safe parameters for the procedural intertemporal Law. This paper seeks to systemize this branch of Law. To attain the objectives herein, analysis of the main doctrines of intertemporal law were carried out, and special attention was placed on those of GABBA and ROUBIER for they are the ones that mostly influence our system. The initial worry was to fix concepts which are imperative for understanding how intertemporal law is dealt with in our system. Afterwards, the intertemporal Brazilian system was examined, on its whole, still not aiming at its procedural aspects. Its address arouse from a historical approach of this discipline and ended up with a draft of how our system confers protection to acquired rights and to consolidated legal cases against legislative alterations. Thereafter, analysis of intertemporal civil procedure took place. Prima facie, motives which justify its eminent procedural approach was demonstrated and, then, a summary of how it is treated by our legislation, doctrine and jurisprudence. From this analysis its main gaps came to surface, namely: absence of acquired procedural rights delimitation; absence of systematization of judges authorities inherent in intertemporal law and absence of safe parameters for identification of procedural situations. These gaps identified, efforts were endeavored towards this study with a view to providing solutions to them. So, each one was separately studied and, within the scope of this paper, differentiated and closer focuses were sought, aiming at complying with the proposed objectives. Last, this studys main conclusions are made clearer, with a framework, as of these conclusions, of how it was possible to systemize the Brazilian intertemporal civil law.

Magister Legum - LLM / In this research, I carefully and coherently examine Chapter 19 of the Children's Act 38 of 2005 as the first legislation to afford surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition in South Africa. I argue that the application of Chapter 19 imposes a number of unwarranted limitations on several of the constitutional rights of the parties to a surrogacy agreement. In addition, I propose that Chapter 19 is not in accordance with the principal of the best interests of the child. I examine the history of surrogate motherhood in South Africa and establish that, prior to the enactment of Chapter 19, no legislation expressly afforded surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition. Hence, prior to the enactment of Chapter 19, parties who entered surrogacy agreements could, first, not rely on the agreement to enforce contractual obligations, and secondly, the legal positions of the parties to the agreement were uncertain. Thirdly, a child born of a surrogacy agreement was seen as the child of the surrogate mother and not of the commissioning parents. / South Africa

LLM / Department of Mercantile Law / The study critically analyses the concurrent enforceability of restraint of trade and garden leave in South African Labour law. The study seeks to answer the question of whether or not the simultaneous enforceability of restraint of trade agreements and garden leave is reasonable. Designed within a qualitative paradigm primarily based on a critical literature review, the study employs a doctrinal approach to establish the contemporary legal position in respect of the simultaneous enforceability of restraint of trade agreements and garden leave in South African Labour law. The objectives pursued by the study are to mitigate the controversies and clear the confusion relating to the enforceability of restraint of trade agreements; to justify the doctrine of restraint of trade; assess the reasonableness of the simultaneous enforceability of garden leave and restraint of trade; examine the onus of proof in matters dealing with the enforceability of restraint of trade agreements; test the constitutionality of restraint of trade agreements; evaluate the relationship between restraint of trade agreements and garden leave; and propose practical recommendations that can be employed to address identified legal flaws in the context of the topic. Structurally, the study begins with unpacking the background to the research topic, the history, origin and rationality of restraint of trade agreements together with an assessment of their enforceability. It further examines the effect of garden leave on restraint of trade agreements, outlines comparative perspectives on restraint of trade, including aspects relating to garden leave and highlights lessons South Africa may learn from the selected jurisdictions. Finally, the study recommends that South African jurisprudence should be developed to shift the burden of proof to employers to prove reasonableness of garden leave and restraint of trade agreements, to impose an obligation on employers to pay former employees for rendering them jobless and to set a maximum period that an employee can be prevented to compete or be employed by employer’s competitors. / NRF

Esta tese tem por objeto a investigação dos aspectos legais decorrentes do comércio eletrônico, com ênfase na validade e obrigatoriedade dos contratos de adesão eletrônicos e os denominados termos e condições de uso. Estes negócios jurídicos eletrônicos podem ser divididos em três espécies: a) licenças do tipo shrink-wrap, terminologia reservada às compras de software no estabelecimento físico do fornecedor, cujos termos contratuais que vincularão as partes não podem ser visualizados antes da compra do produto, mas tão somente no decorrer da instalação do software, garantindo-se ao adquirente a possibilidade efetiva de devolução do produto se não concordar com os termos da licença; b) contratos do tipo click-wrap, contratos celebrados inteiramente em meio eletrônico, em que o consumidor tem a oportunidade de ler as cláusulas contratuais antes de manifestar, expressamente, sua anuência ou não, clicando em uma caixa de diálogo indicativa de expressões como eu aceito, ou outra semelhante; e, c) os termos e condições de uso, denominados pela doutrina estrangeira como browse-wrap, disponibilizados no canto inferior de uma página da internet em um hiperlink, vinculando toda e qualquer pessoa, que tão-somente acesse o respectivo site, sem ao menos chamar a atenção do usuário para a existência destes termos ou nem exigindo a manifestação da anuência a tais termos. Os tribunais estrangeiros têm enfrentado a problemática em torno da validade e obrigatoriedade destas práticas comerciais, em especial os browse-wrap, cujo formato em que são utilizados descaracteriza-nos com contratos ou condições gerais de contratação, pois o usuário nem ao menos tem consciência da existência de tais termos. Portanto, parte da doutrina e da jurisprudência entende que o browse-wrap não se encaixa na definição de contrato, mas são termos unilateralmente propostos por uma das partes sem que a outra possa ter efetivo conhecimento a respeito. Se, por um lado, há necessidade de reconhecer os efeitos obrigatórios dos contratos de adesão eletrônicos, fortalecendo o comércio eletrônico; por outro lado, a sociedade global exige a efetiva proteção dos consumidores e usuários contra abusos praticados por multinacionais, que operam sem fronteiras geográficas. Assim, juristas e doutrinadores enfrentam um enorme desafio: desenvolver um comércio eletrônico sustentável, equilibrando os interesses comerciais e os direitos dos consumidores. Este trabalho pretende determinar os requisitos jurídicos para a validade dos contratos eletrônicos de maneira científica, analisando o processo de formação contratual em meio eletrônico. Por fim, investiga-se a dúvida acerca da lei aplicável e da jurisdição na era digital, enfatizando a cláusula de eleição de foro, de escolha da lei aplicável e compromissória, bem como seu impacto no acesso à justiça do consumidor. Em suma, esta tese destaca a necessidade de uma legislação uniforme sobre comércio eletrônico e a proteção do consumidor, tendo em vista o alto nível de globalização, para que se possam tutelar os direitos dos consumidores aliados aos interesses econômicos do mercado. / This thesis intends to investigate some of the legal issues raised by e-commerce, specifically the validity and enforceability of the electronic adhesion contracts and the terms and conditions of use. Such electronic juridic acts can be grouped into three subspecies: a) the shrink-wrap licences, reserved for purchase in the store, but yet the consumer can not view the terms and conditions that she or he will be bound by, once the product (often a software) is installed; the consumer is granted with a period of time within she or he can return the product to the store if she or he does not agree with the terms and conditions; b) the click-wrap agreements are contracts presented to the consumer, when dealing on-line, stating the terms and conditions of the purchase, and then, once its read, she or he may point and click in a dialog box indicating her or his consent (such as I agree or some other synonymous expression); and c) the browse-wrap, composed by terms and conditions listed in a hyperlink on the bottom of a web page, which obliges the consumer only because she or he surfs on the Web, nevertheless it is not require that the consumer shows any kind of consent to the terms and conditions. Even though some courts have ruled in favor of the validity and enforceability of browse-wrap, it is very questionable to accept the fact of being bound by something that one never knew that it even existed. Thus, some other courts are of the view that browse-wrap is not technically a contract according to the legal doctrine. Instead it is a sort of private regulation of the disposal of products and services written by the supplier. On one hand, there is a need to enforce electronic commerce in order to stimulate and consolidate it by making electronic contracts binding on consumers. On the other hand, there is a need to protect consumers from the abuse of unequal bargaining power in such contractual relation, which may pit them against a multinational corporation, which operates throughout the world. Thus, jurists and academics must combine efforts to find a sustainable balance between these two sides. Besides there is a need for a uniform and scientific solution, given that a prerequisite to valid contract formation is the unequivocal meeting of the minds which may not happen in this means of contract formation, especially if the supplier does not require any clear and effective sign of assent from the consumer. The touchstone of e-commerce is the law and jurisdiction conflicts since such contracts often include a forum selection clause or a mandatory arbitration clause, which can deprive the consumers of their day in court. In short, it highlights the need for a uniform legislation and a strong consumer protection system to ensure the growth of ecommerce. This would foster a reliable electronic environment meeting the consumers expectations and the market standards.

Pour une doctrine actuellement majoritaire, le contrat désigne l’acte juridique donnant exclusivement naissance à des obligations, soit une contrainte pesant sur la seule personne des parties. Cette approche subjectiviste du contrat fait obstacle à ce qu’il puisse être justifié que certains actes relatifs à une chose se doublent d’un effet réel, c'est-à-dire, d’une limite assignée au libre exercice des prérogatives juridiques relatives à la chose objet du contrat. En consentant à l’acte, le débiteur ne s’oblige pas seulement ; il s’engage à permettre la réalisation du contrat. Le sujet renonce à une part d’autonomie juridique, laquelle se traduit notamment par l’affectation du bien et donc par une perte du libre exercice de sa prérogative sur la chose. À l’effet personnel du contrat s’ajoute un effet réel. La prise en compte de l’effet réel du contrat permet de résoudre, par exemple, les difficultés liées à la détermination de la portée de l’engagement consenti par le propriétaire engagé à une promesse unilatérale, d’expliquer la situation du bailleur ou encore celle de l’apporteur d’un bien en propriété à une société. Inconnu du Code civil et des divers projets de réforme du droit des obligations, mais encore de la doctrine, l’effet réel du contrat ne peut être traduit à l’aide d’une notion existante. L’étude menée suppose donc de procéder à l’élaboration tant de la notion d’effet réel du contrat que d’un régime spécifique. Au terme de cette étude, il est conclu que la consécration de la notion d’effet réel du contrat permet d’appréhender l’ensemble des manifestations de l’engagement contractuel. / For the dominant legal doctrine, a contract is an act creating obligations between parties. This subjective approach, centered on the parties’ personal liability tends to preclude any justification of a potential effect in rem – i.e. a limit to the free exercise of legal powers on the subject matter of the contract. By agreeing to the contract, the contractor not only takes on an obligation, but also pledges to allow the completion of the contract, which implies his submission to a limitation of his rights, especially those relevant to the subject matter of the contract. In addition, as it may carry an assignment of property, a contract cannot be reduced to a simple creation of obligations. The admission of effets in rem makes it possible to establish the duties of an owner bound by a unilateral promise to sell and to explain the commitment of a lessor or of a shareholder bringing assets into the business. Ignored by law and by doctrine, the in rem effect of a contract cannot be fully understood through pre-existing notions. The subject of the study therefore consists in developing an entire theory of effect in rem of contract. In conclusion, it will appear that its recognition is a necessity to fully measure the scope of contractual liability.

Esta tese tem por objeto a investigação dos aspectos legais decorrentes do comércio eletrônico, com ênfase na validade e obrigatoriedade dos contratos de adesão eletrônicos e os denominados termos e condições de uso. Estes negócios jurídicos eletrônicos podem ser divididos em três espécies: a) licenças do tipo shrink-wrap, terminologia reservada às compras de software no estabelecimento físico do fornecedor, cujos termos contratuais que vincularão as partes não podem ser visualizados antes da compra do produto, mas tão somente no decorrer da instalação do software, garantindo-se ao adquirente a possibilidade efetiva de devolução do produto se não concordar com os termos da licença; b) contratos do tipo click-wrap, contratos celebrados inteiramente em meio eletrônico, em que o consumidor tem a oportunidade de ler as cláusulas contratuais antes de manifestar, expressamente, sua anuência ou não, clicando em uma caixa de diálogo indicativa de expressões como eu aceito, ou outra semelhante; e, c) os termos e condições de uso, denominados pela doutrina estrangeira como browse-wrap, disponibilizados no canto inferior de uma página da internet em um hiperlink, vinculando toda e qualquer pessoa, que tão-somente acesse o respectivo site, sem ao menos chamar a atenção do usuário para a existência destes termos ou nem exigindo a manifestação da anuência a tais termos. Os tribunais estrangeiros têm enfrentado a problemática em torno da validade e obrigatoriedade destas práticas comerciais, em especial os browse-wrap, cujo formato em que são utilizados descaracteriza-nos com contratos ou condições gerais de contratação, pois o usuário nem ao menos tem consciência da existência de tais termos. Portanto, parte da doutrina e da jurisprudência entende que o browse-wrap não se encaixa na definição de contrato, mas são termos unilateralmente propostos por uma das partes sem que a outra possa ter efetivo conhecimento a respeito. Se, por um lado, há necessidade de reconhecer os efeitos obrigatórios dos contratos de adesão eletrônicos, fortalecendo o comércio eletrônico; por outro lado, a sociedade global exige a efetiva proteção dos consumidores e usuários contra abusos praticados por multinacionais, que operam sem fronteiras geográficas. Assim, juristas e doutrinadores enfrentam um enorme desafio: desenvolver um comércio eletrônico sustentável, equilibrando os interesses comerciais e os direitos dos consumidores. Este trabalho pretende determinar os requisitos jurídicos para a validade dos contratos eletrônicos de maneira científica, analisando o processo de formação contratual em meio eletrônico. Por fim, investiga-se a dúvida acerca da lei aplicável e da jurisdição na era digital, enfatizando a cláusula de eleição de foro, de escolha da lei aplicável e compromissória, bem como seu impacto no acesso à justiça do consumidor. Em suma, esta tese destaca a necessidade de uma legislação uniforme sobre comércio eletrônico e a proteção do consumidor, tendo em vista o alto nível de globalização, para que se possam tutelar os direitos dos consumidores aliados aos interesses econômicos do mercado. / This thesis intends to investigate some of the legal issues raised by e-commerce, specifically the validity and enforceability of the electronic adhesion contracts and the terms and conditions of use. Such electronic juridic acts can be grouped into three subspecies: a) the shrink-wrap licences, reserved for purchase in the store, but yet the consumer can not view the terms and conditions that she or he will be bound by, once the product (often a software) is installed; the consumer is granted with a period of time within she or he can return the product to the store if she or he does not agree with the terms and conditions; b) the click-wrap agreements are contracts presented to the consumer, when dealing on-line, stating the terms and conditions of the purchase, and then, once its read, she or he may point and click in a dialog box indicating her or his consent (such as I agree or some other synonymous expression); and c) the browse-wrap, composed by terms and conditions listed in a hyperlink on the bottom of a web page, which obliges the consumer only because she or he surfs on the Web, nevertheless it is not require that the consumer shows any kind of consent to the terms and conditions. Even though some courts have ruled in favor of the validity and enforceability of browse-wrap, it is very questionable to accept the fact of being bound by something that one never knew that it even existed. Thus, some other courts are of the view that browse-wrap is not technically a contract according to the legal doctrine. Instead it is a sort of private regulation of the disposal of products and services written by the supplier. On one hand, there is a need to enforce electronic commerce in order to stimulate and consolidate it by making electronic contracts binding on consumers. On the other hand, there is a need to protect consumers from the abuse of unequal bargaining power in such contractual relation, which may pit them against a multinational corporation, which operates throughout the world. Thus, jurists and academics must combine efforts to find a sustainable balance between these two sides. Besides there is a need for a uniform and scientific solution, given that a prerequisite to valid contract formation is the unequivocal meeting of the minds which may not happen in this means of contract formation, especially if the supplier does not require any clear and effective sign of assent from the consumer. The touchstone of e-commerce is the law and jurisdiction conflicts since such contracts often include a forum selection clause or a mandatory arbitration clause, which can deprive the consumers of their day in court. In short, it highlights the need for a uniform legislation and a strong consumer protection system to ensure the growth of ecommerce. This would foster a reliable electronic environment meeting the consumers expectations and the market standards.

La sentence est une notion complexe qui partage différentes caractéristiques avec le contrat, l’acte juridictionnel ou la décision de justice. En effet, la nature juridictionnelle de la sentence est aujourd’hui admise, mais en raison de son origine conventionnelle, elle demeure un acte privé. Ainsi, son régime d’acte juridictionnel est-Il modifié par un élément conventionnel – dès la désignation des arbitres appelés à rendre la sentence jusqu’à son exécution. L’étude du droit comparé montre que la notion et le régime de la sentence sont différemment appréciés en droit français et russe – tout est question d’interprétation des critères de qualification, bien qu’ils s’avèrent être les mêmes. Ainsi, convient-Il de faire ressortir ces différences à travers l’étude de la notion de la sentence et de son régime dans les deux ordres juridiques, sauf à démontrer que l’une et l’autre contribuent à la préservation du caractère particulier de la sentence qui ne peut et ne doit pas être assimilée, en définitive, à une décision de justice. / The arbitral award is a complex legal notion, sharing characteristics with the contract, the jurisdictional act and the judicial decision. Indeed, the jurisdictional dimension of the arbitral award has now been admitted, though, because of its contractual source, it is still considered as a private legal act. The legal regime of this jurisdictional act is therefore influenced by a contractual bias – as from the arbitrators’ appointment up to the enforcement of the arbitral award. A comparative approach shows that the arbitral award’s notion and legal regime are differently considered in French and Russian laws. The differences lie mainly in the interpretation of the legal qualification criteria, though the latter are similar in the two legal systems. The purpose of this analysis is to identify the said differences through the study of the arbitral award’s notion and legal regime in French and Russian laws, which might lead to consider that the specificity of the arbitral award should be preserved instead of considering the award as a judicial decision.

Submitted by Jéssica Fernandes Freirias (jessicaff_@hotmail.com) on 2018-09-20T12:29:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jéssica Fernandes Freirias.pdf: 447640 bytes, checksum: 8822bdbc8f9b019f1e1551d8f19af888 (MD5) / Rejected by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br), reason: Prezada Jessica, bom dia. será necessário ajustar as seguintes alterações no seu trabalho: 1- A palavra Getulio não tem acento. 2 - o seu nome deverá estar em letra maiúscula. 3 - na pagina onde consta a composição da banca deverá inserir a data de sua apresentação 22/08/2018. Após realizar esses ajustes, submeter novamente. Att, Joana Alves on 2018-09-20T14:22:01Z (GMT) / Submitted by Jéssica Fernandes Freirias (jessicaff_@hotmail.com) on 2018-09-20T17:05:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jéssica Fernandes Freirias (2).pdf: 447812 bytes, checksum: 9fcbed30c92121dc0a9d07595ad33f37 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2018-09-20T18:06:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Jéssica Fernandes Freirias (2).pdf: 447812 bytes, checksum: 9fcbed30c92121dc0a9d07595ad33f37 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-09-21T12:36:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Jéssica Fernandes Freirias (2).pdf: 447812 bytes, checksum: 9fcbed30c92121dc0a9d07595ad33f37 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-21T12:36:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jéssica Fernandes Freirias (2).pdf: 447812 bytes, checksum: 9fcbed30c92121dc0a9d07595ad33f37 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-22 / O objetivo desta pesquisa consiste em analisar os principais aspectos da suspensão da exigibilidade do crédito tributário e a garantia do crédito tributário para fins de emissão de CND, sob duas óticas distintas: a primeira sobre a interpretação da doutrina acerca da legislação de regência; e a segunda, sob o ponto de vista da jurisprudência do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, segundo a qual as dentre todas as modalidades de garantia da execução fiscal, previstas na Lei 6.830/80, a única que produziria os efeitos de suspensão da exigibilidade do crédito tributário consistiria no depósito do montante integral, por força do disposto no artigo 151 do Código Tributário Nacional. Na sequência, realiza-se confronto entre a doutrina, jurisprudência e legislação, especialmente diante das modificações introduzidas pelo Código de Processo Civil em 2015. Pretende-se, assim, identificar novos critérios de questionamento, com destaque para o disposto no §2º artigo 835 do novo diploma processual, que trouxe a possibilidade de equiparação da fiança bancária e do seguro garantia ao depósito do montante integral, desde que acrescidos de 30%. / This work analyzes the main aspects of the suspension of the enforceability of the tax credit and the guarantee of the tax credit for debt certificate purposes, both under two distinct perspectives: the first, from the perspective of doctrine when interpreting the regency legislation and the second, from the perspective of the Superior Court of Justice, which established its jurisprudence based on the understanding that among all the methods of guaranteeing tax execution, provided for in Law 6.830 / 80, the only one that would produce the effects of suspension of the enforceability of the tax credit would be the cash deposit of the full amount, pursuant to the provisions of Article 151 of the National Tax Code. Then is a comparison between the doctrine, jurisprudence and legislation, especially due to the modifications introduced by the Civil Procedure Code in 2015 to try to identify new criteria for questioning, with emphasis on the provisions of § 2, article 835 of the new diploma which brought the possibility of equating the bank guarantee and the insurance guarantee to the cash deposit of the full amount.

This research looks at the need and enforceability of legal warranties that companies include in contracts and/or public displays/notices to limit the company’s liability exposure to third parties. It also discusses the liability incurred by a company and that of its directors in their personal capacities (if any) should the legal warranty implemented be found to be unenforceable. The liability that may be incurred by the company and/or its director/s is dependent on whether the legal warranty which it implemented is enforceable or not and therefore it is important to establish what would constitute an enforceable legal warranty. In order to determine what is likely to constitute an enforceable legal warranty the study looks back at what has previously been deemed to constitute an unenforceable legal warranty. This is done by analysing the common law principles of contract, being the freedom to contract and the sanctity of contract, and its development in accordance with our constitutional dispensation through case law precedents. The provisions of the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 that apply to legal warranties are also analysed in order to determine the anticipated outcome of future case law where the Consumer Protection Act 68 of 2008 may be applicable to a dispute involving legal warranties. Once what constitutes an unenforceable legal warranty is established, the study will discuss the legal position of a third party, and that of the company, where a third party has suffered damages as a result of the company’s acts or omissions and the company is unable to raise a legal warranty as a defence against such liability, as the legal warranty is found to be unenforceable. Thereafter the study will discuss the measures available to the company where the company is found liable to the third party for the aforementioned damages and the company wishes to mitigate its losses in this regard. Such measures shall include director insurance as well as the recovery of such liability against a director, in the director’s personal capacity, where the company either does not have director insurance or is unable to enforce the director insurance due to the actions of a director. In order to determine the director’s accountability to the company in this regard an assessment is made of the duties imposed on a director in terms of the common law and Companies Act 71 of 2008 to establish whether such duties are wide enough to include a duty on the director to ensure legal warranties he/she plays a part in implementing are enforceable. / Mercantile Law / LL. M. (Corporate Law)

La cession de créance est un mécanisme consacré tant en droit commun français qu’en droit commun colombien. Conformément à l’analyse classique dans ces deux systèmes juridiques, la cession de créance est un contrat translatif d’obligation envisagée activement. Ainsi, l’obligation passerait, telle qu’elle est, du patrimoine du cédant à celui du cessionnaire. Le débiteur de la créance cédée n’aurait donc rien à craindre, car l’obligation ne subirait aucune modification du fait de la cession. Il resterait tenu envers le cessionnaire dans les mêmes termes qu’il l’était envers son créancier initial : le cédant. La cession de créance opérerait donc un banal transfert d’un bien incorporel. Malgré le caractère ancré de cette conception, elle est critiquable. L’obligation reste avant toute chose un lien juridique de sorte que l’idée de sa transmissibilité, au moins par acte entre vifs, n’est pas convaincante. En réalité, on s’aperçoit que la cession de créance opère une modification de l’obligation par changement de créancier, et cela sans le consentement du débiteur, sujet passif du lien juridique. Le débiteur subit donc une telle modification, laquelle n’est jamais sans conséquence sur sa situation juridique, ce qui explique qu’il mérite une protection spéciale. C’est pourquoi les tentatives classiques de qualification du débiteur de partie ou de tiers à la cession et, par conséquent, la question de savoir si la cession produit à son égard un effet relatif ou un effet d’opposabilité se révèlent inopportunes.Cependant, cette analyse ne doit pas cacher une autre vérité : la cession de créance est également un acte translatif de créance, bien incorporel qui ne se confond pas avec l’obligation, même si les rapports entretenus entre la créance et l’obligation sont étroits. En tant qu’acte translatif de créance -bien incorporel-, la cession présente des spécificités qui empêchent de la cantonner à un acte juridique déterminé. En effet, la cession permet la réalisation de différentes opérations juridiques, ce qui explique sa nature polyvalente. En outre, la nature incorporelle de la créance explique la spécificité de certaines règles régissant le rapport entre les parties et la cession et celui concernant les tiers et la cession ; notamment celles relatives à l’étendue du transfert et à la garantie due par le cédant au cessionnaire, ainsi que celles portant sur l’opposabilité du transfert aux tiers. / The assignment of claims is a mechanism enshrined in both French ordinary law and Colombian ordinary law. According to the classical analysis in these two legal systems, the assignment of claims is a contract transferring the obligation considered active. Thus, the obligation would pass as it is from the patrimony of the assignor to that of the assignee. The debtor of the assigned claim would therefore have nothing to fear as the obligation would not be affected by the assignment. He would remain liable to the assignee in the same terms as he was to his original creditor: the assignor. The assignment of a claim would thus operate a mere transfer of an intangible property. Despite the anchored nature of this conception, it is open to criticism. The obligation remains above all a legal bond so that the idea of its transmissibility, at least by inter vivos transaction, is not convincing. In fact, we can notice that the assignment of claim creates a modification in the obligation by change of creditor, without the debtor's consent, the passive subject of the legal bond. The debtor thus undergoes such a modification, which is never without consequence on his legal situation, which explains why he deserves special protection. Hence the classical attempts to qualify the debtor of a party or third party in the assignment and, consequently, the question whether the assignment produces a relative effect or an enforceability effect in his regard is undesirable.However, this analysis must not hide this other truth: the assignment of a claim is also an act transferring of the claim, which is intangible property, not to be confused with the obligation, even if the relationship between the claim and the obligation is narrow. As an act transferring of the assignment, intangible property, the assignment presents specificities which prevent it from being framed in a particular legal act. Indeed, the assignment allows the realization of different legal operations, which explains its versatile nature. Moreover, the intangible nature of the claim explains the specificity of certain rules governing the relationship between the parties and the assignment and that relating to third parties and assignment, in particular, those relating to the extent of the transfer and the guarantee owed by the assignor to the assignee as well as those concerning the effectiveness of the transfer to third parties.