Bakgrund Kvinnlig könsstympning innebär att hela eller delar av könsorganen avlägsnas. I världen uppskattas 100-140 miljoner kvinnor genomgått ingreppet. Kvinnlig könsstympning är främst förekommande i de västra och östra delarna av Afrika samt i Egypten. Ingreppet är inte en religiös plikt utan har sedan 2000 år tillbaka utförts som en kulturell sed. En kartläggning av faktorer som påverkar fortsatt utövande av kvinnlig könsstympning behövs för att få svar på vilka resurser i det förebyggande arbetet som har störst påverkan i avskaffningen av kvinnlig könsstympning. Kartläggningen kan ge vårdpersonal en riktning om vilka resurser som är viktiga i det förebyggande arbetet och möjlighet att influera berörda kvinnor till avskaffning av ingreppet. Syfte Syftet var att kartlägga faktorer som påverkar utövande av kvinnlig könsstympning. Metod Litteraturstudie baserad på vetenskapliga artiklar valdes som metod för att granska och sammanställa litteraturen och få en översikt över kunskapsläget av det valda ämnet kvinnlig könsstympning. Totalt hittades 19 relevanta artiklar genom databassökning i Pubmed och CINAHL samt manuell sökning. Resultat Utövandet av kvinnlig könsstympning var främst relaterat till tradition och anpassning i samhället. Kvinnor som motsatte sig ingreppet erhöll medieinnehåll och hade grundläggande kunskaper om medicinska komplikationer, religiösa förbud och utbildningsinterventioner. Attityder gentemot utövande av kvinnlig könsstympning har ett samband mellan kön, ålder, utbildningsnivå och bostadsområde. Låg avsikt att utöva ingreppet på sina döttrar var associerat med manligt kön, hög ålder samt hög utbildningsnivå av modern. Utvärderandet av lagförbudet i Egypten visade inga skillnader i mönstret av spridning av kvinnlig könsstympning före och efter lagförbudet. Lagförbudet sågs inte som en lösning utan som ett sätt att skapa konfrontation mellan regeringen och samhället. Olika utbildningsprogram/interventioner visade sig ha en påverkan på attitydförändring gentemot kvinnlig könsstympning. Slutsats Faktorer som påverkade utövandet av kvinnlig könsstympning är utbildning, kunskap, ålder, kön och geografi. Utbildningsinterventioner har en attitydpåverkan både direkt och indirekt. Detta samt hälsoutbildningar, personliga erfarenheter och interaktion med familj och vänner är de främsta källorna till kunskap om könsstympning. Lagstiftning mot ingreppet är inte tillräckligt. Det behövs åtgärder på kommunalnivå där hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal kan informera, ge stöd och påverka attityd till att stoppa denna sedvänja. Nyckelord: Litteraturstudie, kvinnlig könsstympning, kvinnlig omskärelse, förebyggande arbete, prevention, attityder, resurs.

The social welfare committee has a responsibility to work with children and young people to prevent them from being harmed. In many municipalities, preventive work is carried out through an activity known as field work. More than half of Sweden's municipalities have field activities, but how the work is organized differs between municipalities. The purpose of the study is to investigate fieldworkers views and working methods in order to increase the understanding of fieldworkers goals and the conditions required to achieve these goals. The study is based on a qualitative approach with semi- structured interviews as a data collection method. Ten social workers with fieldwork as their explicit task have been interviewed about their perceptions and working methods. Analysis of their statements has then been made based on Bronfenbrenner's developmental ecological model, Askheim & Starrin's theory of Empowerment and Starrin's theory of Paternalism. The results of the study show that the fieldworkers goal is to discover the needs of young people, motivate them to help and create a long-term well-being of the individuals they meet. Fieldworkers believe that academic education, social skills and cooperation with others are important prerequisites for achieving these goals. In addition, it is important to have the trust of their organization, as the profession requires flexibility and results are difficult to demonstrate. The fieldworker strikes a balance between helping and controlling, aiming to help young people make wise choices and create long-term well-being.

Children spend a lot of time in school during their childhood and it is important that schools are safe and good environments. Though, mental illness among pupils in Sweden continues to increase. The education act (SFS 2010:800) states that schools and especially school counselors should work with health promotion and prevention with primarily mental illness, even if the content of such prevention remain a bit unclear. The aim of this study was to describe and analyze how school counselors talk about prevention as part of their work to counter mental illness among pupils. The study has a constructionistic approach and method used is qualitative interviews, where the interviewees are school counselors.School counselors express knowledge about mental illness, but underline a need to continuously learn more about young people’s living conditions and how to prevent mental illness. The school counselors are consistent about the importance of working preventively against mental illness in school, a work which they see as unclear and primarily construct as being present among pupils and group activities. However, obstacles are perceived within school organizations to carry out such preventive work, which relate to ad hoc tasks, scarce resources, unclear guidelines and challenging collaboration with other professional groups in the school.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka yrkesverksammas erfarenheter av ungas utsatthet för digitalt våld, vilka konsekvenser de uppfattat och hur det kan förebyggas. I denna kvalitativa studie har vi intervjuat fem yrkesverksamma som genom sitt arbete kommer i kontakt med unga. Resultaten presenterade en enad syn på det digitala våldets karaktär samt omfattningen av det, trots flera perspektiv från skilda yrken. Digitalt våld beskrivs som effektivt och som något som ökar och blir mer våldsamt. Konsekvenserna av det digitala våldet uppfattades främst vara psykisk ohälsa och sämre skolprestationer. Utifrån intervjuerna föreligger det en kunskapsbrist hos unga, vuxna såväl som myndigheter. Utvecklingsområden som lyftes fram var kunskapshöjande och förebyggande insatser. Utifrån resultatet diskuterades ansvaret i hantering av digitalt våld bland unga där ett större ansvarstagande från vuxna och myndigheter önskas. / This study aimed to investigate professionals' experiences of young people's exposure to digital violence, what consequences they perceived and how it can be prevented. In this qualitative study, we have interviewed five professionals who through their work come into contact with young people. The results presented a unified view of the nature of digital violence and its extent, despite several perspectives from different professions.Digital violence was described as effective, as something that increases and which becomes more violent. The consequences of digital violence were perceived to be mainlymental illness and poorer school performance. Based on the interviews, there is a lack of knowledge among young people, adults as well as authorities. Development are as that were highlighted were knowledge-raising and preventive initiatives. Based on the results,the responsibility in dealing with digital violence among young people was discussed, where greater responsibility from adults and authorities is desired.

Crime and deadly violence have increased in Sweden in recent years. Victims and perpetrators have become younger and research shows that the majority of crimes committed in society today are committed by young men (Estrada, 2022). Why some people choose a criminal lifestyle of violence and crime is a question many often ask. The purpose of the study was therefore to investigate which factors protect and which factors increase the risk of criminal behavior in a child. I chose to do a theoretical thematic literature study of two books in order to investigate which risk and protective factors I could find that influence a person to become criminal or not criminal. The study was based on previous research of risk and protective factors and two selected books which are Nicola Lunabba's autobiography Will you be sad if I die? (2022) and Gangster life: crimes, the gang and life on the street (2021) written by Jacob Härnqvist. The research results of the study showed that there are several risk factors for a child to develop criminal behavior and examples of these are growing up with a weak economy, abuse,violence, lack of love and support and difficulties in controlling their aggression. The result also showed the importance of protective factors and that these in turn can be feelings of support and love, good relationships, routines and interests and future plans. The study also showed how deviant behavior in a child at an early age often has an increased risk of continuing into adulthood, which means that one should work preventively against crime in the child's early age. At the same time, the study showed that the reason why a child develops criminal behavior is complicated and is caused by a variety of factors that interact at the child's different levels. It is therefore not possible to give a concrete answer as to why a child develops criminal behaviour, but is instead based on the child's environment, characteristics and risk and protective factors.

The aim of the study was to investigate how staff in student health teams at high school perceives how the pressure to perform socially in the social arena of school affects the students and how staff prevent, or perceive that they should work preventively against this. The study is based on eight qualitative, semi-structured interviews with staff from student health-teams at high schools. The collected data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The results show that staff from the student health-teams perceived that students may feel pressure and stress to live up to some form of expectations set by themselves and others. This can lead to psychosomatic issues, condescending thoughts and self-valuations. The results also show that preventive work can focus on making norms visible and talk about what they mean and how they affect us. That can give the students an understanding of what unconsciously affects them and their well-being. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka elevhälsans uppfattningar av hur pressen att prestera socialt, i skolan som social arena, yttrar sig hos eleverna, samt hur personalen arbetar, eller uppfattar att de bör arbeta förebyggande mot social prestationspress. Åtta kvalitativa, semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med personal ur elevhälsoteam på gymnasieskolor. Den insamlade empirin analyserades med hjälp av tematisk analys. Resultatet visar att personal ur elevhälsoteam uppfattar att elever kan känna press och stress att leva upp till någon form av förväntan från sig själva och andra. Det kan yttra sig i psykosomatiska besvär och nedlåtande tankar och värderingar om sig själv. Resultaten visar även att det förebyggande arbetet kan fokusera på att synliggöra normer och prata om vad de betyder och vad de gör med oss. Detta för att ge eleverna en större förståelse för vad som omedvetet kan påverka dem och deras välmående.

The aim of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of if and how a prevention focused work against addiction is integrated into healthcare administrations in social psychiatry’s regular work. More specifically, this study focuses on what in the professional regular work influences such an approach. Individuals who suffer from comorbidity regarding addiction and mental illness belong to one of the most vulnerable groups in society. This type of dual diagnosis increases the risk of negative consequences for the individual. Previous research has a clear focus on what should be done to achieve an integrated approach and how it should be implemented. The research mentioned presents an ideal picture, although it does not address whether the approach is used in the practice of social work or, if so, how. The discussion regarding integrated prevention work is very relevant in the presence of the two ongoing investigations into comorbidity (SOU 2021:93) and the new Social Services Act (SOU 2020:47). We find a knowledge gap in that the healthcare administrations practical work with an integrated preventions focused approach has not been sufficiently illuminated. A qualitative method in the form of six digital semi-structured interviews was conducted. The theories that have been used to analyze the empirical data are human-treated organizations, Lipsky’s theory of street-level bureaucracy, the concept of room for maneuver and the relational perspective. The results of this study show that a good relationship between the healthcare administrator and the clients is crucial to give the healthcare administrator the opportunity to identify hazardous use, abuse or addiction in clients. The respondents believe that prevention towards escalating use requires a functioning collaboration with the addiction administrators. The possibilities to collaborate are hampered by the specialization in social services and a flexible and vibrant organization is a prerequisite for integrated prevention work to function in the future.

The purpose of this study is to analyze how police and social services in Stockholm workwith juvenile crime. The focus is how the professions work and which interventions are used.The study also focuses on how the professions collaborate on juvenile crime. A qualitativemethod was used and six interviews with social workers and police were performed. Theresult has been analyzed with the method Theoretical thematic analysis and Systems theory.The result shows that the respondents see a new type of youth criminality which is moreserious than before, which they are not educated to work with. The result also shows that theyouth are influenced by their peers, and that the area where the youth lives can affect theirconditions in life. A common effort with serious crime within social service is thereforedislocation, so the youth can change all systems in his life. The respondents also describe thatcollaboration between the professions are important, which previous research also points out.The collaboration works well but there are a few obstacles, professional secrecy amongothers. The professions work with juveniles in different ways, but they share the same pointof view on how to handle juvenile delinquency.

Bakgrund Detta arbete utgör en del av en studie som genomförs vid Enheten för ergonomi vid KTH inom ramen för projektet ”Projektering och planering av nya arbetsmiljöer – ett kompetenslyft hos fhv för kundnytta”. Mer specifikt finns bristande kunskap om vilken roll arbetsmiljöingenjörer och ergonomer har i projektering och utformning av nya arbetsmiljöer. Syfte Huvudsyftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka hur delaktiga arbetsmiljöingenjörer och ergonomer är vid projektering och utformning av arbetsmiljöer eller teknisk utrustning i ny-, om- och tillbyggnationer. Metod  För att få svar på frågeställningarna användes en enkätundersökning. En webenkät skickades ut till de arbetsmiljöingenjörer och ergonomer som har ett medlemskap i respektive intresseorganisationer. Enkäten innehöll 17 frågor, både multiple-choice frågor och öppna frågor, som besvarades av 531 personer. Resultat  Medicinsk och teknisk utbildning var de vanligaste förekommande grundutbildningarna. De vanligaste anställningarna för arbetsmiljöingenjörer var privatanställning, företagshälsovård och inbyggd företagshälsovård. De vanligaste anställningarna för ergonomerna var företagshälsovård, offentlig anställning och inbyggd företagshälsovård. För arbetsmiljöingenjörer var industri det vanligaste tillämpningsområdet, och för ergonomer det vanligaste tillämpningsområdet kontor. De ergonomer som hade en offentlig anställning var de som deltagit minst i planering och projektering. För arbetsmiljöingenjörer var det vanligast att uppdraget kom från byggherrar. För ergonomer var det vanligast att uppdraget gick direkt till dem personligen. Slutsats Av de som varit delaktiga i planering och projektering var det vanligast att ge synpunkter och förslag på åtgärder i byggprocessen. Detta var mycket vanligare än att delta i hela processen. Cirka 20 % av de som besvarade enkäten hade inte alls varit delaktiga. Av samtliga svarande var det endast ett fåtal som inte ville delta i projektering och utformning av nya arbetsmiljöer. / Background This project is a part of the project “Planning of new work environments - improvements of OHS competence for customer utility” which is a study conducted by the Unit of ergonomics at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. The role which ergonomists and work environment engineers play in the development of new work environments is today unclear, and an issue this study addresses. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate how involved work environment engineers and ergonomists are in planning and designing new work environments or technical equipment prior to building, rebuilding or extending premises. Method A survey was used to obtain information. An online survey was sent to ergonomists and work enviroment engineers with memberships in respective associations. The survey contained 17 questions, both multiple choice and open-ended questions, and was answered by 531 respondents. Result The most common basic educations were medical or technological. The most common employment forms were for work environment engineers private sector, occupational health services and joined occupational health services, and for ergonomists occupational health services, public employment and joined occupational health. The work environment engineers applied their knowledge primarily in industry settings, whereas the ergonomists worked with offices. The ergonomists with public employment participated least in planning and designing work environments. The work environment engineers primarily received their tasks from property developers. The tasks given to the ergonomists were given to them personally Conclusion Those involved in planning and designing of work environments were often advisors in parts of the constructions process, and did not participate throughout the entire process. Approximately 20 % of those answering the survey had never been part of such processes. Out of all repliers, only a few did not wish to participate in planning and designing of new work places.

The objective of this research is to enhance comprehension of the strategies employed by field workers to prevent criminal and deviant behaviour among young people in marginalised areas. The data collected from the interviews were examined using thematic analysis and theoretical frameworks such as social capital and social bond theory. The study found that field workers prioritise building strong relationships, trust and creating a sense of purpose for youth. They achieve this by being open and inclusive, showing interest, and socialising with the youth. The activities organised by the field operations were crucial in fostering a sense of purpose in the youth’s daily lives, by catering to their interests and helping them progress.Two key tools that field workers use in their preventive work were identified in this study; field specific competence and a sense for your surroundings.The study also revealed that field workers face challenges such as uncertainty due to lack of clear guidelines, difficulties in managing some youth, and obstacles like limited resources and issues with collaborating with other organisations.