Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur enhetschefer arbetar med sjukskrivningar på grund av arbetsrelaterad psykisk ohälsa inom offentlig äldreomsorg. Utifrån syftet har fyra frågeställningar bearbetats fram för att utveckla och öka förståelsen till studiens problemområde. Studiens metodval är kvalitativa intervjuer med en hermeneutisk ansats och tematisk analys som bearbetningsmetod. De kvalitativa intervjuerna gjordes med nio stycken enhetschefer från två olika kommuner i södra Sverige. Resultatet visade att enhetschefer har handlingsutrymme att arbeta förebyggande för att reducera sjukskrivningar och att det skiljde sig åt från hur rehabilitering hanteras. Enhetschefer inom äldreomsorgen har tydliga riktlinjer när det handlar om rehabilitering medan det förebyggande arbetet inte har det. Det finns därmed handlingsutrymme för att arbeta mer förebyggande för att reducera sjukskrivningar. Alla respondenter hade förståelse om att det förebyggande arbetet är en viktig faktor för att sjukskrivningar ska reduceras men att tid och antal medarbetare kan försvåra att det förebyggande arbetet prioriteras. Nyckelord: / The purpose of the study is to investigate how unit managers work with sick leave due to work-related mental health in public elderly care. Based on the aim, four issues have been worked out to develop and increase understanding of the study's problem area. The methodology of the study is qualitative interviews with a hermeneutic approach and thematic analysis as a method of processing. The qualitative interviews were conducted with nine unit managers from two different municipalities in southern Sweden. The results showed that unit managers have latitude to work preventively to reduce sick leave and that differs from how rehabilitation is handled. Unit managers in elderly care have clear guidelines when it comes to rehabilitation while preventive work does not have it. Therefor, unit manager have latitude for working more prevention to reduce sick leave. All respondents understood that preventive work is an important factor in reducing sick leave, but that time and number of employees can make it difficult for preventive work to be prioritized.

Föreliggande studie hade som syfte att undersöka vilken betydelse organisationen Here 4 U hade haft för sina medlemmar under skoltiden och senare i livet. I studien har kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer genomförts och tillsammans med tidigare forskning utgjorde de grunden för föreliggande studie. För djupare förståelse i den avslutande analysen har Salutogen teori och empowerment som teori använts. I studien framkom att Here 4 U hade haft stor betydelse för sina medlemmar både under skoltiden och senare i livet. Det visade sig att medlemskapet under skoltiden bidragit till ökad trygghet, bättre trivsel i skolan och känslan av att kunna påverka sin skolsituation. Detta bidrog i sin tur till ett bättre studieresultat.  Även senare i livet hade medlemskapet i Here 4 U haft betydelse för medlemmarnas sociala förankring i samhället. Det handlade bland annat om inställning till droger, kriminalitet men också ett ökat engagemang i sociala frågor.  Slutsatser från studien visade att förebyggande insatser som Here 4 U kunde fylla ett behov för ungdomar i skolan både på kort sikt och på lång sikt.  Det förbättrade inte bara trivseln och känslan av delaktighet i skolan utan kunde även bidra till förankring i samhället genom socialt engagerat beteende vilket kunde leda till ökad hälsa hos ungdomar. / The aim of this study was to examine what meaning the organization Here 4 U has had for the members during their school years and what influence this had later on in life. The study was based on qualitative interviews along with previous research on topics relevant for the subject. For deeper understanding of the result of the study, the theory of empowerment and the Salutogenic theory have been used. The study showed that Here 4 U did have a significant meaning for their members during and after their school years. The membership during the school years provide an increased comfort, a sense of feeling secure in school and the ability to make an impact on their school situation. All together this improved the member’s results in school. To be a member in the organization had an effect on the member’s sense of belonging and will to participate in their society even after the school years. Conclusions of the study showed that prevention efforts, like Here 4 U, could fill the needs for youths during their school years and later on in life. Further conclusions of the study showed that the youth’s engagement in the society and the feeling to contribute could increase young peoples health.

This interview study presents what social workers consider contributes to young people entering a criminal lifestyle. The purpose is to discover which risk and protective factors social workers think influence whether or not youth develop criminal behavior (both in their environment and in themselves) and how one can help youth who are already involved in crime. The result shows, among other things, that unfulfilled needs (such as love and safety) at home can lead youth to criminal behavior. Judgment from adults can also cause youth to enter into or continue a criminal lifestyle. Protective factors for youth are therefore to have safe adults in their lives, as well as adults who are interested in listening to and understanding their situation. The result is then analyzed using the theoretical concepts of resilience, attachment, defense mechanisms, social learning, and the looking-glass self. / I denna intervjustudie presenteras vilka orsaker som socialarbetare anser leder ungdomar in i kriminalitet. Syftet är att ta reda på vilka olika risk-och skyddsfaktorer socialarbetare anser har betydelse för huruvida en ungdom utvecklar ett kriminellt beteende eller inte (både i ungdomars omgivning men också i ungdomarna själva) samt hur de anser att man kan hjälpa ungdomar som befinner sig i kriminalitet. Resultatet visar bland annat att behov som ungdomarna inte fått uppfyllda i hemmet (såsom kärlek och trygghet) är någonting som kan leda dem in i kriminalitet. Även att ungdomar i riskzonen blir bemötta med fördömelse från vuxenvärlden är något som kan leda ungdomar in i eller upprätthålla en kriminell livsstil. Skyddande faktorer för ungdomen är därför att ha trygga vuxna i sitt liv samt vuxna som är intresserade av att lyssna och förstå ungdomens situation. Resultatet analyseras sedan med hjälp av de teoretiska begreppen resiliens, anknytning, försvarsmekanismer, social inlärning samt spegeljaget.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka olika lärare mot fritidshems syn på konflikter och konflikthantering i den pedagogiska verksamheten. Metoden vi har använt oss av är kvalitativa intervjuer, då vi ansåg att den var lämplig för att vi ämnade undersöka lärarnas syn angående konflikter och konflikthantering. Resultatet visade sig att de pedagogerna vi intervjuat hade både likheter och skillnader gällande olika arbetssätt som används på fritidshemmen, men också vad som kan vara möjliga hinder för att genomföra den undervisning i konflikthantering för att utveckla elevernas sociala färdigheter för att lösa en konflikt. Resultatet har sedan analyserats med hjälp utav Hakvoorts (2010) konfliktpyramid samt Szklarski (1996) fyra orsaker till varför konflikter uppstår. Vi kom fram till slutsatsen att beroende på hur konflikter uppstår, så kan de behöva lösas på olika sätt, men resurser och tid är en förutsättning för att konflikterna ska kunna lösas på ett korrekt sätt. / The purpose of this study was to investigate different teachers' views of leisure centers on conflicts and conflict management in educational activities. The method we have used is qualitative interviews, as we considered it appropriate because we intended to examine the teachers' views regarding conflicts and conflict management. The results showed that the educators we interviewed had both similarities and differences regarding different working methods used in the after-school centers, but also what could be possible obstacles to implementing the teaching of conflict management to develop students' social skills to resolve a conflict. The results have then been analyzed with the help of Hakvoort's (2010) conflict pyramid and Szklarski (1996) four reasons why conflicts arise. We came to the conclusion that depending on how conflicts arise, they may need to be resolved in different ways, but resources and time are a prerequisite for the conflicts to be resolved in a correct manner.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur socialsekreterare vid enheten ekonomiskt bistånd ser på det förebyggande arbetet med barnfamiljer som uppbär ekonomiskt bistånd, för att motverka att barnen själva blir bidragstagare i framtiden. Undersökningen utgick ifrån en kvalitativ ansats, där semistrukturerade intervjuer användes som datainsamlingsmetod. För att analysera det insamlade materialet användes tematisk analys. Resultatet av studien visar att socialsekreterarna anser att det förebyggande arbetet bör fokusera på att arbeta med föräldrarna, genom att se till att de så fort som möjligt kommer ut i självförsörjning och ge dem stöd i att vara goda förebilder för sina barn. Vidare visar resultatet att socialsekreterarna anser att det är önskvärt att arbeta mer förebyggande, men att det behövs en omorganisation inom kommunen för att möjliggöra ett effektivt förebyggande arbete. / The purpose of the study was to examine how social workers at the unit for financial assistance look at the preventive work with families receiving financial assistance, to prevent the children from becoming beneficiaries themselves in the future. The study was based on a qualitative approach, where semi-structured interviews was used as method for data collection. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the collected material. The result of the study shows that the social workers believe that the preventive work should focus on the parents, by assisting them to as soon as possible reach self-sufficiency and support them to be good role models for their children. Further, the result show that the social workers wish to work more preventive, but that a reorganization in the municipality is required to enable an effective preventive work.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka på vilka sätt lärare i årskurs fk-3 kan upptäcka samt arbeta stödjande för elever med lässvårigheter i ämnet svenska. Syftet var även att ta reda på vilka strategier och tillvägagångssätt dessa lärare kan tillämpa i sitt förebyggande arbete mot lässvårigheter. Metoderna som tillämpades för att utforska dessa syften, var dels tre kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer, och dels tre kvantitativa enkätundersökningar. Dock omstrukturerades enkätundersökningarna i syfte att efterlikna en intervju där enbart öppna frågor tillämpades, vilket innebar att enkätundersökningen, mer lutar åt en kvalitativ ansats. Resultatet av både intervjuerna och enkätundersökningarna visade att läraren behöver använda sig av varierade nivåanpassade uppgifter, både i det förebyggande samt stödjande arbetet. Detta då de bakomliggande orsakerna till lässvårigheter är multipla. Det var också viktigt att dessa varierade nivåanpassade uppgifter var av intresse för eleverna, annars skulle läraren kunna riskera att få elever med en lägre motivation. Ytterligare resultat som framkom var att lärare kan förebygga lässvårigheter, samt stödja dem som redan har lässvårigheter, genom att modellera uppgifter och arbetssätt för eleverna. Slutligen visade studien att läraren via olika kartläggningar och observationer av eleverna kan upptäcka lässvårigheter, och att lärare snarast bör vidta stödjande insatser. / The purpose of the study was to investigate in what ways teachers in preschool – 3 can discover and work supportively with pupils that have reading difficulties in the subject Swedish. The purpose was also to find out which strategies and approaches these teachers could use in their preventing work towards reading difficulties. The methods that were used to explore these purposes, were at the one hand three qualitative semi-structured interviews and on the other hand three quantitative surveys. However, the survey was reconstructed with the purpose to mimic an interview where only open questions were used, which means that the work in this survey, is more leaning towards a qualitative approach. The results of both the interviews and surveys showed that the teachers having to use different levels of difficulty in the assignments, both in the preventive and supportive work. This is explained by the fact that the underlying reasons of reading difficulties are so many. It was also important that the varying levels of difficulty was at interest for the pupils, otherwise the teachers could risk getting pupils with lower motivation to learn. Other results that emerged was that the teacher could prevent reading difficulties, and support those that already have reading difficulties, by modeling assignments and approaches for the pupils. Finally, the result showed that the teachers through different mappings and observations of the pupils can discover reading difficulties, and that the teacher as soon as possible should engage supportive efforts.

The aim of the study has been to investigate school counselors' preventive work against bullying in school and what opportunities and obstacles are found in their work. The study is based on seven qualitative interviews where the interviewees have varying backgrounds and experiences surrounding school counselor work. A constant throughout the study is that the school counselor is in a multiprofessional operation and is usually the only profession based in a psychosocial perspective. The school counselor’s tasks are characterized primarily by an overall responsibility for students’ wellbeing, as well as working to prevent bullying. As bullying can result in students performing worse as well as a risk for developing an antisocial behavior, the school counselor’s important preventive work follows. The preventive measures can be seen on a school, class and individual level, which creates a holistic perspective. Factors such as time and resources prevent the school counselor from practicing their knowledge in school, as well as limit their collaboration with other professions. Along this reasoning follows the interviewees’ similar opinions that the principal has a noticeable influence on counseling work and can increase or limit their ability to practice their knowledge. With the help of our theoretical templates we have a better understanding of our analysis, which has helped us understand the school counselor’s role in a multiprofessional operation.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka samverkan mellan socialtjänst, skola, polis och fritid vid förebyggande arbete mot ungdomskriminalitet. Studien utgår ifrån en kvalitativ forskningsmetod genom att semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med yrkesverksamma inom samverkansformen SSPF (socialtjänst, skola, polis, fritid) i en landsbygdskommun i Sverige. Materialet analyserades genom en tematisk analys och därigenom framkom fyra huvudteman: organisering av SSPF i en landsbygdskommun, professionellas erfarenheter av SSPF-samverkan, variationer i de professionellas uppfattningar om SSPF och verksamhetens utvecklingsmöjligheter. Resultatet av studien analyserades med hjälp av tidigare forskning kring ämnet och Horwath och Morrisons samverkansmodell. Utifrån intervjuerna framkommer det att landsbygdskommunen använder samverkansmodellen SSPF för att arbeta förebyggande mot ungdomar i riskzonen för kriminalitet och missbruk. Det belyses att en styrgrupp, arbetsgrupp och samordnare är centralt för organiseringen av SSPF-samverkan. Gynnsamma faktorer som framkommer för SSPF-samverkan är en samordnare, förmedling av samt förståelse för syfte och mål med SSPF och relevanta personer i SSPF-forumet. Förhindrande faktorer som framkommer för SSPF-samverkan är socialtjänstens lagstiftning och att det i SSPF-forumet i första hand lyfts ungdomar som är kända hos aktörer. / The aim of this study is to examine collaboration between social services, school, police, and leisure sector when working preventive against youth criminality. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with professionals within the collaboration-model SSPF in a Swedish rural municipality. The research questions were investigated by conducting a thematic analysis of the data. Four main themes emerged in the analysis: organization of SSPF in a rural municipality, professionals experiences of SSPF collaboration, variations in professionals’ perceptions of SSPF and the potentialities of the operations. The results of the study were analyzed using previous research around the subject and Horwath and Morrison’s collaboration model. The interviews demonstrated that the rural municipality uses the collaboration model SSPF to work preventively for young people at risk for crime and addiction. A steering group, working group and a co-ordinator appeared significant for the organization of SSPF collaboration. Favourable factors for the SSPF collaboration that appeared were a co-ordinator, communication and understanding of the purpose and goals of SSPF, and appropriate members in the SSPF forum. Preventive factors of the SSPF collaboration included the legislation of the social services and the principle that in SSPF it was mainly young people who were already known by the participants that were discussed.

In order to reduce and prevent domestic violence, preventive work needs to begin at an early age. In previous research it is suggested that preventive work needs to begin as early as between grade six and eight. Recently, it has been discovered that many young people have a distorted view of what constitutes a healthy and equal relationship. In this interview study, six social workers employed as school counselors, employed in the seventh, eighth and ninth grades has participated. Central questions have investigated how and if they work preventively with boys' perceptions of violence, intimate relationships and sex. Through the interviews, it emerged that the school counselors' preventive work takes place in different ways. For example, they defined violence in different ways and the limits for what is supposed to constitute violence is interpreted differently. The preventive work turned out to consist of differences and similarities. For example, theme weeks, presence in open spaces and external lecturers were common elements in their preventive work. The differences could show up for example that they focused on different topics. To gain an understanding of the school counselor's preventive work with boys' violence against girls, this study has included the gender perspective. By looking at how their preventive work can be understood from the point of view of gender, it concluded that the school counselor's own gender perspective affects how they work. The study found that school counselors do work to prevent gender norms.

Collaboration between different professions within the school is important for promoting students' health and knowledge goals. Research in the school area shows both promoting and hindering factors for interprofessional teams to work with health promotion and prevention work. It appears that collaboration between school social workers and other professionals is influenced by different knowledge backgrounds and approaches to definitions as well as solutions to problems, which have an impact on the collaboration work. The purpose of this study was to examine, from the perspective of school social workers, what the collaboration process within compulsory school looks like and how different professional perspectives emerge between school staff. Furthermore, we wanted to know what the collaboration process means for the school curative work. This study has been based on a qualitative method where seven semi-structured interviews with school social workers in two medium-sized municipalities have been conducted. The result shows that collaboration varies between different schools and professions. Conditions and obstacles can be related to both organizational conditions, professional similarities and differences as well as individual factors. Collaboration is important for the school social worker’s professional role, just as the school social worker’s room for maneuver is important for working to promote health and prevention and for taking a holistic perspective.