<p>This dissertation, by presenting comprehensive analyses of six poems by the Hungarian poet Sándor Weöres, investigates the poetical forms and the poetical philosophies in these texts. The poems represent specific philosophic spheres of Weöres' poetry. The analyses emerge from the formal elements, and aim to shed light upon the structural coherences between the texts and their philosophical contexts. This method of analysis also complies with Weöres' views on the aesthetics of poetics and his method of writing, where form and structure always played an outstandingly important role. The complex methods used in the analyses are very much influenced by the views and methods of a text stylistics that looks at the literary work as a global entity. Taken together, these analyses illustrate the focal points of a remarkable poetical form and a most profound philosophical context in the poems of an outstanding Hungarian poet.</p>

This dissertation, by presenting comprehensive analyses of six poems by the Hungarian poet Sándor Weöres, investigates the poetical forms and the poetical philosophies in these texts. The poems represent specific philosophic spheres of Weöres' poetry. The analyses emerge from the formal elements, and aim to shed light upon the structural coherences between the texts and their philosophical contexts. This method of analysis also complies with Weöres' views on the aesthetics of poetics and his method of writing, where form and structure always played an outstandingly important role. The complex methods used in the analyses are very much influenced by the views and methods of a text stylistics that looks at the literary work as a global entity. Taken together, these analyses illustrate the focal points of a remarkable poetical form and a most profound philosophical context in the poems of an outstanding Hungarian poet.

The goal of this work is to describe the domain of predicative possession in South Saami, a Finno-Ugric language spoken in Sweden and Norway. Data has been elicited from native speakers of South Saami, and the analysis has been carried out within a general functional-typological framework. In South Saami, four different predicative possessive constructions are used: (1) a habeo-verb construc­tion, (2a) a genitive possessive without copula, (2b) a genitive possessive with copula, and (3) a locational possessive. The latter is not described in the grammars. The have-possessive and the genitive possessives occur frequently and are used to encode all notions of possession. The use of the locational possessive is restricted to inanimate possessors. Distri­bution of the constructions varies among the speakers. Examples for the have-possessive construction present the greatest structural variation. The four possessive constructions are set within a typological context. / Denna studie beskriver predikativ possession i sydsamiska, ett finsk-ugriskt språk som talas i Sverige och Norge. Materialet till studien eliciterades från sex sydsamiska modersmålstalare. Analysen genomfördes inom en typologisk-funktionalistisk inriktning. Analysen visar att i sydsamiskan används fyra olika konstruktioner för att uttrycka predikativt ägande: (1) en habeo-verbkonstruktion, (2a) en genitivkonstruktion utan kopula, (2b) en genitivkonstruktion med kopula, och (3) en lokativkonstruktion. Den senare omnämns inte i de existerande gramma­tiska beskrivningarna, och konstruktionen är begränsad till inanimata ägare. Verbkonstruk­tionen och de båda genitiv­konstruktionerna före­kommer frekvent i materialet och används för alla possessiva relationer. Fördelningen av de olika konstruktionerna varierar hos talarna. Den största strukturella variationen återfinns i habeo-verbkonstruktionen. De fyra possessivkonstruktionerna sätts i uppsatsen in i en typologisk kontext.

The aim of this study is to investigate the syntax in Finnish literature for young people in order to arrive at fundamental information about the character of the language in literature of this kind. The corpus consists of three Tiina books by Anni Polva. My method is mainly quantitative, but also comparative. The language of the three books is compared, but the results of this comparison are also contrasted with other Finnish and also Swedish quantitative linguistic investigations. The investigation begins at the sentence and clause levels. To some extent is also considered whether syntactic features occur in main clauses or in subordinate clauses, in narrative text or in dialogues. The length of sentences and clauses is investigated. It appears that the length of sentences stated in clauses (2.2 clauses on averige) and the length of clauses in words (5 words on averige) do not differ from those typical of literature for children or adults. On the other hand the length of sentences stated in words (11 words on averige) is somewhat higher than in literature for children and adults. Active and passive clauses, mode, tense and negation in the clauses are investigated. The results show that the frequency of active clauses is high and the frequency of passive clauses is very low. The frequency of negated clauses is also very high. The most frequent mode is the indicative, followed by the conditional. There are few predicates in the imperative, and there are only isolated instances of predicates in the potential. The use of tenses resembles that in literature for children and adults: most predicates are in the past tense, followed by the present, the pluperfect and the perfect. Main clauses and subordinate clauses of different kinds are dealt with in the investigation. The proportion between main clauses and subordinate clauses is about the same as in the spoken language. The coordinating as well as the subordinating conjunctions are investigated both with regard to the actual occurrences of the conjunctions and with regard to their meanings. The most frequent coordi­nating conjunctions are ja 'and* (55.8 %) and multa 'but' (21.4 %). The classification of the conjunctions according to meaning shows that copulative conjunctions are the most frequent ones (50.7 %). Of the subordinating conjunctions että 'that' (35.7 %) and kun 'when, because' (25.0 %) are the most frequent ones. Semantically explicative conjunctions are the most frequent subordinating conjunctions (27.6 %). Syndetic coordination is most frequent in main clauses (78.8 %) as well as in subordinate clauses (98.9 %). Asyndetic coordination is clearly used as a stylistic device. A large number of different constructions are used in the corpus. Some of them are contracted clauses, some are other constructions which resemble them. The frequency of these constructions is unexpectedly high. The most frequent types of contracted clause are the necessive construction (47.9 %), the participle construction (18.3 %) and the temporal construction (15.3 %). Of the other constructions the modal construction (60.4 %) and the agent construction (12.8 %) are the most frequent ones. The structure of the sentences in the Tiina books is varied and sometimes complex. In all there are 167 different combinations of clauses in the corpus. The most frequent type of sentence consists of one main clause (27.8 %). In the combination of clauses we also find clauses with different degrees of subordination. Grade 1 is the most frequent one (87.1 %). However, there are even instances of grade 4. The position of main clauses and subordinate clauses varies a great deal. They may be mixed at will. The corpus contains a large number of clause combinations which occur once only. / digitalisering@umu

De nordiska staterna delar förutom det geografiska läget också en sammanflätad historia och värdegemenskap. Trots många likheter så skiljer sig och också länderna sig åt gällande de valda försvars- och säkerhetspolitiska inriktningarna. Av de fem nordiska staterna är tre av dem Nato-medlemmar: Norge, Danmark och Island. De återstående länderna: Sverige och Finland är försvarspolitisk obundna utanför EU samarbetet. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka Sveriges och Finlands försvars- och säkerhetspolitiska inriktning som alliansfria och att jämföra dess likheter och skillnader utifrån kontexten av ländernas gemensamma historia och geopolitiska läge. Studien ämnar uppfylla syftet genom att undersöka ländernas försvarspropositioner som för Sveriges del utgavs år 2015 och för Finlands del år 2016 för säkerhetspolitiken och 2017 för försvarspolitiken. Genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys bryts dokumenten ned och relevanta delar plockas ut efter ett kodschema. Undersökningen visar att Sverige och Finland till stor del gör en gemensam säkerhetspolitisk inriktning. De säkerhetspolitiska målen grundar sig på upprätthållande av territoriell, folkdemokratisk och samhällsfunktionell suveränitet. Länderna är överens om att EU bör stärkas säkerhetspolitiskt, att Nato är den viktigaste säkerhetspolitiska aktören i Europa, att ytterligare nordiskt och Svenskt-finskt samarbete är positivt och att Ryssland är den bakomliggande orsaken till ett försämrat säkerhetspolitiskt läge. Skillnader finns också mellan hur Sverige och Finland beskriver Nato och Ryssland. Finland ser positivt på Nato-medlemskap samtidigt som Sverige inte nämner medlemskap alls. Gällande Ryssland så fördömer Sverige tydligt den ryska aggressionen i Krim samtidigt som Finland ger en mer försiktig beskrivning av Ryssland. Försvarspolitiskt visar studien att Sverige och Finland ser förmågan att både bidra och ta emot internationellt stöd ses som en central aspekt. Sveriges försvarspolitiska inriktning tycks också bli allt mer lik den finska. Detta innebär att Sverige ställer om från ett smalt insatsförsvar till ett åter bredare nationellt fokuserat försvar, likt det finska. Ett tydligt exempel på detta är att det svenska totalförsvaret och värnplikten återuppväcks.

This text conducts an analysis of familial bear-human relationships in Sámi, Finno-Ugric, and Russian folklore, supplemented by material culture. It explores the image of the bear as a member of human and non-human communities and his roles in human society. This study draws from oral tradition from Sápmi, Finland, and Russia, focusing on the material and the theoretical framework it is presented in. Critical assessment of the approaches to the subject of bear-human relationships are a major part of this thesis. It attempts to adopt new frameworks more mindful of Indigenous perspectives and employs oral tradition as a primary historical source that, supplemented by archaeological evidence, can provide a clear view of past beliefs and practices. The main goal of this thesis is deconstructing past approaches to Indigenous knowledge and culture, with a special focus on Russian scholarship, and analysing human-bear relationships with Indigenous outlooks in mind. / Denna text genomför en analys av familjära relationer mellan björn och människa i samisk, finsk-ugrisk och rysk folklore, kompletterad med materiell kultur. Den utforskar bilden av björnen som en medlem av mänskliga och icke-mänskliga gemenskaper och hans roller i det mänskliga samhället. Denna studie bygger på muntlig tradition från Sápmi, Finland och Ryssland, med fokus på materialet och den teoretiska ram som den presenteras i. Kritisk bedömning av förhållningssätten till ämnet björn-mänskliga relationer är en viktig del av denna avhandling. Den försöker anta nya ramar mer medvetna om inhemska perspektiv och använder muntlig tradition som en primär historisk källa som, kompletterad med arkeologiska bevis, kan ge en tydlig bild av tidigare föreställningar och praxis. Huvudmålet med denna avhandling är att dekonstruera tidigare förhållningssätt till ursprungsbefolkningens kunskap och kultur, med särskilt fokus på ryskt forskningtradition, och att analysera relationer mellan människa och björn med ursprungsbefolkningens synsätt i åtanke.

This thesis is a comparative sociolinguistic study which describes and compares language choice among people with Hungarian background in Sweden and Finland and studies their views on the importance of the Hungarian language and Hungarian cultural heritage for identity. The future prospects of language maintenance and language shift and differences between the Swedish-Hungarians and the Finnish-Hungarians are discussed. A survey was completed among 50 Swedish-Hungarian informants and 38 Finnish-Hungarian informants during 2006. The survey was supplemented by in-depth interviews with 15 informants during 2007. The majority language, either Swedish or Finnish, is much more active in the second-generation Hungarians’ lives than Hungarian is. Hungarian is mostly used in the domain of family relations. The language choices made today are dependent on the informant’s situation during childhood, particularly the parents’ usage of the language and the ability to learn and use Hungarian, chiefly gained through contact with the parents’ mother country and other Hungarian speakers. For some informants, having Hungarian roots forms the sole foundation for belonging, while for others it is this heritage combined with the culture, the ability to use the language or specific character traits. The Hungarian background is most often seen as a treasure offering diversity in life. Finnish-Hungarians are generally more positive about their Hungarian background, have better competence in the language and a greater awareness of the culture than Swedish-Hungarians. The Hungarian language plays a central though often symbolic role. The most important conditions for minority language preservation are language competence together with the desire and opportunity to use it; whereof the largest deficit among second-generation Hungarians is knowledge of the Hungarian language. Only one-fourth of the informants have all of the conditions necessary to be able to maintain the language, which means that Hungarian is an endangered minority language in Sweden and Finland.

This thesis is a comparative sociolinguistic study which describes and compares language choice among people with Hungarian background in Sweden and Finland and studies their views on the importance of the Hungarian language and Hungarian cultural heritage for identity. The future prospects of language maintenance and language shift and differences between the Swedish-Hungarians and the Finnish-Hungarians are discussed. A survey was completed among 50 Swedish-Hungarian informants and 38 Finnish-Hungarian informants during 2006. The survey was supplemented by in-depth interviews with 15 informants during 2007. The majority language, either Swedish or Finnish, is much more active in the second-generation Hungarians’ lives than Hungarian is. Hungarian is mostly used in the domain of family relations. The language choices made today are dependent on the informant’s situation during childhood, particularly the parents’ usage of the language and the ability to learn and use Hungarian, chiefly gained through contact with the parents’ mother country and other Hungarian speakers. For some informants, having Hungarian roots forms the sole foundation for belonging, while for others it is this heritage combined with the culture, the ability to use the language or specific character traits. The Hungarian background is most often seen as a treasure offering diversity in life. Finnish-Hungarians are generally more positive about their Hungarian background, have better competence in the language and a greater awareness of the culture than Swedish-Hungarians. The Hungarian language plays a central though often symbolic role. The most important conditions for minority language preservation are language competence together with the desire and opportunity to use it; whereof the largest deficit among second-generation Hungarians is knowledge of the Hungarian language. Only one-fourth of the informants have all of the conditions necessary to be able to maintain the language, which means that Hungarian is an endangered minority language in Sweden and Finland.

Vattenförvaltning innebär upprättandet av förvaltningsplaner för hur vattenförekomster ämnas hanteras. I samband med att hela avrinningsområden är den vedertagna skalan att genomföra vattenförvaltning på uppstår det problem när avrinningsområden överskrider administrativa gränser, särskilt nationella sådana. Denna studie ämnar att utreda hur formerna för internationellt gränsöverskridande vattenförvaltning kan se ut genom att undersöka Torneälvens avrinning – ett internationellt avrinningsdistrikt. Studien frågar sig hur den nationella kontexten påverkar en internationell vattenförvaltning. Det är även av intresse för studien hur samarbetsorganisationer kan verka i denna förvaltningsform, samt vilken uppföljning som går att se i projekt- och plandokument. Genom en kvalitativt analyserande fallstudie appliceras ett “soft space”-perspektiv på den internationella vattenförvaltningen i Torneälven. Analysen visar på en informalitet i plandokument trots etablerade förvaltningsformer. Den nationella kontexten beror dels på institutionaliseringen av den allmänna vattenförvaltningen samt på mellanstatliga relationer. Studien finner även potential i samarbetsorganisationer och konstruktiv uppföljning.

This study investigates intergenerational language transmission amongst Hungarian immigrants, using in-depth interviews and participant observation as the main methods. The analysis examines the experiences of parents and their school-aged children in 61 families living in Sweden´s two main cities, Stockholm and Göteborg. The sample families were separated into four groups, based on two pre-contact factors, namely (1) the parents´ linguistic environment and (2) their social identity prior to migration. Three of the four groups turned out to be comparable in size and serve as the focus groups of the study. Group 1 comprises families in which one or both parents are former majority members from monolingual parts of Hungary. Group 2 comprises families in which one or both parents are former majority members from Hungary, but in contrast, these parents grew up in bilingual areas, being exposed to other languages in their childhood settings. Group 3 comprises families in which often both parents grew up as members of a vital ethnic minority in bilingual or multilingual settings in Transylvania (Romania). It was hypothesised that the parents´ childhood experiences would have an effect on their ways of raising children in a migrant situation, which, in turn, will affect children´s bilingualism as well as the group´s maintenance chances. The results of the statistical analysis confirm the hypothesis and show significant differences between the focus groups in a number of factors, e.g. marriage pattern, religious engagement, cultural orientation, children’s opportunities to meet other group members, and language awareness. Most importantly, the investigation revealed broad variation in language use norms among the sample families, especially for family and group internal communication. This, together with the poor demographic conditions of the group, seriously threatens group cohesion. The prospects for Hungarian language maintenance in Sweden are therefore seen as limited.