Varför ko? Den frågan må kanske verka simpel men verkar vara svårare att svara på än man kan tro. Tro rimmar ju på ko. Kanske kan examensuppsatsen enbart bygga på rim? Jag vet inte vart det här ska leda någonstans men jag har tänkt att fylla en sida med tankar och ord kring var jag är nu. Inte tänka på något annat. Helst inte ta bort och ändra, även om jag gjorde det nyss. En ko. Var ska kon bo? Det var där jag började tänka för några veckor sedan, och var inställd på att bilda ett hem till min ko. Det känns fint men samtidigt ganska banalt. Som en förenkling av problemet, kanske. Lite som vita havet-diskussionen: Byt namn så är allt löst. Bygg ett hem till din ko så är problemet borta. Puts väck. Jag förstår nog innerst inne att det inte fungerar så. Men det hade ju varit så mycket enklare att bara bygga ett bo till min ko. Jag behöver nog mer källor, mer kött på benen även om jag tycker att det är ett otroligt onice uttryck. Vet inte varför. Hur som helst tror jag helt enkelt att jag behöver hitta en kontext för att känna mig helt bekväm med att undersöka denna vilja till att göra en ko. Jag återkommer ofta till att inte ha något svar. Lite för att jag uppskattar nonchalansen i att inte behöva förklara allt. Att saker kan bara vara och inte ha någon förklaring. Sen kommer jag på att jag inte känner mig helt nöjd där heller. Inser kanske att man, för att vara så pass självsäker, behöver heta Leif GW Persson eller åtminstone ha ungefär hundra års erfarenhet på nacken. Kanske behöver, eller vill, man ha ett svar i alla fall för sig själv? Min önskan är att med detta arbete ifrågasätta normer och hierarkier. Jag vill väcka debatt och tankar hos folk. Väcka tankar kring varför vi människor är som vi är och gör som vi gör. Medan min uppsats kommer fokusera mycket på hierarkier mellan djur och människor (genom ämnen som posthumanism och karnism) kommer gestaltningen främst synliggöra mitt slarviga, barnsliga uttryck och genom det ifrågasätta hierarkin som finns mellan konst och konsthantverk (genom begrepp som sloppy craft). Gemensamt för uppsatsen och gestaltningen är alltså att jag undersöker hierarkier. Posthumanism, som jag nämnde ovan, är ett ämne som passar det jag vill undersöka och som avgränsar arbetet något. I ”Köttslöjd” (2018) skriver Michell Göransson om hur ”vi snarare än att äta ko eller gris äter högrev, plankstek och (garanterat hundfri) hotdog”. Varför gör vi så? Kanske för att vi försvarar våra egentligen oförsvarbara handlingar för att känna oss mer värdiga som människor. Under mina tre år på Konstfack har jag ibland känt en längtan efter att vara mer personlig i mitt uttryck. Ibland känns det som att jag klär mitt konstnärliga uttryck i ord som högrev och plankstek för att slippa visa mig själv. Det har känts lättare att utgå från andras (djurens) problem än mina egna. Jag skulle vilja inkludera mig själv lite mer i det här examensarbetet - vem är jag i det här? Slutligen, humor. Ett ledord för den här uppsatsen och arbetet vill jag ska vara självdistans. Därför följer här en intervju med en ko, som jag tänker kan vara någon slags utgångspunkt för arbetet.

Diese Arbeit geht der Frage nach, ob MPn im Schwedischen syntaktisch Satzadverbien sind. Es wird gezeigt, dass sie sich syntaktisch von Satzadverbien unterscheiden und sich ferner in zwei getrennte Typen von MPn unterteilen lassen. Hierzu wird eine syntaktische Analyse vorgestellt, die diese Unterscheidung in dem phrasalen Status der MPn widerspiegelt. Die syntaktische Analyse wird durch sechs Experimente empirisch bestätigen. Ferner wird gezeigt, dass, um die Linearisierung von Elementen im Mittelfeld, am Beispiel von MPn, DPn und Objektpronomen im Mittelfeld, erklären zu können, nicht nur syntaktische Argumente herangeführt werden können, sondern auch phonologische Aspekte berücksichtigt werden müssen. / This thesis answers the question whether the MPs in Swedish are different from sentence adverbs on the level of syntax. It shows that MPs do differ from sentence adverbs, and further, that the MPs must be divided into two types. I present a syntactic analysis of the MPs that accounts for the two types of MPs as elements of distinct phrasal statuses. The syntactic analysis is tested empirically in six experiments and the results verified the analysis. Further I show that in order to account for the linearisation of MPs and object pronouns in the middle field, not only syntactic but also phonological properties of all elements must be taken into consideration.

Thema der Arbeit sind die genealogischen Fürstenpreisgedichte Ynglingatal, Háleygjatal und Nóregs konungatal, eine Textgruppe aus dem Bereich der norrönen Skaldendichtung. Die Gedichte wurden vor allem im Kontext dynastischer Interessen in mittelalterlichen historiographischen Werken tradiert und sind in ihrer Datierung umstritten. Sie behandeln Genealogien norwegischer Herrschergeschlechter und die Königsreihe mit einem Fokus auf dem Tod der Fürsten. Mit der Verbindung der Aspekte Genealogie und Tod entziehen sie sich einer eindeutigen Klassifikation. Die Arbeit erfasst diese Textgruppe in ihren charakteristischen Merkmalen, ordnet sie literaturhistorisch ein und will zu einer präziseren Bestimmung der Texte beitragen. Sie gliedert sich in zwei Teile. Der erste Teil behandelt die literaturhistorischen Kontexte: Zum einen die Frage der Überlieferung von Skaldendichtung. Zum anderen werden die Gedichte in den Kontext genealogischer und enumerativer Literatur eingeordnet und zu verwandten Dichtungsarten in Beziehung gesetzt. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit besteht aus einer Analyse von Ynglingatal, Háleygjatal und Nóregs konungatal unter Berücksichtigung ihrer Überlieferung. Das wesentliche Ergebnis ist, dass sich die Vorstellung eines Texttyps genealogischer Skaldendichtung retrospektiv im 12./13. Jahrhundert entwickelt haben muss. Es zeigt sich, dass die Frage der Datierung der Texte nicht mehr zu beantworten ist, da die Texte in der Überlieferung umgestaltet wurden. Es wird deutlich, dass dieser Texttyp seine Ursprünge in einer mit dem Tod verbundenen poetischen Tradition hatte und die Texte im Zuge genealogisch-dynastischer Interessen die Form fanden, in der sie in der Historiographie überliefert wurden. Dort schließlich begegnen Ynglingatal und Háleygjatal als emblematische Vertreter wikingerzeitlicher Skaldendichtung. Die Arbeit zeigt, dass die überlieferungsgeschichtliche Perspektive ein unabdingbarer Teil der Analyse von Skaldengedichten sein muss. / The topic of this paper are the genealogical praise poems Ynglingatal, Háleygjatal and Nóregs konungatal, a text group within the Old Norse skaldic poetry. The poems were transmitted in medieval historiographic works, above all within the context of dynastic interests. The dating remains controversial. They deal with the genealogies of the Norwegian dynasties and the order of the kings, with a focus on the dukes’ deaths. By linking the aspects of genealogy and death, they elude a distinct literary classification. This paper covers this text group in its characteristic features, classifies it in a literary-historical context and aims at contributing to a more precise determination of the texts. It is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the literary-historical contexts, firstly with the issue of the transmission of skaldic poetry. Then the poems are analysed within the context of genealogical and enumerative literature, and are seen in connection to related kinds of poetry. The second part of the paper is an analysis of Ynglingatal, Háleygjatal and Nóregs konungatal with particular focus on their transmission. The main result is that the concept of genealogical skaldic poetry as literary genre developed retrospectively in the 12th/13th centuries. It can be shown that the issue of dating the texts cannot be answered definitively since the texts have been altered in the course of their transmission. It becomes apparent that this text type had its origins in a poetic tradition which is related to death, and which assumed the form in which it was passed on in historiographical works mainly due to genealogical and dynastic interests. Here Ynglingatal and Háleygjatal represent an emblematic representation of the viking-age skaldic poetry. The paper shows that the perspective of medieval transmission of skaldic poems needs to be an indispensable part within the analysis of that literary genre.

Diese Arbeit untersucht eine Klasse von tendenziösen Fragen, die mindestens im Schwedischen und Deutschen existieren: Rejecting Questions (RQs). RQs unterscheiden sich von anderen Fragen mit deklarativer Syntax u.a. darin, dass die kontextuelle Evidenz, die solche Fragen lizensiert, von umgekehrter Polarität (relativ zur Polarität der Frage selber) ist - positive RQs benötigen Evidenz für eine negierte Proposition, positive deklarative Fragen benötigen Evidenz für eine positive Proposition. In drei Experimenten wird gezeigt, dass i) schwedische negative RQs sich in ihren Lizensierungsbedingungen von negativen deklarativen Fragen unterscheiden, ii) schwedische negative RQs sich in ihrer Intonation von Zurückweisungen unterscheiden, iii) schwedische und deutsche RQs tendenziell unmarkierter zu sein scheinen, wenn sie Negation enthalten. Das dritte Experiment liefert außerdem einen Beitrag zur Analyse der Bedeutung der schwedischen Modalpartikel väl. Ich argumentiere, dass RQs sprecherindizierte Präferenzen für einen eingebetteten Sprechakt ausdrücken. Dieser eingebettete Sprechakt unterscheidet sich im unmarkierten Fall zwischen negativen RQs, welche i.d.R. hypothetische Zurückweisungen sind, und positiven RQs, welche immer hypothetische Assertionen sind. Mit dieser Asymmetrie erkläre ich die Auffälligkeiten in den Lizensierungsbedingungen von RQs, die sowohl im Schwedischen als auch im Deutschen nachgewiesen werden können. / This thesis investigates a class of biased questions that exists at least in Swedish and German: rejecting questions (RQs). RQs differ from other questions with declarative syntax i.a. in that the contextual evidence that licenses such questions is of the opposite polarity relative to the polarity of the question itself - positive RQs require evidence for a negated proposition; positive declarative questions require evidence for a positive proposition. The results of three experiments show that i) Swedish negative RQs differ in their licensing conditions from negative declarative questions, ii) Swedish negative RQs differ in their intonation from rejections, iii) Swedish and German RQs tend to be less marked if they contain negation. The third experiment also contributes to the analysis of the meaning of the Swedish modal particle väl. I argue that RQs express speaker-indexed preferences for embedded speech acts. In the unmarked case, this embedded speech act differs between negative RQs, which are usually hypothetical rejections, and positive RQs, which are always hypothetical assertions. By way of this asymmetry, I explain the peculiarities in the licensing conditions of RQs that can be shown to exist both in Swedish and German.

Spectroscopy and quantum transport constitute powerful ways to study the physics of matter and to access the electronic and atomic structure. Excitations, in turn determined by the electronic and atomic structure, lie at the origin of spectroscopy and quantum transport. Ab initio calculation of excited states requires to go beyond ground-state density-functional theory (DFT). In this work we review three theoretical frameworks beyond DFT: the first is time-dependent density-functional theory to describe neutral excitations and to address energy-loss and optical spectroscopies. We introduce the theory and the fundamental approximations, i.e. the RPA and the adiabatic LDA, together with the results one can get with them at the example of bulk silicon and graphite. We then describe the developments we contributed to the theory beyond TDLDA to better describe optical spectroscopy, in particular the long-range contribution-only and the Nanoquanta exchange-correlation kernel approximations. The second framework is many-body quantum field theory (or Green's function theory) in the GW approximation and beyond, well suited to describe photoemission spectroscopy. After a review of the theory and its main success on the prediction of the band gap, we present two applications on unconventional systems: 2D graphene and strongly correlated vanadium dioxide. We discuss the next frontiers of GW, closing with perspectives beyond GW and MBQFT. The last part presents non-equilibrium Green's function theory suited to address quantum transport. We show how it reduces to the state-of-the-art Landauer principal layers framework when neglecting correlations. We present a calculation of the conductance on a very simple system, a gold monoatomic chain, showing the effect of electron-electron scattering effects. Finally we present theoretical developments toward a new workbench beyond the principal layers, which led us to the introduction of new generalized Meir and Wingreen and Fisher-Lee formulas. This work compares the theoretical and practical aspects of both Green's function and density based approaches, each one benefiting insights from the other, and presents an overview of accomplishments and perspectives.

Binary systems comprising of compact objects like neutron stars (NS) and/or black holes (BH) lose their energy and angular momentum via gravitational waves (GW). Radiation reaction due to the emission of GW results in a gradual shrinking of the binary orbit and an accompanying gradual increase in the orbital frequency. The preliminary phase of the binary evolution when the radiation-reaction time-scale is much larger than the orbital time-scale is called the inspiral phase. GW emitted during the final stages of the inspiral phase constitute one of the most important sources for the ground-based laser interferometric GW detectors like LIGO, VIRGO and the proposed space-based detector LISA. For the ground-based detectors, NS and/or stellar mass BH binaries are primary sources, while for LISA super-massive BH (SMBH) binaries are potential targets. Inspiralling compact binaries (ICB) are among the prime targets for interferometric detectors because using approximation schemes in general relativity (GR) like the post-Minkowskian (PM) and the post-Newtonian (PN) approximations one can compute the GW emitted by them with sufficient accuracy both for their detection and parameter estimation leading to GW astronomy. The extreme weakness of gravitational interactions implies that if a GW signal from an ICB is incident on a detector, it will be buried in the noisy detector output. Therefore, sophisticated data analysis techniques are required for detecting the signal in presence of the dominant noise and also estimating the parameters of the signal. From the pre-calculated theoretical waveforms called templates, one already knows the structure of the waveform from an ICB. The technique for detecting signals which are of known form in a noisy detector is matched filtering. This technique consists of cross-correlating the output of a noisy detector assumed to contain the signal of known form with a set of templates. It then finds an ‘optimal’ template that would produce, on average, the highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The efficient performance of matched filtering as a data-analysis strategy for GW signals from ICB presupposes very accurate theoretical templates. Slight mismatches between the signal and the template will result in a loss of signal to noise ratio. Computing very accurate theoretical templates and including effects such as eccentricity are challenging tasks for the theoreticians. This thesis addresses some of the issues related to the waveform modelling of the ICB and their implications for GW data analysis. It is known theoretically that compact binaries reduce their eccentricity through the emission of GW. When GW signals from prototype ICB reach the GW detector bandwidth, their orbits are almost circular. Hence one usually models the binary orbit to be circular for computation of the search templates. The waveform from an ICB in a circular orbit is, at any given PN order of approximation, a linear combination of a finite number of harmonics of the orbital frequency. At the lowest order of approximation, called the Newtonian order, the waveform comprises a single harmonic at twice the orbital frequency. Inclusion of higher order PN corrections lead to the appearance of higher harmonics of the orbital frequency. Since the amplitudes of the higher harmonics contain higher powers of the PN expansion parameter, relative to the Newtonian order, they are referred to as amplitude corrections. The phase of each harmonic, determined by the orbital phase, is known upto 3.5PN order (nPN is the order of approximation equivalent to terms ~(v/c)2n beyond the Newtonian order, where v denotes the binary’s orbital velocity and c is the speed of light). Matched filtering is more sensitive to the phase of the signal rather than its amplitude, since the correlation builds up as long as the signal and the template remain in phase. Motivated by this fact, search templates so far have been a waveform model involving only the dominant harmonic (at twice the orbital frequency), although the phase evolution itself is included upto the maximum available PN order. Such waveforms, in which all amplitude corrections are neglected, but the phase is treated to the maximum available order, are called restricted waveforms (RWF) and these are generally used in the data-analysis of ground-based detectors and also simulated searches for the planned LISA. However, recent studies, in the case of ground-based interferometers, showed that going beyond the RWF approximation could improve the efficiency of detection as well as parameter estimation of the inspiral signal. After a brief overview of the properties of GW and their detection strategies in chapter 1, in chapters 2 and 3, we investigate the implications of going beyond the RWF, in the context of the planned space-based Laser Interferometric Space Antenna (LISA). The sensitivity of ground-based detectors is limited by seismic noise below 20Hz. On the other hand, the space-based LISA will be designed to be sensitive to GWs of frequency (10−4 _1)Hz. The most important source in this frequency band are supermassive BH (SMBH) binaries. There is strong observational evidence for the existence of SMBH with masses in the range of in most galactic nuclei. Mergers of such galaxies result in SMBH binaries whose evolution is governed by the emission of GW. Observation of the GW from SMBH binaries at high redshifts is one of the major science goals of LISA. These observations will allow us to probe the evolution of SMBHs and structure formation and provide an unique opportunity to test General Relativity (and its alternatives) in the strong field regime of the theory. Observing SMBH coalescences with high (100-1000) SNR is crucial for performing all the aforementioned tests. The LISA bandwidth (10−4_ 1)Hz determines the range of masses accessible to LISA because the inspiral signal would end when the system’s orbital frequency reaches the mass-dependent last stable orbit (LSO). In the test-mass approximation, the angular velocity ι at LSO is given by where M is the total mass of the binary. Search templates using the RWF, which contains only the dominant harmonic at twice the orbital frequency, cannot extract power in the signal beyond This further implies that the frequency range [0.1, 100] mHz corresponds to the range for the total mass of BH binaries that would be accessible to LISA. In chapter 2, we show that inclusion of higher harmonics will enhance the mass-range of LISA (for the same frequency range) and allow for the detection of SMBH binaries with total masses higher than The template employed in chapter 2 includes amplitude corrections upto 2.5PN order, while keeping the phase upto 3.5PN order. We call this template the full waveform (FWF). The FWF defined above contains higher harmonics of the orbital frequency, the highest of them being 7 times the orbital frequency. For a SMBH binary with total mass the dominant harmonic at LSO is less than the lower cut-off of the LISA bandwidth. Therefore, if one uses the RWF as a search template, this system is ‘invisible’ to LISA. However, the seventh harmonic can still enter the LISA bandwidth and produce a significant SNR and thus allow its detection. With the FWF, LISA can observe sources which are favoured by astronomical observations, but not observable with the RWF. More specifically, with the inclusion of all known harmonics LISA will be able to observe SMBH coalescences with total mass (and mass-ratio 0.1) for a low frequency cut-off of 10−4Hz (10−5Hz) with an SNR up to ~ 60 (~30) at a distance of 3 Gpc. The orbital motion of LISA around the Sun induces frequency, phase and amplitude modulations in the observed GW signal. These modulations carry information about both the source’s location and orientation. Determination of the angular coordinates of the source also allows determination of the luminosity distance of SMBH binaries. Therefore, SMBH binaries are often referred to as GW “standard sirens” (analogous to the electromagnetic “standard candles”). LISA would also be able to measure the “redshifted” masses of the component black holes with good accuracy for sources up to redshifts of a few. However, GW observations alone cannot provide any information about the redshift of the source. If the host galaxy or galaxy cluster is known one can disentangle the redshift from the masses by optical measurement of the redshift. This would not only allow one to extract the “physical” masses, but also provide an exciting possibility to study the luminosity distance-redshift relation providing a totally independent confirmation of the cosmological parameters. Further, this combined observation can be used to map the distribution of black hole masses as a function of redshift. Another outstanding issue in present day cosmology in which LISA can play a role is the dark energy and its physical origin. Probing the equation-of-state-ratio (w(z)) provides an important clue to the question of whether dark energy is truly a cosmological constant (i.e., w = -1). Assuming the Universe to be spatially flat, a combination of WMAP and Supernova Legacy Survey (SNLS) data yields significant constraints on Without including the spatial flatness as a prior, WMAP, large-scale structure and supernova data place a stringent constraint on the dark energy equation of state, For this to be possible, LISA should (a) measure the luminosity distance to the source with a good accuracy and (b) localize the coalescence event on the sky with good angular resolution so that the host galaxy/galaxy cluster can be uniquely identified. Based on analysis with the RWF, it is found that LISA’s angular resolution is not good enough to identify the source galaxy or galaxy cluster, and that other forms of identification would be needed. Secondly, weak lensing effects would corrupt the distance estimation to the same level as LISA’s systematic error. In chapter 3, we study the problem of parameter estimation in the context of LISA, but using the FWF. We investigate systematically the variation in parameter estimation with PN orders by critically examining the role of higher harmonics in the fast GW phasing and their interplay with the slow modulations induced due to LISA’s motion. More importantly, we explore the improvement in the estimation of the luminosity distance and the angular parameters due to the inclusion of higher harmonics in the waveform. We translate the error in the angular resolution to obtain the number of galaxies (or galaxy clusters) within the error box on the sky. We find that independent of the angular position of the source on the sky, higher harmonics improve LISA’s performance on both counts raised in earlier works based on the RWF. We show that the angular resolution enhances typically by a factor of ~2-500 (greater at higher masses) and the error on the estimation of the luminosity distance goes down by a factor of ~ 2-100 (again, larger at higher masses). For many possible sky positions and orientations of the source, the inaccuracy in our measurement of the dark energy would be at the level of a few percent, so that it would only be limited by weak lensing. We conclude that LISA could provide interesting constraints on cosmological parameters, especially the dark energy equation-of-state, and yet circumvent all the lower rungs of the cosmic distance ladder. Having emphasized the need to consider the FWF as a more powerful template, in chapter 4 we calculate a higher order term in the amplitude corrections of the waveform. In chapters 2 & 3, the FWF incorporated amplitude corrections upto 2.5PN order. In chapter 4 the waveform is calculated upto 3PN order. Recent progress in Numerical Relativity (NR) has resulted in computation of the late inspiral and subsequent merger and ringdown phases of the binary evolution (where PN theory does not hold good) by a full-fledged numerical integration of the Einstein field equations. A new field has emerged recently consisting of high-accuracy comparisons between the PN predictions and the numerically-generated waveforms. Such comparisons and matching to the PN results have proved currently to be very successful. They clearly show the need to include high PN corrections not only for the evolution of the binary’s orbital phase but also for the modulation of the gravitational amplitude. This leads to one more motivation for the work in this chapter: providing the associated spin-weighted spherical harmonic decomposition to facilitate comparison and match of the high PN prediction for the inspiral waveform to the numerically-generated waveforms for the merger and ringdown. For the computation of waveforms from the inspiralling compact binaries one needs to solve the two-body problem in general relativity. The nonlinear structure of general relativity prevents one from obtaining a general solution to this problem. The two-body problem is tackled using the multipolar post-Minkowskian (MPM) wave generation formalism. The MPM formalism describes the radiation field of any isolated post-Newtonian source. The radiation field is first of all parametrized by means of two sets of radiative multipole moments. These moments are then related (by means of an algorithm for solving the non-linearities of the field equations) to the so-called canonical moments which constitute some useful intermediaries for describing the external field of the source. The canonical moments are then expressed in terms of the operational source moments obtained by matching to a PN source and are given by explicit integrals extending over the matter source and gravitational field. The extension of the waveform by half a PN order requires as inputs the relations between the radiative, canonical and source multipole moments for general sources at 3PN order. We also require the 3PN extension of the source multipole moments in the case of compact binaries. The waveform in the far-zone consists of two types of terms, instantaneous and hereditary. The instantaneous terms are determined by the dynamical state of the binary at the retarded time. The hereditary terms, on the other hand, depend on the entire past history of the source. These terms originate from the nonlinear interactions between the various multipole moments and also from backscattering off the curved spacetime generated by the waves themselves. In this chapter, we compute the contributions of all the instantaneous and hereditary terms (which include tails, tails-of-tails and memory integrals) up to 3PN order. The end results of this chapter are given in terms of both the 3PN plus and cross polarizations and the separate spin-weighted spherical harmonic modes. Though most of the sources will be in circular orbits by the time the GWs emitted by the system enter the sensitivity band of the laser interferometers, astrophysical scenarios such as Kozai mechanism could produce binaries which have nonzero eccentricity. Studies have shown that filtering the signal from an eccentric binary with circular orbit templates could significantly degrade the SNR. For constructing a phasing formula for eccentric binaries one has to compute the energy and angular momentum fluxes carried away by the GWs and then compute how the orbital elements evolve with time under gravitational radiation reaction. The far-zone energy and angular momentum fluxes, like the waveform, contain both instantaneous and hereditary contributions. The complete 3PN energy flux and instantaneous terms in the 3PN angular momentum flux are already known. In chapter 5, the hereditary terms in the 3PN angular momentum flux from an ICB moving in quasi-elliptical orbits are computed. A semi-analytic method in the frequency domain is used to compute the hereditary contributions. At 3PN order, the quasi-Keplerian representation of elliptical orbits at 1PN order is required. To calculate the tail contributions we exploit the doubly periodic nature of the motion to average the 3PN fluxes over the binary’s orbit. The hereditary part of the angular momentum flux provided here has to be supplemented with the instantaneous part to obtain the final input needed for the construction of templates for binaries moving in elliptical orbits, a class of sources for both the space based detectors and the ground based ones. Using the hereditary contributions in the 3PN energy flux, we also compute the 3PN accurate hereditary contributions to the secular evolution of the orbital elements of the quasi-Keplerian orbit description.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) known in the market as 4G LTE, it is an evolution of the GSM/UMTS standard. The overall aim of LTE was to provide a new radio access technology focusing on packet-switched data only. LTE has provided a new peak download rates, low data transfer latencies, and improved the support for mobility. 3Th Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) specialized that LTE released 10 and beyond known as LTE-advanced it is the second evolution of LTE. It has some services such as Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception (CoMP), evolved Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service (eMBMS) with Multicast-Broadcast Single-Frequency Network (MBSFN). The development still continuous on LTE-advanced, it is intended to meet the requirement of advanced application that will become common in the wireless marketplace in future. The goals of this project is to simulate one of LTE-A services on LTE standard such as CoMP or/and eMBMS with MBSFN using OPENT LTE, and measure some statistic such as spectral efficiency and also some other statistics, describe centralization vs. decentralization in LTE, and synchronization in the base station in LTE. OPNET LTE support eMBMS with MBSFN, and don’t support CoMP, the simulation has been done by using eMBMS with MBSFN. Finally the objectives of the project has achieved, the result show that when eMBMS with MBSFN is implemented the throughput increased in the downlink to about 5.52 Mbps and in the uplink to about 5.18 Mbps, and also the system spectral efficiency increased in eNB1 from about 10.25 (bits/s/Hz/cell) to about 13.75 (bits/s/Hz/cell) and in eNB2 from about 10.25 (bits/s/Hz/cell) to about 17.25 (bits/s/Hz/cell). The project also answers if it is possible to have centralization in LTE, describe synchronization in the base station in LTE, and if OPNET is useful for big research.

This dissertation deals with the calculation of the mechanical properties, electronic structure, electronic transport, and optical properties of strained carbon nanotubes (CNTs). CNTs are discussed for straintronics as their electronic bands show a strong strain-sensitivity. Further, CNTs are stiff, possess a large rupture strain and they are chemically inert, which make them a suitable material in terms of reliability and functionality for straintronic devices. Therefore, this work aims to explore the potential of strain-dependent CNT devices with regard to their mechanical, electronic, and optical properties from a first-principles point of view. There is no work so far that systematically compares these strain-dependent, physical properties from ab initio calculations, which are suitable for small CNTs only, to tight-binding calculations, which are suitable to model large CNTs. First, the structural and mechanical properties of CNTs are investigated: Structural properties are obtained by geometry optimization of many CNTs using density functional theory (DFT). The mechanical properties of CNTs are calculated in the same way. The resulting stress-strain relations are investigated and their key parameters are systematically displayed with respect to the CNT chirality and radius. The ground state electronic properties are calculated using tight-binding models and DFT. Both methods are compared systematically and it is explored where the tight-binding approximation can be applied in order to obtain meaningful results. On top of the electronic structure, a transport model is used to calculate the current through strained CNTs. The model includes the effect of ballistic conductance, parametrized electron-phonon scattering and the influence of an applied gate voltage. Finally, a computationally efficient model is described, which is able to predict the current through strained CNT transistors and enables to find optimal operation regimes for single-chirality devices and devices containing CNT mixtures. Optical properties of strained CNTs are explored by calculating quasiparticle excitations by the means of the GW approximation and the solution of the Bethe-Salpeter equation for CNT excitons. Due to the numerical effort of these approaches, the data for just one CNT is obtained. Still, it is explored how the above-mentioned many-body properties can be related to the ground state results for this CNT. This finally leads to empirical approaches that approximately describe the many-body results from the ground state properties. It is elucidated how such a model can be generalized to other CNTs in order to describe the strain dependence of their optical transitions. / Diese Dissertation befasst sich mit der Berechnung der mechanischen Eigenschaften, der elektronischen Struktur, der Transport- und der optischen Eigenschaften von verspannten Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen (engl. carbon nanotubes, CNTs). CNTs werden für die Straintronik diskutiert, da ihre elektronischen Bänder eine starke Dehnungsempfindlichkeit aufweisen. Weiterhin sind CNTs steif, besitzen eine hohe Zugfestigkeit und sind chemisch inert, weshalb sie in Bezug auf Zuverlässigkeit und Funktionalität ein geeignetes Material für straintronische Bauelemente sind. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es daher, das Potenzial von dehnungsabhängigen CNT-Bauteilen hinsichtlich ihrer mechanischen, elektronischen und optischen Eigenschaften aus der Perspektive von first principles-Methoden zu untersuchen. Es gibt bisher keine Arbeit, in der die Ergebnisse verschiedener Methoden – ab initio-basierte Berechnungen für kleine CNTs und tight-binding Berechnungen, die näherungsweise die elektronische Struktur großer CNTs beschreiben – miteinander systematisch vergleicht. Einführend werden die strukturellen und mechanischen Eigenschaften von CNTs untersucht: Strukturelle Eigenschaften ergeben sich durch Geometrieoptimierung vieler CNTs mittels Dichtefunktionaltheorie (DFT). Die mechanischen Eigenschaften von CNTs werden in gleicher Weise berechnet. Die daraus resultierenden Spannungs-Dehnungs-Beziehungen werden untersucht und deren relevante Parameter systematisch in Abhängigkeit von CNT-Chiralität und CNT-Radius dargestellt. Die Eigenschaften des CNT-Grundzustands werden unter Verwendung von tight-binding-Modellen und DFT berechnet. Beide Methoden werden systematisch verglichen und es wird untersucht, wo die tight-binding-Näherung angewendet werden kann, um aussagekräftige Ergebnisse zu erzielen. Basierend auf der elektronischen Struktur der CNTs wird ein Transportmodell aufgesetzt, durch das der Strom durch verspannte CNTs berechnet werden kann. Dieses Modell beinhaltet den Einfluss der ballistischen Leitfähigkeit, Elektron-Phonon-Streuung in parametrisierter Form und den Einfluss eines Gates. Damit wird ein numerisch effizientes Modell beschrieben, das in der Lage ist, den Strom durch verspannte CNT-Transistoren vorherzusagen. Auf dessen Basis wird es möglich, optimale Arbeitsbereiche für reine CNT-Bauelemente und Bauelemente mit CNT-Mischungen zu berechnen. Die optischen Eigenschaften verspannter CNTs werden durch die Berechnung von Quasiteilchenanregungen mittels der GW-Approximation und der Lösung der Bethe-Salpeter-Gleichung für CNT-Exzitonen untersucht. Aufgrund des numerischen Aufwandes dieser Ansätze werden diese Daten für nur ein CNT erhalten. Daran wird der Zusammenhang zwischen den oben genannten Vielteilchen-Eigenschaften und den Grundzustandseigenschaften für dieses CNT demonstriert. Daraus ergeben sich empirische Ansätze, die es gestatten, die Vielteilchen-Ergebnisse näherungsweise auf die elektronischen Grundzustandseigenschaften zurückzuführen. Es wird dargestellt, wie ein solches Modell für andere CNTs verallgemeinert werden kann, um die Verspannungsabhängigkeit ihrer optischen Übergänge zu beschreiben.

This dissertation deals with the calculation of the mechanical properties, electronic structure, electronic transport, and optical properties of strained carbon nanotubes (CNTs). CNTs are discussed for straintronics as their electronic bands show a strong strain-sensitivity. Further, CNTs are stiff, possess a large rupture strain and they are chemically inert, which make them a suitable material in terms of reliability and functionality for straintronic devices. Therefore, this work aims to explore the potential of strain-dependent CNT devices with regard to their mechanical, electronic, and optical properties from a first-principles point of view. There is no work so far that systematically compares these strain-dependent, physical properties from ab initio calculations, which are suitable for small CNTs only, to tight-binding calculations, which are suitable to model large CNTs. First, the structural and mechanical properties of CNTs are investigated: Structural properties are obtained by geometry optimization of many CNTs using density functional theory (DFT). The mechanical properties of CNTs are calculated in the same way. The resulting stress-strain relations are investigated and their key parameters are systematically displayed with respect to the CNT chirality and radius. The ground state electronic properties are calculated using tight-binding models and DFT. Both methods are compared systematically and it is explored where the tight-binding approximation can be applied in order to obtain meaningful results. On top of the electronic structure, a transport model is used to calculate the current through strained CNTs. The model includes the effect of ballistic conductance, parametrized electron-phonon scattering and the influence of an applied gate voltage. Finally, a computationally efficient model is described, which is able to predict the current through strained CNT transistors and enables to find optimal operation regimes for single-chirality devices and devices containing CNT mixtures. Optical properties of strained CNTs are explored by calculating quasiparticle excitations by the means of the GW approximation and the solution of the Bethe-Salpeter equation for CNT excitons. Due to the numerical effort of these approaches, the data for just one CNT is obtained. Still, it is explored how the above-mentioned many-body properties can be related to the ground state results for this CNT. This finally leads to empirical approaches that approximately describe the many-body results from the ground state properties. It is elucidated how such a model can be generalized to other CNTs in order to describe the strain dependence of their optical transitions. / Diese Dissertation befasst sich mit der Berechnung der mechanischen Eigenschaften, der elektronischen Struktur, der Transport- und der optischen Eigenschaften von verspannten Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen (engl. carbon nanotubes, CNTs). CNTs werden für die Straintronik diskutiert, da ihre elektronischen Bänder eine starke Dehnungsempfindlichkeit aufweisen. Weiterhin sind CNTs steif, besitzen eine hohe Zugfestigkeit und sind chemisch inert, weshalb sie in Bezug auf Zuverlässigkeit und Funktionalität ein geeignetes Material für straintronische Bauelemente sind. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es daher, das Potenzial von dehnungsabhängigen CNT-Bauteilen hinsichtlich ihrer mechanischen, elektronischen und optischen Eigenschaften aus der Perspektive von first principles-Methoden zu untersuchen. Es gibt bisher keine Arbeit, in der die Ergebnisse verschiedener Methoden – ab initio-basierte Berechnungen für kleine CNTs und tight-binding Berechnungen, die näherungsweise die elektronische Struktur großer CNTs beschreiben – miteinander systematisch vergleicht. Einführend werden die strukturellen und mechanischen Eigenschaften von CNTs untersucht: Strukturelle Eigenschaften ergeben sich durch Geometrieoptimierung vieler CNTs mittels Dichtefunktionaltheorie (DFT). Die mechanischen Eigenschaften von CNTs werden in gleicher Weise berechnet. Die daraus resultierenden Spannungs-Dehnungs-Beziehungen werden untersucht und deren relevante Parameter systematisch in Abhängigkeit von CNT-Chiralität und CNT-Radius dargestellt. Die Eigenschaften des CNT-Grundzustands werden unter Verwendung von tight-binding-Modellen und DFT berechnet. Beide Methoden werden systematisch verglichen und es wird untersucht, wo die tight-binding-Näherung angewendet werden kann, um aussagekräftige Ergebnisse zu erzielen. Basierend auf der elektronischen Struktur der CNTs wird ein Transportmodell aufgesetzt, durch das der Strom durch verspannte CNTs berechnet werden kann. Dieses Modell beinhaltet den Einfluss der ballistischen Leitfähigkeit, Elektron-Phonon-Streuung in parametrisierter Form und den Einfluss eines Gates. Damit wird ein numerisch effizientes Modell beschrieben, das in der Lage ist, den Strom durch verspannte CNT-Transistoren vorherzusagen. Auf dessen Basis wird es möglich, optimale Arbeitsbereiche für reine CNT-Bauelemente und Bauelemente mit CNT-Mischungen zu berechnen. Die optischen Eigenschaften verspannter CNTs werden durch die Berechnung von Quasiteilchenanregungen mittels der GW-Approximation und der Lösung der Bethe-Salpeter-Gleichung für CNT-Exzitonen untersucht. Aufgrund des numerischen Aufwandes dieser Ansätze werden diese Daten für nur ein CNT erhalten. Daran wird der Zusammenhang zwischen den oben genannten Vielteilchen-Eigenschaften und den Grundzustandseigenschaften für dieses CNT demonstriert. Daraus ergeben sich empirische Ansätze, die es gestatten, die Vielteilchen-Ergebnisse näherungsweise auf die elektronischen Grundzustandseigenschaften zurückzuführen. Es wird dargestellt, wie ein solches Modell für andere CNTs verallgemeinert werden kann, um die Verspannungsabhängigkeit ihrer optischen Übergänge zu beschreiben.

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