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91	LA EXPERIENCIA URBANÍSTICA DE LAS NEW TOWNS BRITÁNICAS A TRAVÉS DE EJEMPLOS COMPARADOS Deltoro Soto, María Julia 07 January 2016 (has links) [EN] Great Britain has always been a pioneer in the field of urban planning during key stages in its history, the Garden City and the New Towns are two models that have been decisive in urban culture, and have been used with great profusion internationally. The influence that the development of the Modern Movement had throughout the twentieth century, is another determining factor of the course of the mentioned models and their commitment with these new resources in architectural and urban settings. The experience of Harlow, Milton Keynes and Thamesmead shed light on these and other topics of interest for future developments. Deepening into aspects such as their instrumental and compositional definition, their own urban development and programmatic aims, the shapes of each settlement and its relationship with the territory, their urban structure, their compositional units, the role and settings of the civic centres, their architectural typologies and their landscape treatments, allow us to make a compared diagnosis of these experiences. This, together with some other data, will help us reach conclusions on the compliance of their aims and how they have evolved, their current situation and their future expectations. This research proposes to make a current reading of them in terms of the greater or lesser implications of their ideologies and their possible influence on the challenges that the urban planning and design faces nowadays. The New Towns are an alternative to the sprawl of large cities and a dispersed growth on the territory, a problem still to be resolved and inherited from the last decades in Europe. / [ES] Gran Bretaña ha sido pionera en materia de planificación urbanística en etapas clave de su historia. La Ciudad Jardín y las New Towns son dos de los referentes que han sido decisivos para la cultura urbanística, y utilizados con gran profusión a nivel internacional. La influencia que a lo largo del siglo XX tuvo el desarrollo del Movimiento Moderno fue otro factor determinante del recorrido de ambos modelos y de su compromiso con nuevos recursos en la configuración arquitectónica y urbanística. La experiencia de las New Towns arroja luz sobre esos y otros temas de interés para futuros desarrollos. Estudiar en detalle tres de ellas, Harlow, Thamesmead y Milton Keynes, y profundizar en aspectos como: su definición instrumental y política, su propia formulación urbanística y objetivos programáticos, la identidad física de cada asentamiento y su relación con el territorio, la estructura urbana, las unidades compositivas, el papel y la configuración de los centros cívicos, sus tipologías arquitectónicas o sus tratamientos paisajísticos, nos permite hacer un diagnóstico comparado de dichas experiencias. Este diagnóstico, junto con otros datos nos aproxima a algunas conclusiones sobre el cumplimiento de sus objetivos, el modo en que han evolucionado, su situación actual y sus expectativas de futuro. La investigación propone hacer una lectura actual de las mismas en cuanto a la mayor o menor trascendencia de sus idearios y su posible vigencia sobre los retos a los que el Urbanismo actual se enfrenta. Las New Towns constituyen una alternativa al crecimiento desmedido de las grandes ciudades y las formas de ocupación indiscriminada del territorio, un problema todavía por resolver heredado de las últimas décadas del siglo XX en Europa. / [CA] Gran Bretanya ha sigut pionera en matèria de planificació urbanística en etapes clau de la seua història. La Ciutat Jardí i les New Towns són dos dels referents que han sigut decisius per a la cultura urbanística, i utilitzats amb gran profusió a nivell internacional. La influència que al llarg del segle XX va tindre el desenvolupament del Moviment Modern va ser un altre factor determinant del recorregut d'ambdós models i del seu compromís amb nous recursos en la configuració arquitectònica i urbanística. L'experiència de les New Towns dóna llum a eixos i altres temes d'interés per a futurs desenvolupaments. Estudiar amb detall tres d'elles, Harlow, Thamesmead i Milton Keynes, i aprofundir en aspectes com: la seua definició instrumental i política, la seua pròpia formulació urbanística i objectius programàtics, la identitat física de cada assentament i la seua relació amb el territori, l'estructura urbana, les unitats compositives, el paper i la configuració dels centres cívics, les seues tipologies arquitectòniques o els seus tractaments paisatgístics, ens permet fer un diagnòstic comparat d'eixes experiències. Aquest diagnòstic, junt amb altres dades, ens aproxima a algunes conclusions sobre el compliment dels seus objectius, el mode en què han evolucionat, la seua situació actual i les seues expectatives de futur. La investigació proposa fer una lectura actual d'elles pel que fa a la major o menor transcendència dels seus idearis i la seua possible vigència sobre els reptes a què l'Urbanisme actual s'enfronta. Les New Towns constituïxen una alternativa al creixement desmesurat de les grans ciutats i les formes d'ocupació indiscriminada del territori, un problema encara per resoldre heretat de les últimes dècades del segle XX a Europa. / Deltoro Soto, MJ. (2015). LA EXPERIENCIA URBANÍSTICA DE LAS NEW TOWNS BRITÁNICAS A TRAVÉS DE EJEMPLOS COMPARADOS [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59434 / TESIS New towns Nuevas ciudades Estructura urbana New towns británicas Harlow Milton Keynes Thamesmead Diseño urbano Planeamiento Gran Bretaña Morfología urbana INGENIERIA DE LA CONSTRUCCION URBANISTICA Y ORDENACION DEL TERRITORIO
92	The asset composition of high net worth individuals in the Southern Gauteng area of South Africa Joubert, Kobus 11 1900 (has links) In South Africa, less than 10% of individuals are financially independent after retirement, with an increasing number becoming dependent on social grants from government – hence the importance of analysing the asset composition of high net worth individuals who have achieved financial independence. To achieve the aim of this study, it was first necessary to define net worth and to develop a theoretical framework of the assets and liabilities included in the measurement of an individual’s net worth and how these assets and liabilities should be valued. A definition of high net worth individuals was then formulated. Secondly, the factors influencing the asset composition of high net worth individuals, as well as selected demographic factors that influence net worth, were investigated. Finally, following a quantitative approach, data collected from the liquidation and distribution accounts of deceased individuals were analysed according to the developed framework. The results of this study suggest that are indeed differences in the contribution of the different asset types when measured using the mean, relative contribution and importance of the asset class in comparison with total assets. Further analysis revealed that the richest individuals included in the survey invested more in shares than the other groups for whom immovable property was the primary asset. Based on the analysis of selected demographic factors, the findings indicated that for many of the dependent variables, the asset used most by respondents in that group was not the same asset that made the highest contribution to the net worth of the individuals in the group. / Business Management / M. Com. (Accounting) Net worth measurement High net worth individual Asset composition Life-cycle hypothesis Permanent income theory Keynes’ theory of saving Factors influencing saving behaviour Life-cycle framework 332.02401096822
93	The asset composition of high net worth individuals in the Southern Gauteng area of South Africa Joubert, Kobus 11 1900 (has links) In South Africa, less than 10% of individuals are financially independent after retirement, with an increasing number becoming dependent on social grants from government – hence the importance of analysing the asset composition of high net worth individuals who have achieved financial independence. To achieve the aim of this study, it was first necessary to define net worth and to develop a theoretical framework of the assets and liabilities included in the measurement of an individual’s net worth and how these assets and liabilities should be valued. A definition of high net worth individuals was then formulated. Secondly, the factors influencing the asset composition of high net worth individuals, as well as selected demographic factors that influence net worth, were investigated. Finally, following a quantitative approach, data collected from the liquidation and distribution accounts of deceased individuals were analysed according to the developed framework. The results of this study suggest that are indeed differences in the contribution of the different asset types when measured using the mean, relative contribution and importance of the asset class in comparison with total assets. Further analysis revealed that the richest individuals included in the survey invested more in shares than the other groups for whom immovable property was the primary asset. Based on the analysis of selected demographic factors, the findings indicated that for many of the dependent variables, the asset used most by respondents in that group was not the same asset that made the highest contribution to the net worth of the individuals in the group. / Taxation / M. Com. (Accounting) Net worth measurement High net worth individual Asset composition Life-cycle hypothesis Permanent income theory Keynes’ theory of saving Factors influencing saving behaviour Life-cycle framework 332.02401096822
94	F. A. Hayek's Critique of Legislation Holm, Cyril January 2014 (has links) The dissertation concerns F. A. Hayek’s (1899–1992) critique of legislation. The purpose of the investigation is to clarify and assess that critique. I argue that there is in Hayek’s work a critique of legislation that is distinct from his well-known critique of social planning. Further that the main claim of this critique is what I refer to as Hayek’s legislation tenet, namely that legislation that aims to achieve specific aggregate results in complex orders of society will decrease the welfare level. The legislation tenet gains support; (i) from the welfare claim – according to which there is a positive correlation between the utilization of knowledge and the welfare level in society; (ii) from the dispersal of knowledge thesis – according to which the total knowledge of society is dispersed and not available to any one agency; and (iii) from the cultural evolution thesis – according to which evolutionary rules are more favorable to the utilization of knowledge in social cooperation than are legislative rules. More specifically, I argue that these form two lines of argument in support of the legislation tenet. One line of argument is based on the conjunction of the welfare claim and the dispersal of knowledge thesis. I argue that this line of argument is true. The other line of argument is based on the conjunction of the welfare claim and the cultural evolution thesis. I argue that this line of argument is false, mainly because the empirical work of political scientist Elinor Ostrom refutes it. Because the two lines of argument support the legislation tenet independently of each other, I argue that Hayek’s critique of legislation is true. In this dissertation, I further develop a legislative policy tool as based on the welfare claim and Hayek’s conception of coercion. I also consider Hayek’s idea that rules and law are instrumental in forging rational individual action and rational social orders, and turn to review this idea in light of the work of experimental economist Vernon Smith and economic historian Avner Greif. I find that Smith and Greif support this idea of Hayek’s, and I conjecture that it contributes to our understanding of Adam Smith’s notion of the invisible hand: It is rules – not an invisible hand – that prompt subjects to align individual and aggregate rationality in social interaction. Finally, I argue that Hayek’s critique is essentially utilitarian, as it is concerned with the negative welfare consequences of certain forms of legislation. And although it may appear that the dispersal of knowledge thesis will undermine the possibility of carrying out the utilitarian calculus, due to the lack of knowledge of the consequences of one’s actions – and therefore undermine the legislation tenet itself – I argue that the distinction between utilitarianism conceived as a method of deliberation and utilitarianism conceived as a criterion of correctness may be used to save Hayek’s critique from this objection. Hayek legislation rules law rationality rational action rational social order equilibrium utilitarianism method of deliberation criterion of correctness Elinor Ostrom Avner Greif Vernon Smith Joshua Epstein complexity knowledge social cooperation information know-how the Hayek problem the invisible hand Adam Smith Mises Keynes Marx welfare state Gilbert Ryle Michael Polanyi theory of legislation legisprudence jurisprudence Neo-Kantianism historicism cognitive closure theory of prices competition syntax grammar game theory generative social science agent-based computational modeling institutional policy analysis normative primacy of economics primacy of politics Sheri Berman constructivist rationalism socialism social democracy Nozick Rawls distribution justice freedom Kant polycentric government process of experimentation speculative philosophy analytical philosophy freedom under the law liberty philosophy of mind consequentialist
95	The Social Construction of Economic Man: The Genesis, Spread, Impact and Institutionalisation of Economic Ideas Mackinnon, Lauchlan A. K. Unknown Date (has links) The present thesis is concerned with the genesis, diffusion, impact and institutionalisation of economic ideas. Despite Keynes's oft-cited comments to the effect that 'the ideas of economists and political philosophers, both when they are right and when they are wrong, are more powerful than is commonly understood'(Keynes 1936: 383), and the highly visible impact of economic ideas (for example Keynesian economics, Monetarism, or economic ideas regarding deregulation and antitrust issues) on the economic system, economists have done little to systematically explore the spread and impact of economic ideas. In fact, with only a few notable exceptions, the majority of scholarly work concerning the spread and impact of economic ideas has been developed outside of the economics literature, for example in the political institutionalist literature in the social sciences. The present thesis addresses the current lack of attention to the spread and impact of economic ideas by economists by drawing on the political institutionalist, sociological, and psychology of creativity literatures to develop a framework in which the genesis, spread, impact and institutionalisation of economic ideas may be understood. To articulate the dissemination and impact of economic ideas within economics, I consider as a case study the evolution of economists' conception of the economic agent - "homo oeconomicus." I argue that the intellectual milieu or paradigm of economics is 'socially constructed' in a specific sense, namely: (i) economic ideas are created or modified by particular individuals; (ii) economic ideas are disseminated (iii) certain economic ideas are accepted by economists and (iv) economic ideas become institutionalised into the paradigm or milieu of economics. Economic ideas are, of course, disseminated not only within economics to fellow economists, but are also disseminated externally to economic policy makers and business leaders who can - and often do - take economic ideas into account when formulating policy and building economic institutions. Important economic institutions are thereby socially constructed, in the general sense proposed by Berger and Luckmann (1966). But how exactly do economic ideas enter into this process of social construction of economic institutions? Drawing from and building on structure/agency theory (e.g. Berger and Luckmann 1966; Bourdieu 1977; Bhaskar 1979/1998, 1989; Bourdieu 1990; Lawson 1997, 2003) in the wider social sciences, I provide a framework for understanding how economic ideas enter into the process of social construction of economic institutions. Finally, I take up a methodological question: if economic ideas are disseminated, and if economic ideas have a real and constitutive impact on the economic system being modelled, does 'economic science' then accurately and objectively model an independently existing economic reality, unchanged by economic theory, or does economic theory have an interdependent and 'reflexive' relationship with economic reality, as economic reality co-exists with, is shaped by, and also shapes economic theory? I argue the latter, and consider the implications for evaluating in what sense economic science is, in fact, a science in the classical sense. The thesis makes original contributions to understanding the genesis of economic ideas in the psychological creative work processes of economists; understanding the ontological location of economic ideas in the economic system; articulating the social construction of economic ideas; and highlighting the importance of the spread of economic ideas to economic practice and economic methodology. 410401 Design Theory 349901 Political Economy 370000 Studies in Human Society 340302 History of Economic Thought 349900 Other Economics 410402 Design Innovation 360201 Public Policy 360000 Policy and Political Science 380100 Psychology 360100 Political Science 360200 Policy and Administration 370101 Social Theory 370102 Social Policy and Planning 340100 Economic Theory genesis spread diffusion impact institutionalisation economic ideas idea ideation psychology of creativity Wallas Wertheimer stage model productive thinking creative creativity process economic economics sociology social methodology methodological self-altering self-fulfilling self-denying prophecy belief reflexive reflexivity institution institutionalise institutionalised social construction Berger Luckmann Bhaskar critical realism Lawson Bordieu habitus field spread impact ideation ideational structure social structure action creativity creative economists sociology philosophy of science homo economicus homo oeconomicus economic man economic agent rational economic man man lucas critique Goodhart's law Keynes Marx Mill Hayek Hicks Samuelson Walras Jevons Arrow Debreu Samuelson Merton sociology of economics sociology of scientific knowledge SSK Holton prediction control reflexive prediction reflexivity Whitley Mackie canonization Henshel Grunberg Modigliani Morgenstern Lucas Muth Simon Blyth Hall Sikkink Hira Hood institutionalize institutionalized socialise socialisation internalise internalisation internalization socialization behaviour behavior Thomas theorem expectations stage model productive thinking evolution

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