Esse estudo analisa o filme Dogville a partir do conceito de obra modelo cunhado por Bertolt Brecht. O objetivo é verificar de que modo o filme de Lars von Trier se organiza como projeto consciente em que as dimensões da forma, do conteúdo e do atrito com o aparelho produtivo não se excluem. Como pressupostos teóricos da concepção de forma, estão os conceitos brechtianos de imagem dialética, estranhamento e gestus, que servem de base à pesquisa do campo temático de Dogville, em torno das relações de trabalho. O estudo ainda discute os efeitos da estrutura teatral com tendências épicas dentro da forma do drama cinematográfico, o sentido autocrítico do filme, e as razões de seu impacto como crítica do aparelho produtivo contemporâneo. / This study analyses the film Dogville from the concept of work model created by Bertolt Brecht. The objective is to verify by which means the film of Lars von Trier organizes itself like a conscious project in which the dimension of form, content and the friction with the productive apparatus don\'t exclude each other. As teorical assumptions of form conception are the brechtian notion of dialetic image, strangeness and gestus, which will serve as base of research to the thematic field of Dogville, rounding the work relations. The study also discusses the effects of the theater structure with epic tendencies inside the cinematic dramatic form, the self-criticism sense, and the reasons of its impact as critic of the contemporary productive apparatus.

The civil society is considered an important component of a democratic system and is supported by political advocates. During the 2015 migrant crisis the voluntary sector, as part of the civil society, played an important role shouldering a lot of responsibility for the arrival of refugees. This led to criticisms aimed towards the public sector and it’s absence in regard to the same situation. The purpose of this essay is to investigate and explain the political paradox created in connection with the migrant crisis of 2015. Using the ”perspective of responsibility” as a starting-point this essay will look at the public sector’s- and respectively the civil society’s actions during the crisis as a benchmark. This essay will use the method known as case study, through a qualitative text analysis as a base. The different sectors and their respective relationships to the perspective of responsibility will be discussed through three separate ways in which Robert Putnams theory on social capital & citizenship, and Henrik Berggren & Lars Trägårdhs theory on the Swedish state individualism will be discussed. Using these two separate theories together with the perspective of responsibility as a foundation, the study will illustrate the problematic aspects of civil society partly bearing the responsibilities of the public sector’s areas of responsibility during the fall of 2015. This essay found that some of the negative criticism pointed at the public sector was misguided during the fall 2015.

In dieser Arbei wird, auf Grundlage der Figur des Sandmanns von E.T.A. Hoffmann, nach Gruselfiguren in der Moderne gesucht, die ebenfalls als Sandmänner ansehen kann. Die Figuren, die mit dem Original aus der schwarzen Romantik verglichen werden, kommen dabei aus unterschiedlichen Medien und sind nicht nur aus Büchern, sondern auch aus der Musik, der Graphic Novel, sowie dem Film. Es wird auf intermediale Weise untersucht, wie der jeweils gezeigte Sandmann aussieht, welche Eigenschaften er aufweist und wie er sich verhält. Die ausgewählten Sandmänner kommen teilweise aus dem europäischen und teilweise aus dem amerikanischen Raum.

De tout temps, ils se sont immolés par foi et amour. Dans toutes les civilisations, leur besoin de rendre hommage à Dieu s’est exprimé par la voix de la violence et du sang, et leur besoin de s’épurer du péché et de se protéger contre les forces surnaturelles s’est manifesté par le sacrifice. Cette thématique du sacrifice qui s’est propagée dès la création du monde jusqu'à nos jours, incarne et actualise de nombreux conflits et oppositions entre la vie et la mort, l’enfer et le paradis. Les écritures sacrées nous éclairent rarement sur le rôle des femmes dans les civilisations anciennes. Les plus grands sacrifices sont généralement associés aux hommes libres. Dans les religions chrétiennes, les sacrifiés empruntent les pas du Christ et obéissent à la demande de Dieu, alors que les femmes, déchues et esclaves sont toujours associées au péché originel. Ce mémoire de maîtrise prend pour objet d’étude l’espace sacrificiel féminin et la figure féminine dans le cinéma de Lars von Trier (en particulier dans les films Melancholia (2011), Antichrist (2009), Dogville (2003), Dancer in the Dark (2000) et Breaking the Waves (1996)). Cet espace sacrificiel est analysé au fil de ce mémoire à travers une lecture herméneutique des livres sacrés, en particulier la Bible dans son Ancien et Nouveau Testament. Nous abordons des questions importantes d’aspects religieux, mythologiques et cinématographiques pour comprendre la dimension provocatrice, mythologique, iconologique, spirituelle et religieuse de ces femmes qui se sacrifient dans l’espace de ces œuvres. Nous proposons dans ce mémoire d’observer l’évolution de cette figure féminine du statut d’esclave à celui du maître, de l’image Christique à celle du diable opposant ainsi le sacrifice à la justice. Nous tentons de démontrer au fil de ce mémoire que Lars von Trier a édifié avec son cinéma et par cette représentation du corps féminin mortifié, torturé et hystérique, un véritable espace sacrificiel, mental, idéel qui sature le cadre filmique. Le corps de ces femmes se décompose, se sacrifie, meurt et se réincarne dans un autre corps, une idée, une figure biblique et dans un espace sacrificiel qui le pose comme exemple à la manière de l’image Christique. Cette analyse de la figure sacrificielle féminine von Trierienne se réalise également par le biais d’un travail de création expérimental et hybride. Des images provenant de l’histoire de l’art et du monde de Lars von Trier y sont revisitées et rejouées dans un souci d’intertextualité filmique. Le film She is Lars est une exploration personnelle de la thématique du sacrifice et un hommage au cinéma de Lars von Trier. / In all eras, they have been immolated in faith and love. In all civilizations, the need to honor God was expressed by the voice of violence and blood, the need to be purified from the sin and to be protected against the supernatural forces, was manifested through the sacrifice. This theme of sacrifice has spread from the creation of the world until today, it embodies and performs conflicts and oppositions between life and death, God and the devil. The sacred writings rarely tell us about the role of women in ancient civilizations. The greatest sacrifices were generally associated to free men. In Christian religions, these sacrificed men borrow the footsteps of Christ and obey God's request, while women, the fallen slaves, are always associated to the original sin. This research studies the female sacrificial space and the female figure in the cinema of Lars von Trier (especially in Melancholia (2011) Antichrist (2009), Dogville (2003), Dancer in the Dark (2000) and Breaking the Waves (1996)). This sacrificial space is analyzed through a hermeneutic reading of sacred books, especially the Bible in its Old and New Testament. Important issues related to religious, mythological and cinematographic aspects are investigated to understand the spiritual, provocative, mythological, iconological and religious dimension of these women who sacrifice themselves in these films. We propose in this research to observe the evolution of the female figure from the slave to the master status, from the image of the Christ to the devil, while opposing sacrifice to justice. We intend to demonstrate that Lars von Trier has built with his cinema and the representation of the female body, as dead, tortured and hysterical, a true sacrificial mental and virtual space that saturates the film frame. The body of this woman breaks down, sacrifices itself, dies and reborns in another body, an idea, and a biblical figure in a sacrificial space that poses her as an example, as the Christ image. This theoretical analysis of the female sacrificial figure is also undertaken through the creation of an experimental and hybrid film. Images from art history, other from the world of von Trier are revisited with an intertextual approach. She is Lars is a personal exploration of the theme of the sacrifice as well as an homage to the cinema of Lars von Trier.

This study examines the ideological shift towards right-wing conservatism within specific segments of the Polish contemporary art scene following the Law and Justice Party (PiS) rise in 2015. The party's cultural policies, aligned with nationalist and right-wing ideologies, brought significant changes to institutions like Ujazdowski Castle Centre for Contemporary Art (CSW), reflecting a broader trend seen in Poland for many years. Through the exhibition Sztuka Polityczna (2021) at Ujazdowski Castle Centre for Contemporary Art, this study investigates the conservative discourse shaping Polish art. The study employs Actor-Network Theory (ANT) and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to map the actors, networks, and power dynamics influencing the exhibition's discourse. Utilizing political scientist Andrew Heywood's pillars of conservatism, the study analyzes the interplay between conservatism and contemporary art, focusing on CSW's director Piotr Bernatowicz’s trajectory toward a conservative outlook on contemporary art. The analysis of Sztuka Polityczna reveals the influence of "avant-garde conservatism," a theory formulated by philosopher Paweł Rojek, that merges populism, culture war rhetoric, conservatism, and national identity to redefine conservatism in modern Poland. Bernatowicz's role in promoting issues like cancel culture underscores the exhibition's unconventional discourse. While the study acknowledges the limitations of a single exhibition's scope, the systemic influence of conservative tendencies on Polish contemporary art suggests a broader trend with potential future ramifications for the European art scene. The findings underscore the possible instrumentalization of contemporary art to conform to political ideologies.

Mathematics has got roots in Finland in the last quarter of the 19th century and came to flourish in the first quarter of the next century. In the first quarter of the 20th century, mathematicians were involved in teaching mathematics at schools and writing school textbooks. This involvement decreased and came to an end by the launching of the ‘New Math’ project. Mathematics education for elite was of positive affect to higher education, and this has changed by the spread of education, the decrease of mathematics teaching hours at schools and the changes in school mathematical curricula. The impact of curriculum changes is evident in Finnish students’ performance in the IEA comparative studies, PISA and IMO.

Mathematics has got roots in Finland in the last quarter of the 19th century and came to flourish in the first quarter of the next century. In the first quarter of the 20th century, mathematicians were involved in teaching mathematics at schools and writing school textbooks. This involvement decreased and came to an end by the launching of the ‘New Math’ project. Mathematics education for elite was of positive affect to higher education, and this has changed by the spread of education, the decrease of mathematics teaching hours at schools and the changes in school mathematical curricula. The impact of curriculum changes is evident in Finnish students’ performance in the IEA comparative studies, PISA and IMO.

This thesis explores the commodity as a motif in the first volume of Lars Norén’s Diary of a Playwright, as well as how this motif relates to reification and alienation, and in addition is reflected in the work formally. The study is oriented both towards the text’s depiction of the commodity and its reflections on its own depiction. These descriptions are read in light of Marxist theory and through comparisons with Walter Benjamin’s Passagenwerk, where the latter work also forms a connection to Martin Heidegger and Simone Weil in their capacity of important influences for Norén. Much like in the Passagenwek, the commodity acts as a secret structure in Diary of a Playwright. It organises the text and its seemingly disparate elements on a deeper level. The study contributes to a new understanding of one the greatest Swedish writers in the 20th and 21st centuries. Although the diary has not been the subject of much research, the predominant understanding of the work is, as with Norén’s other writings, largely characterised by a psychoanalytic perspective.

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I denna uppsats avhandlas alternativ till det sociokulturella perspektivet inom lärande och språkutveckling om hur förståelse konstitueras. Denna syn på språket grundar sig i Ludwig Wittgensteins teorier om till exempel språkspel som utvecklat en språktradition som kallas fenomenografi. Det fenomenografiska perspektivet ta i beaktande den föregående lärandeprocessen i medvetandet om hur konceptualisering av förståelse konstitueras. Detta är vad som inom filosofin kallas intentionalitet. Språket kan inte förstås utifrån en förutbestämd vokabuläranvändning eller logiska ideal. Inlärning borde istället förstås utav hur språket används i en kontext i en konkret användning. Förståelse blir därför något som inte går att utforska utifrån sociala relationer eller ideala lösningar.