A última reforma administrativa brasileira de 1998 buscou na iniciativa privada ideias para melhorias em sua gestão, como o princípio da eficiência, o new public management e a maior flexibilidade na contratação e dispensa de trabalhadores. No entanto, a inovação proposta não levou em conta aquilo que as mais modernas teorias adotadas pelas organizações privadas de fato propõem. A noção de que a estabilidade da burocracia na Administração Pública seria perniciosa e menos eficiente não se sustenta, especialmente no tocante ao turnover e à retenção de quadros qualificados. A valorização do capital humano, e não o seu descarte, é que torna melhor a gestão, quer da empresa privada, quer do setor público. / The last Brazilian Public Administration reform in 1998 sought within the private sector ideas to improve its management, such as the principle of efficiency, the new public management and the greater flexibility in hiring and laying off public workers. However, the proposed innovation did not observed what private sectors present-day theories actually proposed. The notion that the bureaucracys stability in public administration would be pernicious and less efficient is inaccurate, especially with regards to turnover and retention of qualified staff. The enrichment of human capital, and not its disposal, is what makes managing better, whether in the private enterprise or in the public sector.

La télémédecine existe et est pratiquée en France depuis les années 1980. Il faut cependant attendre la loi du 21 juillet 2009 portant réforme de l’hôpital et relative aux patients, à la santé et aux territoires (HPST), pour qu’une définition lui soit conférée dans le droit français : la télémédecine est reconnue comme « une forme de pratique médicale à distance utilisant les technologies de l’information et de la communication ». À partir de cette date, la pratique s’institutionnalise, une stratégie nationale de développement est mise en œuvre et une politique publique sectorielle lui est dédiée. L’objectif affiché est de lever les freins réglementaires et organisationnels à la pratique. En parallèle de cette reconnaissance juridique, la télémédecine devient un outil de renouvellement de l’action publique dans le champ de la santé. Toutefois, malgré l’intérêt qui lui est porté, la pratique ne s’intensifie pas et les stratégies successives mises en œuvre par les institutions en charge de son déploiement peuvent être qualifiées d’échecs. La télémédecine ne se développe pas, ou plutôt, ne se développe pas comme le souhaiterait la puissance publique. L’hypothèse générale de nos recherches est qu’au lieu de lever les freins au développement de la pratique, la politique publique dédiée à la pratique est à l’origine même du blocage. À partir d’une démarche institutionnaliste nous interprétons les rapports de force entre les échelles de régulation de la télémédecine, ce qui nous amène à questionner la pertinence du modèle de gouvernance de son déploiement. Nous mettons alors en évidence que les solutions apportées par les institutions en charge du développement de la télémédecine peuvent être contre-productives. / Telemedicine has been practiced in France since the 1980s. In 2009, the HPST law proposes a legal definition: Telemedicine is “a form of medical practice remotely using ICT”. From this date, the practice has been institutionalized, a national development strategy has been implemented and a sectoral public policy is applied. The objective is to remove regulatory and organizational barriers to the practice of telemedicine. Telemedicine is also becoming a tool for the renewal of public action. However, public policies are unsuccessful. Telemedicine is not developing as the public authorities have desired. The general hypothesis of our research is that instead of removing barriers to the development of telemedicine, public policies dedicated to its practice are actually impeding it. That is why we analyze power relations among stakeholders of regulation. To do this we adopt an institutionalist approach. We question the relevance of the governance model used for for deployment of telemedicine. We highlight that the solutions provided by the institutions in charge of the development of telemedicine can be improductive.

Bakgrund: Under början av 1990-talet influerades offentlig sektor av New Public Management och anammade styrverktyg som initialt användes i näringslivet. Ett sådant styrverktyg som kom att användas var internprissättning. Internprissättning är ett styrverktyg som bland annat används för att kunna allokera kostnader i en divisionaliserad organisationsstruktur. Det finns många olika sätt som man kan arbeta med internprissättning på och det finns inget övergripande optimalt prissättningssystem utan olika prismodeller kan användas i olika situationer. Då internprissättning är ett ämne som är relativt outforskat inom Sveriges kommuner, var det av intresse att studera hur internprissättning som styrverktyg kan användas i den kommunala sektorn. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att skapa en teoretisk modell som förklarar hur en kommun kan arbeta med internprissättning. Samtidigt är syftet att kartlägga hur Växjö kommun arbetar med internprissättning för att sedan, utifrån den framtagna modellen, se hur internprissättningssystemet kan förbättras. Metod: Studien har genomförts som en utvärderingsstudie på Växjö kommuns internprissättningssystem. Detta för att inspektera hur väl internprissättningen faktiskt fungerar samt studera hur man kan åstadkomma önskvärda förändringar och förbättringar. Den teoretiskt framtagna internprissättningsmodellen bygger på teori om internprissättning som har samlats in via facklitteratur och vetenskapliga artiklar. Empirin samlades in via kvalitativa intervjuer av semistrukturerad karaktär. Slutsats: Den framtagna teoretiska modellen inleds med att förklara vilka syften en kommun kan tänkas ha med att bedriva internprissättning. Följaktligen tar modellen upp vilka prismodeller en kommun kan arbeta med, hur internprissättningen kan administreras och kopplas ihop med kommunens budgetarbete för att slutligen gå igenom de positiva och negativa effekter som internprissättningen kan orsaka. Genom att jämföra Växjö kommuns internprissättningssystem med den framtagna teoretiska modellen kunde vi ge förslag på hur kommunens internprissättningssystem kunde förbättras. / Background: In the early 1990s, the public sector was influenced by New Public Management and embraced management control tools that were initially used in the private sector. One of those tools that came into use was transfer pricing. Transfer pricing is a managing control tool that, among other things, is used to allocate resources in a divisional organizational structure. There are many ways you can work with transfer pricing and there is no overall optimal pricing system, however different pricing models can be used in different situations. Since transfer pricing is a topic that is relatively unexplored in Sweden’s municipalities, we found an interest in studying how transfer pricing as a control tool can be used in the municipal sector. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to create a theoretical model explaining how a municipality can work with transfer pricing. At the same time, the purpose is to map how Växjö municipality works with transfer pricing, after which, based on the developed model, see how their transfer pricing system can be improved. Method: The study has been conducted as an evaluation study on Växjö municipality transfer pricing system. This in order to see how well the transfer pricing system actually works and to see how they can achieve desirable changes and improvements. The construction of the theoretical model is based on theory of transfer pricing that was collected through non-fiction and scientific articles. The empirical material was collected through qualitative interviews of a semi structured nature. Conclusion: The developed theoretical model begins by explaining what purposes a municipality have with working with transfer pricing. Consequently, the model identifies the price models a municipality can work with, how the transfer pricing can be administrated and linked with the municipalities budget and finally, what different positive and negative effective outputs you can expect when working with transfer pricing in a municipality.

Promulguée en 2001, la LOLF assigne aux CROUS l'objectif d'améliorer les conditions de vie et de travail des étudiants sous la contrainte d'une optimisation des coûts. En s'intéressant à l'évolution du parc CROUS et à sa gestion, la première partie de la thèse essaie de concilier la question du bâti (rénovation, réhabilitation, reconstruction des cités universitaires/normes des nouvelles constructions) et celle du financement (partage aide à la pierre/allocation logement, durée de prêt, taux d'intérêt, ….).La seconde partie met en parallèle le logement et d'autres aspects de la politique publique en faveur des étudiants. L'incidence du logement sur l'égalité des opportunités scolaires et la difficulté de trouver un logement locatif nous interpellent sur l'étendue des solutions alternatives. L'étude de leurs freins nous conduit à une péréquation de l'offre CROUS. A côté de la difficulté à trouver un logement et des attentes étudiantes, le gain de pouvoir d’achat des résidents du CROUS est à rapprocher des aides sociales aux étudiants. Une comparaison entre une allocation universelle d'études et un ajustement à la marge du système des bourses conclut la thèse. / Since 2001, LOLF reinforced New Public Management in French public sector. Now, social housing for students (CROUS) must combine social goals with a cost-effective approach.First of all, we study building and try to explain the upkeep’s cost heterogeneity. We deduce strategies about restoration and constructing. Then, an optimal structure of finance between housing vouchers and housing public funds is defined.In the second part, this thesis deals with housing policies and students living. Firstly, we introduce two topics:-How housing can affect college choice?-Are co-rent, subsidies to promote lower rents or boarding school good alternatives? Why?Secondly, econometric tests examine search difficulties on housing market. We induce public investment and territorial equalization of CROUS housing. A comparison between progressive grants for students and universal basic income closes the work.

University culture is seen as University culture is seen as one of the main obstacles to the successful implementation of the process of strategic university management. Although existing organisational approaches of changing processes give theoretical insight, they fail to consider the cultural perspective and how change can be implemented successfully. This article focuses on cultural approach and therefore introduces a cohesive cultural model to the Higher Education (HE) context. It will be shown how this paradigm can be used in strategic management processes at universities and how it can support them. It therefore offers an approach that is applicable to the practice of university management. / Universitätskultur kann als eines der Haupthindernisse für die Implementierung von strategischem Management an Universitäten angesehen werden. Vorhandene Ansätze der Organisationsforschung betrachten zwar Veränderungsprozesse, diskutieren die Rolle der Organisationskultur jedoch nur am Rande und fragen nicht nach dem Wie der Umsetzung einer solchen organisationalen Veränderung. Dieser Artikel betrachtet strategisches Management an Universitäten aus einer kulturtheoretischen Perspektive und überträgt das kohäsionsorientierte Organisationsmodell auf den Hochschulkontext. Es wird gezeigt, wie dieses Modell strategische Prozesse unterstützen kann, so dass es einen praktischen Nutzen für das Hochschulmanagement bietet.

In the light of overall democratic and normative values for Swedish education, including freedom of expression, the aim of this study was to examine how teachers’ critical comments on a school organization at upper secondary level (post-16 education) can be received and possible implications for teachers who express such criticism and for the school organization. The questions focused on criticism in relation to the core values of education and freedom of expression, in a policy context of marketization of the Swedish school system. The study was conducted as a qualitative case study; empirical data were collected from depth interviews with five teachers in two different municipalities in different parts of the country. The theoretical framework regarding criticism as a Phenom is based on the model of the whistle-blowing process by Miceli & Near (1992) and Hedin et. al. (2008). The informants’ statements are interpreted from two normative ethical theories: a deontological and a teleological perspective. Possibilities and limitations for criticism are looked upon in relation to the economic management ideology of New Public Management. The study identifies a critic process which is linked to the ideology and the school governance; in particular, in relation to the school and the school's Educational Marketization adjustment. It also shows on retaliation for the teachers - in this case study, among others, negative salary developments, redeployment but also shutdowns and buyouts. The interviewed teachers often had high confidence and high status within the school but the whistle-blowing process changed their position as self-confidence and hollowed working drive. Critical implications regarding the school's organization remained unchanged in four of five cases. The study notes, finally, that in today's school there seem to be two parallel discourses; one of speaking up and another of silence. Furthermore, the study indicates that the two discourses shape different kinds of loyalty structures in a kind of reward and punishment system. / Den här studiens övergripande syfte var att mot bakgrund av gymnasieskolans generella normativa värden undersöka hur lärares kritiska synpunkter på en skolorganisation kan mottas och eventuella konsekvenser för lärare som framför sådan kritik och för skolorganisationen. Frågeställningarna fokuserarkritikiförhållandetillskolansvärdegrundochyttrandefriheti kontextenavettmarknadsutsatt skolsystem. Studien genomfördes som en kvalitativ fallstudie; empirisk data insamlades i djupintervjuer med fem lärare i två olika kommuner i olika delar av landet. Det teoretiska ramverk vad gäller kritik som fenomen utgår ifrån modellen kritikerprocessen (Miceli &Near 1992; Hedin et. al. 2008); därtill tolkas informanternas utsagor utifrån två normativa etiska teorier: ett deontologiskt och ett teleologiskt perspektiv. Möjligheter och begränsningar för kritik kopplas därutöver till den ekonomiska förvaltningsideologin New Public Management. Resultaten i undersökningen identifierar en kritikerprocess som vidare kan kopplas till ideologi och skolans styrning; framför allt i relation till skolans kommunalisering och skolans marknadsanpassning. Resultaten visar även på repressalier för de kritiska lärarna - i denna fallstudie bl.a. negativ löneutveckling, omplaceringar men också avstängning och utköp. De intervjuade lärarna hade ofta ett högt förtroendekapital och hög status inom skolan men i och med repressalieprocessen förändrades deras position samtidigt som både självförtroendet och arbetslusten urholkades. Kritikens konsekvenser vad gäller skolans organisation föreföll i fyra av fem fall oförändrad. Studien konstaterar avslutningsvis att det i dagens skola, inom ramen för de normativa värdena om demokrati och yttrandefrihet, förefaller finnas två parallella diskurser, den ena talandets – och den andra tigandets diskurs. Studien tyder vidare på att de två diskurserna formar olika slags lojalitetsstrukturer i ett slags belönings- och bestraffnings-system.

Bakgrund: Under 1980-talet uppdagades en problematik kring att den offentliga sjukvårdens verksamhetsstyrning var för kostsam och där förtroendet för professionella yrkesgrupper gavs för stort utrymme. Detta resulterade i en ny verksamhetsstyrning i form av New Public Management som bidrog till ökad kontroll inom den offentliga sjukvården där målstyrning och ekonomisk granskning fick större utrymme. Innan New Public Management byggde kontroll- och arbetsregimer på ett förtroende men genom den nya verksamhetsstyrningen förändrades kontrollregimerna i syfte att styra och kontrollera de professionella.  Syfte: Studiens syfte är att få en djupare förståelse för hur offentligt anställda sjuksköterskor upplever att en verksamhetsstyrning byggd på New Public Management påverkar deras profession och yrkesidentitet i den vardagliga praktiken.  Metod: Studiens tillvägagångssätt har varit en kvalitativ fallstudie. Det empiriska materialet har inhämtats genom fem semistrukturerade intervjuer med sjuksköterskor inom den offentliga sjukvården på Gotland. Slutsatser: Studien visar att införandet av en verksamhetsstyrning byggd på New Public Management förändrat kontrollregimen genom olika kontrollsystem vilket har medfört en förändring i sjuksköterskornas arbetsregim. Vi kan se att kontrollregimer påverkar och organiserar arbetsregimerna och därmed sätter ramarna och villkoren för sjuksköterskornas profession och yrkesidentitet i det vardagliga arbetet. / Background: During the 1980s a problem was discovered that the public healthcare operations management was too costly and where the trust for the professionals was given too much space. This resulted in a new form of governance in the form of New Public Management, which contributed to increased control in the public healthcare where goal management and financial auditing were given more space. Before New Public Management control and work regimes were based on trust, but through the new operations management, the control regimes were changed in order to regulate and control the professionals. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to gain a deeper understanding of how public sector nurses experience that operations management based on New Public Management affects their profession and professional identity in everyday practice. Methodology: The study's approach has been a qualitative case study. The empirical material has been obtained through five semi-structured interviews with nurses in public healthcare in Gotland. Conclusions: The study shows that the introduction of an operations management based on New Public Management changed the control regime through different control systems, which has changed the nurses work regime. The study's result shows that control regimes influence and organize the work regimes, thereby setting the framework and conditions for the nurses profession and professional identity in everyday work.

The public sector is today based on the reform, New Public Management, which was created to increase quality. The reform has forced the possibility of measurability in the public occupation. Measurability has also created marketing competition, which has also resulted in the emergence of privatization in the public sector. This market competition has resulted in a change in the professional role of preschool teachers that has become more market oriented. The operations work is aimed at a customer satisfaction oriented purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether New Public Management hasaffected the employment situation in both municipal and independent preschool activities. The study was conducted with the help of semi-structured interviews. The conclusion of this study is that deprofessionalization in the profession has not been experienced, one experiences a commonality indecision-making about goals. The administrative part is of great importance for the activities and the children; however, the staff is affected by lack of time to be able to complete the administration. In addition to this, a lack of staff is a negativity for achieving a good working environment for bothchildren and staff. The study also shows a desire for a more suitable balance between resources andwork activities. / Den offentliga sektorn finner sig idag inom reformen, New Public Management, som skapats för att öka kvalitet. Reformen har framtvingat mätbarhet hos de offentliga verksamheterna. Mätbarheten har vidareskapat en marknadskonkurrens, vilket också resulterat i uppkomsten utav privatisering inom de offentliga verksamheterna. Denna marknadskonkurrens har omvandlat förskolelärarnas yrkesroll till ett allt mer marknadsfokuserat yrke. Där ändamålet för verksamheterna styrs av kundnöjdhet. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka huruvida New Public Management har påverkat arbetssituationen i både kommunala- och fristående förskoleverksamheter. Studien har genomförts med hjälp utav semistrukturerade intervjuer. Slutsatsen av denna studie är att en deprofessionalitet i yrket inte har upplevts, man upplever en gemensamhet i beslutsfattning om mål. Den administrativa delen anses varaav stor vikt för verksamheterna och barnen, däremot påverkas personalen av tidsbrist för att kunna fullfölja administrationen. Utöver detta utgör brist på personal en negativitet för att uppnå en bra arbetsmiljö för både barn och personal. I studien framgår vidare en önskan om en mer lämplig balans mellan resurser och arbetssysslor.

Universitätskultur kann als eines der Haupthindernisse für die Implementierung von strategischem Management an Universitäten angesehen werden. Vorhandene Ansätze der Organisationsforschung betrachten zwar Veränderungsprozesse, diskutieren die Rolle der Organisationskultur jedoch nur am Rande und fragen nicht nach dem Wie der Umsetzung einer solchen organisationalen Veränderung. Dieser Artikel betrachtet strategisches Management an Universitäten aus einer kulturtheoretischen Perspektive und überträgt das kohäsionsorientierte Organisationsmodell auf den Hochschulkontext. Es wird gezeigt, wie dieses Modell strategische Prozesse unterstützen kann, so dass es einen praktischen Nutzen für das Hochschulmanagement bietet. / University culture is seen as one of the main obstacles to the successful implementation of the process of strategic university management. Although existing organisational approaches of changing processes give theoretical insight, they fail to consider the cultural perspective and how change can be implemented successfully. This article focuses on a cultural approach and therefore introduces a cohesive cultural model to the Higher Education (HE) context. It will be shown how this paradigm can be used in strategic management processes at universities and how it can support them. It therefore offers an approach that is applicable to the practice of university management.

Background: In Swedish elderly care, New Public Management (NPM) can be identified in several different ways, for instance it has entailed changed control principles with an increased element of various standardized instruments. Another important feature is that political governance has become increasingly decentralized. The unit managers within elderly care are the professional group that to a large extent has the responsibility to implement various changes. For unit managers, this means a complex professional role with a responsibility for the staff and their work environment, the budget and the realization of the organization's overall goals in practice. Hence the unit managers' professional role often entails conflicts of loyalty between competing interest on different levels in the organization. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate how the unit manager's work processes and professional role in a medium-sized municipality can be understood in relation to NPM. Methods: The study was conducted through individual interviews with eight unit managers in elderly care. Respondents were recruited through e-mail, all respondents worked in the same medium-sized municipality. The interviews were conducted using an interview guide. We used a qualitative empirically driven thematic analysis method to categorize our data. In our analysis we implored a deductive approach, using several concepts from a critical perspective in relation to NPM. Results: Unit managers' professional role in elderly care in the chosen municipality is largely characterized by budget, administrative work and a lot of time is devoted to evaluating different key figures. Thus, the way in which the professional role of unit managers and elderly care in general is organized, managed, and evaluated in the municipality we studied can be understood as a form of NPM. The position of unit managers is an intermediate position between the organization, staff, caregivers, and relatives. Unit managers are faced with many demands from management, from caregivers and from relatives. The biggest challenge both in the present and in the future is the recruitment of educated and experienced staff.