The dissertation deals with contemporary women's sence of life with a view to the sphere of motherhood and interruption. The dissertation is divided into two main parts. The theoretic part deals with possible understanding and creating of woman's sence of life, which can become the motherhood. But it can hit a lot of obstructions. These are mostly a long-time studies, a longing to build a career, feeling of being to young or worry about the partner relationship. A main role take contraceptive measures, which allow to plan a family or avoid it. In consequence of social changes was the attention aimed at the possibility of artificial termination of a pregnancy. The practical part tries to map the womens opinions on the position of a child in their life. On the basis of the above mentioned obstructions three spheres of research were defined - namely sence of life in connection with values, relationship to children, relationship between the motherhood and the career and relationship to mechanisms, wherby women refuse to have children.

Embora a maternidade lésbica não seja novidade, nos últimos anos sua visibilidade vem aumentando. A ampliação da procura e acesso aos serviços de medicina reprodutiva por casais de mulheres acrescenta novos ingredientes a este cenário, que desperta crescente interesse social. Tão bem arraigada às construções de gênero, a maternidade figura como elemento de fundamental importância em nossa sociedade. Pretendendo tensionar como casais de mulheres que desejam ser mães a partir do acesso às técnicas de reprodução assistida se relacionam com a maternidade e com o serviço de saúde, realizamos entrevistas com cinco casais de mulheres residentes de cidades do Rio de Janeiro e de São Paulo, bem como com seis profissionais de saúde de um centro de medicina reprodutiva localizado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Mesmo o processo tendo sido longo e dispendioso para muitas, parece a maternidade autorizar manipulações e intervenções profissionais. Ainda que os profissionais entrevistados recebam casais lésbicos e prestem atendimento, as desconfianças sobre a legitimidade desta composição familiar não são poucas. A maternidade ressignificou a vida dessas mulheres, acrescentando novas dinâmicas às relações familiares e conjugais. Todavia, sob olhares que desconfiam e tolhidas de direitos, estas famílias enfrentam lutas judiciais e se articulam para responder as desconfianças. / Although lesbian motherhood is not new, in recent years its visibility has increased. The increase in demand and access to reproductive health services for female couples adds new ingredients to this scenario, which arouses growing social interest. So well entrenched in the constructions of gender, motherhood appears an element of fundamental importance in our society. Aiming to tension how couples of women who want to be mothers using assisted reproduction techniques are related to motherhood and the health service, we conducted interviews with five pairs of women living in cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo and six health professionals from a reproductive medicine center located in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Although the process has been long and expensive for many women, it seems that motherhood allows professional interventions and manipulations. Although the respondents receive and provide care to lesbian couples, there are many suspicions about the legitimacy of this family composition. Motherhood re-signified the lives of these women, adding new dynamics to their family and marital relationships. However, under suspicious eyes and with curtailed rights, these families face judicial struggles and articulate themselves to respond to suspicions.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este estudo buscou contribuições da psicologia do desenvolvimento, pela perspectiva da psicologia evolucionista e sociocultural, para compreender a construção da maternidade contemporânea com uso do Facebook como suporte online. No último século ocorreram muitas transformações no papel social da mulher, o mercado de trabalho a incorporou, o nível de escolaridade aumentou, a taxa de natalidade caiu. Entretanto, a diminuição no número de filhos não reduziu o trabalho materno. Em contextos urbanos de grandes cidades, as famílias estendidas são menos frequentes. Em contraste, o uso de redes sociais, tipo Facebook, aumenta. O percentual de brasileiras (30-39 anos) que utiliza a internet supera 50%. Hipotetizou-se que redes sociais online podem complementar o apoio demandado pelas mães. Desse modo, entendendo que mulheres precisam de apoio para cuidar das crianças e que o mundo atual está interconectado através da internet, buscou-se abordar a maternidade contemporânea em sociedade urbana e a internet no contexto do suporte online à parentalidade. Foram feitos dois estudos com amostra de um grupo de suporte online para gestantes/mães no Facebook: 1) Análise de postagens coletadas (30 meses), objetivando compreender discurso materno e principais temas abordados; 2) Investigação da percepção sobre rede de apoio geral e online, como o apoio online pode ser conseguido, o que interessa às mães neste tipo de apoio e perfil sociodemográfico. O Estudo 1, analisou conteúdo de 2.510 postagens apontando dois grupos de categorias: psicológicas (45%) e não-psicológicas (55%). No primeiro, o discurso enquadra-se na teoria da constelação da maternidade de Daniel Stern: 1) vida crescimento (50%); 2) relacionar-se primário (8%); 3) matriz de apoio (40%); 4) reorganização da identidade (2%). O segundo indicou quatro categorias: 5) negócios/divulgação (54%); 6) desenvolvimento gestacional/parto (9%); 7) pós-parto (5%); 8) indicações/pedidos práticos (32%). O Estudo 2 apontou que as participantes têm idade média de 31,86 anos, 88,6% possui graduação completa, a maioria mora com companheiro, exerce atividade profissional remunerada e tem renda familiar mensal superior a 10 salários mínimos (48%). Os principais interesses estão nos temas relacionados à saúde e cuidados com bebê. A maioria indica que lê as postagens com mais frequência do que expõem suas dúvidas. Grande parte percebe o grupo online como uma ajuda importante no exercício da sua maternidade. A escala de apoio social (presencial) apresenta escores maiores do que a escala de apoio social online com diferença em todas as dimensões. A escala de apoio social online aponta que as dimensões apoio informacional e emocional apresentam escores maiores, revelando que a troca de informações e o encorajamento em momentos difíceis da vida parecem ser os mais relevantes, apontando, principalmente, que há diferença significativa entre a dimensão emocional e as demais dimensões da escala. Resumindo, o grupo de suporte online se mostrou uma importante ferramenta para compartilhar informações entre mulheres que estão passando pelo mesmo momento do ciclo vital, e o suporte online um instrumento relevante ao suporte à parentalidade, prestando-se a um serviço que não poderia ser imaginado décadas atrás. Novos estudos poderão aprofundar e ampliar os resultados desta investigação / In order to understand the construction of contemporary motherhood with the use of Facebook as an online support, this study has been based on contributions from developmental psychology, under the perspective of both evolutionary and sociocultural psychology. Plenty of changes have happened on womens social role in the last century: Women were incorporated into the labor market, their years of formal education increased and birth rates decreased. However, a smaller number of children did not reduce maternal work. In urban contexts of big cities, large families are not very common. In contrast to it, the use of social networks such as Facebook grows. The percentage of Brazilian women between 30 and 39 years-old that uses the internet is higher than 50%. There was the hypothesis that online social networks could complement the support needed by mothers. Understanding that women need total support to take care of children and that nowadays the world is connected through internet, the intention of this work was to discuss contemporary motherhood in urban society and the internet as the context of online support to parenthood. Two studies were done with an online support group of pregnant women/mothers on Facebook: 1) Analysis of collected posts (during 30 months), having as an objective the comprehension of maternal speech as well as the most discussed topics; 2) The investigation on the perception about support networks both online and offline, on how online support is achieved, what is mothers main interest in this kind of online support and a socioeconomic profile. Study 1 analyzed the content of 2510 posts showing two category groups: psychological (45%) and non-psychological (55%). On the first one, mothers posts were focused on Daniel Sterns motherhood constellation categories: 1) life growth (50%); 2) primary bonding (8%); 3) maternal matrix (40%); 4) identitys reorganization (2%). In the second group four other categories were identified: 5) business/publicity (54%); 6) pregnancy development/giving birth (9%); 7) after-birth (5%); 8) indications/functional requests (32%). Study 2 participants had an average of 31,86 years-old, 88,6% of them finished their college studies, most of them live with their partners, are working and have their family income higher than 10 times the minimum wage (48%). Their main interests are related to health and baby care. Most of them indicate they read the posts more often than the comment or post some kind of doubt they might have. The online group is perceived by most part of them as an important help on the exercise of motherhood. The scale of social support in general presents bigger scores than the scale of online social support with differences in every dimension. The scale of online social support points out that both information and emotional support dimensions present bigger scores, revealing the relevance of both information and encouragement exchanges during tough moments in life. Besides, it points to the significant difference between the emotional dimension and other scale dimensions. And finally, the online support group appeared as an important tool of sharing information between women that are going through the same moment in life, as well as to parenthood in general, being useful as a service that could not be pictured decades ago. New studies can deepen the theme as well as amplify the results of this investigation

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo compreender a experiência da maternidade a partir do discurso narrativo de jovens moças, residentes no Morro Santa Marta favela situada no coração da Zona Sul do Rio de Janeiro e que estão experimentando a gestação pela primeira vez. Para tanto, foi importante investigar o conceito de maternidade, sob uma perspectiva sócio-histórica, para dar ênfase a um olhar winnicottiano, no qual o ambiente tem um caráter fundamental na construção da subjetividade. A experiência da maternidade nas classes trabalhadoras e um breve histórico das favelas cariocas foram igualmente traçados, dando destaque ao Morro Santa Marta. A fim de refletir sobre os aspectos subjetivos relacionados com a experiência de tornar-se mãe, uma pesquisa qualitativa foi desenvolvida com cinco mulheres escolhidas aleatoriamente. Tomou-se um grande cuidado em ultrapassar estereótipos e estigmas que recaem sobre a população, priorizando, na escuta, os valores, percepções, opiniões e hábitos culturais que podem ser expressos de forma verbal e/ou não verbal. / The present work aims to understand the experience of motherhood from the narrative discourse of young girls living in Morro Santa Marta a slum in the heart of the Southern Zone of Rio de Janeiro - who are experiencing pregnancy for the first time. Therefore, it was important to investigate the concept of motherhood from a socio-historical perspective, emphasizing the Winnicottian approach in which the environment has a fundamental character in the construction of subjectivity. The experience of motherhood in the working classes and a brief history of the slums were also outlined, highlighting Morro Santa Marta. In order to reflect on the subjective aspects related to the experience of becoming a mother, qualitative research was conducted with six randomly chosen women. Careful measures were taken to overcome stereotypes and stigmas that fall on the population, particularly those related to the perception of hearing: the values, perceptions and cultural habits that may be expressed verbally and/or non-verbally

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Throughout history, men and women were always unequal in terms of rights and duties. Currently, women have conquerred spaces and rights, aiming to balance the reality of gender differences imposed in society. However, such differences still make the woman prioritarily responsible for the chores in the family and domestic context, overloading her routine and compromising her health. This study aimed to know the representations of a group of women about their roles and functions in the family, the roles and functions of men, their working routine, the choice of having or not having children, and how they perceive their own health. To reach this aim, semi-structured interviews were carried out with seven women aged from 30 to 35 years old, married, with or without children, living in Santa Maria. Such women indicated some changes related to traditional gender roles and functions. Men are participating more in the education of the children, helping in domestic activities and women are contributing more to family income. Reports highlight that it is usual for the woman to take the domestic responsibilities for herself, without questioning such imposition. Such situation tends to overload the female routine, influencing women s health. Yet, it is difficult for the woman to abandon her role as the main responsible for the care of the children and organization of home. / Ao longo da história homens e mulheres sempre estiveram em desigualdade em direitos e deveres. Nos dias atuais a mulher conquistou espaço e direitos buscando equilibrar a realidade das diferenças de gênero impostas na sociedade. Porém, essas diferenças ainda responsabilizam prioritariamente a mulher pelas atividades presentes no âmbito doméstico e familiar, sobrecarregando sua rotina e comprometendo sua saúde. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer as representações de um grupo de mulheres sobre: seus papéis e funções na família, os papéis e funções masculinas, a rotina de trabalho, a escolha por ter ou não filhos e como elas percebem a própria saúde. Para tanto foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com sete mulheres que tinham idades entre 30 a 35 anos, casadas, com e sem filhos, moradoras da cidade de Santa Maria. Foi indicado pelas mulheres que ocorreram algumas mudanças em relação aos papéis e funções de gênero tradicionais. O homem está participando mais da educação dos filhos, auxiliando nas atividades domésticas e a mulher encontra-se contribuindo mais no orçamento doméstico. Os relatos indicam que é comum para a mulher assumir as responsabilidades domésticas para si, sem questionar a imposição destas a sua figura. Isso tende a sobrecarregar a rotina feminina influenciando em sua saúde. Mesmo assim é difícil para mulher abandonar o papel de principal responsável pelo cuidado dos filhos e organização do lar.

Cette thèse a comme objectif de contribuer à la compréhension du processus de construction de l’identité des femmes experts-comptables. Elle s'appuie sur la réalisation d'une quarantaine d’entretiens semi-directifs, à portée biographique, réalisés auprès de femmes et d'hommes experts-comptables et stagiaires. Deux identités saillantes, de professionnelle et de mère, ont été plus particulièrement mises en évidence. Ces deux identités s’influencent réciproquement. Leurs évolutions s'interpénètrent et nourrissent une même construction identitaire. Les rôles de mère et de manager/professionnelle sont cependant porteurs de contradictions et de tensions qui induisent différentes stratégies de conciliation. La distinction de deux grandes catégories de stratégies, une stratégie de gestion familiale et une stratégie de gestion professionnelle a permis d'analyser la manière dont les femmes professionnelles comptables ont pu s’adapter à la culture organisationnelle des cabinets d'expertise. Ces pratiques ne sont cependant que principalement adaptatives et peinent à véritablement induire des changements culturels. / The thesis is positioned at the confluence of literature on gender, professions and identity and aims to contribute to the understanding of the processes of identity construction of women public accountants. The empirical data presented in this dissertation is based on over forty semi-structured biographic interviews with women and men, CPAs and trainees. My method was built progressively as a result of my immersion in the field and of my personal experience as a woman and professional accountant. Based on my findings, I highlighted the existence of an approved organizational path characterized by linear, constant upward mobility and submitted to organizational norms. This professional model, constructed as masculine, does not appeal to a majority of women, and especially mothers, who decide to have recourse to alternative professional models. Although promoted by the firms, these models lack the legitimacy of approved routes and often imply a derailment of women’s careers right from the early days because previous choices may limit the range of choices available in the future. My study is focused on the construction of women CPA’s professional identity and of its interaction with motherhood. I show that in constructing their identity women dwell on socially defined roles and organizationally available discourses that may be in contradiction with each other. Thus, women attempting to construct themselves as both good professional and mother may experience identity tensions. Nevertheless, their identities are not fragmented, but are the result of a continuous effort to integrate contradictory discourses in an ongoing biography. In addition, I highlight two types of strategies that women professional accountants use: strategies concerning family and strategies concerning work. Their analysis allow me to draw the conclusion that women CPA impose new work practices that are mostly adaptive practices and do not aim to alter the current ones.

A presente dissertação de Mestrado adota a perspectiva pós-estruturalista como referência teórica. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa que teve como objetivo geral compreender a representação de maternidade para 10 mulheres com idade entre 25 e 35 anos, sem filhos, pertencentes à camada social média da Cidade do Recife. Identificamos seus projetos e prioridades de vida, o conceito de maternidade e os sentimentos, conflitos e crenças relacionados ao tema. Para a pesquisa utilizamos uma entrevista semi-estruturada, realizada individualmente e gravada pela pesquisadora. Para a análise do material obtido utilizou-se a Análise de Conteúdo (MINAYO, 1999). Ao analisar as entrevistas, compreendemos que as entrevistadas colocam em primeiro lugar, como projeto, o profissional, seguido da vida amorosa e da maternidade. Os resultados apontam para uma significativa mudança na identidade feminina, revelando que a mulher, hoje, planeja a maternidade de acordo com suas conquistas profissionais e estabilidade conjugal. Assim, ao mesmo tempo em que assume uma nova posição no mercado de trabalho e dedica-se muito à profissão, não se deve estranhar o fato de que também deseje, com a mesma intensidade, a maternidade. Porém, as posições-de-sujeito que a mulher contemporânea assume, hoje, não deve ser pensada como algo estável, mas como um processo de identificação constante, que está atrelado a um amplo contexto, do qual fazem parte: a cultura, a política, a religião, a economia, entre outros fatores. Da mesma forma, podemos afirmar que não existe um único modo de ser mãe ou uma única representação de maternidade. O que há é construção permanente, um processo de identificação constante. Como seres plásticos, nos construímos em conjunto, em interação com o mundo que habitamos. Formulamos e reformulamos os modos de existir, assumimos e abandonamos identidades, atravessados pelo contexto histórico e o discurso dominante da época em que vivemos / The present Masters Dissertation adopted the Post-Structuralism perspective as theorical reference. It reefers to a qualitative research which main objective was to comprehend motherhood for ten women within the ages of 25 and 35 years old, without children, living in the city of Recife. We identified their projects and priorities of life, their concept of maternity and their feelings, conflicts and beliefs related to the subject. For the research we used a semi-structured interview, which was carried out individually and taped by the researcher. The Analysis of Content (MINAYO, 1999) was used to analyze the obtained material. As the interviews were analyzed we understood that the participants first priority, as a life project, is profession, followed by sentimental life and maternity. The results point to a significant change in feminine identity, reveling that women, nowadays, plan maternity according to their professional conquers and their conjugal stability. Never the less, the same time they assume a new position in their carriers and dedicate to an occupation, they also desire with the same intensity for maternity. Therefore the subject-positions that these contemporary women assume must not be thought as something stable but as a processes of continuum identification which is connected to a wider context such as: culture, politics, religion, economy and others. In the same way, we can affirm that there isnt only one representation of maternity and only one way to be a mother. There is its a continuum process of construction. We are plastic beings becoming as we interact with others in the world we live. We formulate and reformulate our ways of life, we assume and abandon identities, we are crossed by the historical context and dominant discourse existed in the lives we live

Submitted by Lafaiete Santos Santiago (lafaiete.santiago@ucsal.br) on 2016-11-14T17:09:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FONTOURA CS 2014.pdf: 1494697 bytes, checksum: 837f4601523ccdcc7124c7a0ea3952f5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rosemary Magalhães (rosemary.magalhaes@ucsal.br) on 2017-01-13T14:26:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 FONTOURA CS 2014.pdf: 1494697 bytes, checksum: 837f4601523ccdcc7124c7a0ea3952f5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-13T14:26:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FONTOURA CS 2014.pdf: 1494697 bytes, checksum: 837f4601523ccdcc7124c7a0ea3952f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-25 / O trabalho remunerado feminino tem causado impacto nas famílias e no cuidado dos filhos. Diante disso, a presente dissertação de mestrado objetiva a conhecer as concepções e práticas de mães de crianças (com idades entre dois e cinco anos) sobre família, cuidado e educação de filhos, comparando as visões das que trabalham com as das que não estão inseridas no mercado de trabalho. Optou-se por estudo qualitativo. Foram entrevistadas 10 mães de classe média: cinco delas inseridas no mercado de trabalho e as outras cinco não. As mães foram acessadas em clínica pediátrica de Salvador-Ba. Para a coleta de dados foi construído um roteiro de entrevista com questões predominantemente abertas. Como procedimentos, a mestranda convidou mães de crianças atendidas na referida clínica a participarem da pesquisa considerando os critérios de inclusão. As mães assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido e foram entrevistadas em local de conveniência para elas. Tais entrevistas foram gravadas e transcritas. As respostas obtidas foram descritas e construiram-se categorias apartir delas. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Maternidade Climério de Oliveira (COM/UFBA). Os principais resultados foram: a família foi concebida como base de tudo e sentido da vida das mães. A maternidade foi considerada tarefa positiva, mas complexa, envolvendo responsabilidade e amor incondicional. As concepções de educação envolveram principalmente a orientação/ensino, o estabelecimento de limites e a transmissão de valores. Verificou-se sobrecarga de atribuições conferidas às mães acerca dos trabalhos domésticos e os direcionados à educação e cuidados dos filhos. No entanto, constatou-se que mães que trabalham contam com rede maior de apoio no cuidado e educação dos filhos, incluindo familiares e não familiares predominantemente do sexo feminino. Conforme as entrevistadas, suas famílias educam as crianças estabelecendo limites e transmitindo valores e orientações. Parece haver um consenso entre as participantes dos dois grupos de que há um maior tempo de dedicação aos filhos por parte das mães que não trabalham. Também ficou evidente a necessidade de se considerar a qualidade do tempo disponível, não apenas a quantidade. Conclui-se que a maternidade é central na vida dessas mulheres. Mesmo mais sobrecarregadas, as que trabalham contam com rede de apoio nos cuidados dos filhos e apresentam satisfação pessoal e profissional proporcionada pelo trabalho. As que não trabalham reconhecem a importância da presença delas junto aos filhos, porém, por vezes, sentem-se com muitas demandas familiares e desejavam um tempo para suprir suas necessidades pessoais e profissionais, aspirando retornar ao mercado de trabalho. Aponta-se para a necessidade de estudos futuros aprofundando a complexidade da relação família e trabalho. / The inclusion of women in the labor market has had an impact in families and in their childcare practices. This master’s dissertation thus aims to research the concepts and practices of mothers with two- to five-year-old children regarding family, childcare, and child-rearing, comparing the perspectives of mothers who are in the labor market with those who are not. A qualitative method for this study was chosen. Ten middle-class mothers were interviewed; five of whom are in the labor market and five who are not. The mothers were met in a pediatric clinic in Salvador-BA. For data collection, an interview script was constructed with primarily open questions. The researcher invited mothers of children who were treated at the aforementioned clinic to participate in the project, considering the inclusion criteria. The mothers signed the Statement of Informed Consent and were interviewed in locations that were convenient for them. The interviews were recorded and transcribed, and the responses obtained were described and used to construct categories. This study was approved by the Climério de Oliveira Maternity Research Ethics Committee (COM/UFBA). The main results were as follows: mothers viewed family as the basis of everything and the purpose of their lives. Motherhood was considered a positive – albeit complex – duty. The concepts of child-rearing involved mainly guidance/teaching, the establishment of limits and the transmission of values. The study verified an overload of tasks conferred to the mothers, regarding domestic duties as well as those geared towards childcare and child-rearing. However, it can be stated that the mothers in the labor market have a larger support network in their childcare and child-rearing, which includes relatives and non-relatives people. These duties are shared primarily among women. Their families raise their children by establishing limits and transmitting values and guidance. There appears to be a consensus among the members of the two groups that mothers who are not in the labor market have more time to dedicate to their children. It was also evident that the quality of time available, not only the quantity, must be considered. It can be concluded that motherhood is central to the lives of the women interviewed. Although mothers in the labor market are more overloaded, they have a childcare support network and demonstrate personal and professional satisfaction afforded by their work. Mothers outside the labor market recognize the importance of their presence for their children; however, they sometimes feel suffocated by family demands and wish for time to meet their personal and professional needs. Future studies are needed to further research the complexity of the relationship between family and work. Keywords: Motherhood; Family; Child-raising; Childcare. The inclusion of women in the labor market has had an impact in families and in their childcare practices. This master’s dissertation thus aims to research the concepts and practices of mothers with two- to five-year-old children regarding family, childcare, and child-rearing, comparing the perspectives of mothers who are in the labor market with those who are not. A qualitative method for this study was chosen. Ten middle-class mothers were interviewed; five of whom are in the labor market and five who are not. The mothers were met in a pediatric clinic in Salvador-BA. For data collection, an interview script was constructed with primarily open questions. The researcher invited mothers of children who were treated at the aforementioned clinic to participate in the project, considering the inclusion criteria. The mothers signed the Statement of Informed Consent and were interviewed in locations that were convenient for them. The interviews were recorded and transcribed, and the responses obtained were described and used to construct categories. This study was approved by the Climério de Oliveira Maternity Research Ethics Committee (COM/UFBA). The main results were as follows: mothers viewed family as the basis of everything and the purpose of their lives. Motherhood was considered a positive – albeit complex – duty. The concepts of child-rearing involved mainly guidance/teaching, the establishment of limits and the transmission of values. The study verified an overload of tasks conferred to the mothers, regarding domestic duties as well as those geared towards childcare and child-rearing. However, it can be stated that the mothers in the labor market have a larger support network in their childcare and child-rearing, which includes relatives and non-relatives people. These duties are shared primarily among women. Their families raise their children by establishing limits and transmitting values and guidance. There appears to be a consensus among the members of the two groups that mothers who are not in the labor market have more time to dedicate to their children. It was also evident that the quality of time available, not only the quantity, must be considered. It can be concluded that motherhood is central to the lives of the women interviewed. Although mothers in the labor market are more overloaded, they have a childcare support network and demonstrate personal and professional satisfaction afforded by their work. Mothers outside the labor market recognize the importance of their presence for their children; however, they sometimes feel suffocated by family demands and wish for time to meet their personal and professional needs. Future studies are needed to further research the complexity of the relationship between family and work. Keywords: Motherhood; Family; Child-raising; Childcare. The inclusion of women in the labor market has had an impact in families and in their childcare practices. This master’s dissertation thus aims to research the concepts and practices of mothers with two- to five-year-old children regarding family, childcare, and child-rearing, comparing the perspectives of mothers who are in the labor market with those who are not. A qualitative method for this study was chosen. Ten middle-class mothers were interviewed; five of whom are in the labor market and five who are not. The mothers were met in a pediatric clinic in Salvador-BA. For data collection, an interview script was constructed with primarily open questions. The researcher invited mothers of children who were treated at the aforementioned clinic to participate in the project, considering the inclusion criteria. The mothers signed the Statement of Informed Consent and were interviewed in locations that were convenient for them. The interviews were recorded and transcribed, and the responses obtained were described and used to construct categories. This study was approved by the Climério de Oliveira Maternity Research Ethics Committee (COM/UFBA). The main results were as follows: mothers viewed family as the basis of everything and the purpose of their lives. Motherhood was considered a positive – albeit complex – duty. The concepts of child-rearing involved mainly guidance/teaching, the establishment of limits and the transmission of values. The study verified an overload of tasks conferred to the mothers, regarding domestic duties as well as those geared towards childcare and child-rearing. However, it can be stated that the mothers in the labor market have a larger support network in their childcare and child-rearing, which includes relatives and non-relatives people. These duties are shared primarily among women. Their families raise their children by establishing limits and transmitting values and guidance. There appears to be a consensus among the members of the two groups that mothers who are not in the labor market have more time to dedicate to their children. It was also evident that the quality of time available, not only the quantity, must be considered. It can be concluded that motherhood is central to the lives of the women interviewed. Although mothers in the labor market are more overloaded, they have a childcare support network and demonstrate personal and professional satisfaction afforded by their work. Mothers outside the labor market recognize the importance of their presence for their children; however, they sometimes feel suffocated by family demands and wish for time to meet their personal and professional needs. Future studies are needed to further research the complexity of the relationship between family and work.

Submitted by Lafaiete Santos Santiago (lafaiete.santiago@ucsal.br) on 2016-11-16T13:53:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SEPÚLVEDA KR-2014.pdf: 1222134 bytes, checksum: 8fc15ba4dba99cfb1324997cefcc2032 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rosemary Magalhães (rosemary.magalhaes@ucsal.br) on 2017-01-13T17:31:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 SEPÚLVEDA KR-2014.pdf: 1222134 bytes, checksum: 8fc15ba4dba99cfb1324997cefcc2032 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-13T17:31:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SEPÚLVEDA KR-2014.pdf: 1222134 bytes, checksum: 8fc15ba4dba99cfb1324997cefcc2032 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-15 / Este trabalho propõe um ultrapassamento das questões orgânicas que encerram a vida reprodutiva das mulheres. Para cumprir este intento acadêmico revisita as influências socioculturais, as produções do discurso médico e a lógica intrapsíquica que acompanha cada mulher e sua gestação. A imersão na cena cotidiana do hospital e, sobretudo, o discurso de mulheres cuja gestação foi marcada por entraves clínicos, dificuldades sociais e conflitos latentes, se apresentam como a mola mestra que engendra esta revisão de literatura. No corpo deste trabalho discute-se a maternidade sob o viés da cultura, a evolução do papel social da mulher, sua multiplicidade e polivalência. Apresenta-se como a hipermodernidade atua produzindo mudanças neste cenário e como afeta os conceitos de família, filiação e conjugalidade, dado liquidez dos vínculos e afrouxamento das relações nos tempos atuais. No terreno da medicina, o enquadre visa mapear os cuidados biomédicos oferecidos à mulher, na linha do tempo, seus indicadores de qualidade da assistência, morbidade e mortalidade. Por outro lado, discute-se de que modo a medicina, enquanto discurso hegemônico produz ressonâncias no processo decisório da maternidade. Os avanços biotecnológicos na trajetória reprodutiva das mulheres reposicionaram os protagonistas envolvidos na fecundação. Em contraponto, o discurso psicanalítico destaca o mal-estar da procriação na contemporaneidade e a maternidade como evento singular a cada mulher. Para estabelecer a base desta proposição, fez-se uma depuração sobre “o que é uma mulher?”. A psicanálise, sob a batuta do seu fundador e dos seus sucessores, é a linha teórica adotada para a discussão dos fatores subjetivos e intrapsíquicos envolvidos neste fenômeno. Nas considerações finais destaca-se a maternidade como evento multifacetado, seus pontos de tensão, idiossincrasias e novos aportes contemporâneos. Marca-se, sobretudo, a arquitetura inconsciente que modula a fecundidade humana e o agenciamento significante que assegura a produção do inédito, a inscrição do singular. / This paper proposes a transcendence of organic matters which enclose the reproductive life of women. To fulfill this intent academic revisits sociocultural influences, the production of medical discourse and intrapsychic logic that accompanies each woman and her pregnancy. The immersion in everyday hospital scene, and especially the speech of women whose pregnancy was marked by clinical barriers, social difficulties and latent conflicts arise as the mainspring that engenders this literature review. In the body of this paper discusses motherhood under the bias of culture, the evolution of the social role of women, their multiplicity and versatility. Presents itself as a hyper active producing changes this scenario and how it affects the concepts of family and marital affiliation, given liquidity and loosening of the ties of relations in present times. In the field of medicine, aims to map the frame biomedical care offered to women in the timeline, its indicators of quality of care, morbidity and mortality. On the other hand, argues that medicine so as hegemonic discourse produces resonances in the decision making process of motherhood. Biotechnological advances in reproductive career of women repositioned the protagonists involved in fertilization. In contrast, psychoanalytic discourse highlights the malaise in contemporary procreation and motherhood as a single woman to each event. To establish the basis of this proposition, we did a debug on "what is a woman?". Psychoanalysis, under the baton of its founder and his successors, is the theoretical line adopted for the discussion of subjective and intrapsychic factors involved in this phenomenon. In the conclusion stands out motherhood as a multifaceted event, its points of tension, idiosyncrasies and new contemporary contributions. Brand is mostly unconscious architecture that modulates human fertility and significant agency that ensures the production of the novel, the description of the singular.

abstract: Women who are incarcerated are viewed as having departed from the hegemonic standard of motherhood, and become questionable in their roles as mothers, and are often perceived as "bad" mothers. While the challenges of parenting behind bars has been widely researched, there is a paucity of research that centers the experiences and challenges of mothers post-incarceration or probation and a void in the literature that attempts to view this population outside of the confines of the good/bad mother dichotomy. This dissertation explores how mothers who are formerly incarcerated or convicted describe their experiences navigating and negotiating their roles not as good or bad mothers but as fierce mothers. The concept of fierce mother exists outside of the good/bad mother binary; it is based on themes that emerged from the stories women told during our conversations about the practice of mothering. The energy of hard-won survival is what they bring to their mother roles and for many it drives their activism around prison abolition issues. Their stories challenge the normative discourse on good/bad mothers, justice, rights, freedom and dignity. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Justice Studies 2015