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In the aftermath of the conflict between motorcycle clubs Hells Angels and Bandidos in the 90´s, with shootings that resulted in many casulties it seems that they have been silent since then. When a new conflict between gangs from the suburbs emerge it seems that they had taken the place of the motorcycle clubs in news media as the worst criminals in Sweden. The fact that motorcycle clubs are larger in number and tend to more criminal activities than the suburban networks, this study aims to make a greater understanding of how the two types of gangs are constructed and their representation in news media in the year of 2019.  Studies shows that suburban gangs sprout from especially vulnarble areas, that have low income and are the most immigrant-dense areas in Sweden. On the opposit side of suburban gangs, the motorcycle clubs show more of swedish-born members. It is interesting to see what type of representation the two different gangs get in news media. And how the representation and the construction differs depending on which gang that is described.  To go deeper in the analysis we used a critical discourse analysis (CDA) as a tool to answer our aim of this studie. The result was not surprising as the suburban gangs were constructed more often as the Other and seen as a problem caused by the immigration wave of 2015. The motorcycle club members was constructed more as individuals caught in the moment and triggered for some reason on a personal level. Motorcycle clubs were also constructed as a brotherhood where you could find comradeship and a sense of family.

The focus of the Bachelor thesis is to analyze how states in the Global South are being othered by states in the Global North that fund international development volunteering (IDV). A focus is put on states that fund IDV as part of their contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals. For this purpose, relevant literature from critical tourism studies, research on IDV and critical as well as postcolonial approaches to international volunteering are being introduced. This builds the basis for conducting a quantitative and qualitative content analysis of data from four IDV organizations’ websites. The sources to be analyzed are the descriptions of countries in the Global South on two websites and the pictures on the websites of four organizations.  From this data collection three themes emerge in the discussion: Othering based on socio-demographic aspects - like gender, race and age - normative aspects and the representation of places. All three aspects contribute to the othering of places and people in the Global South through international development volunteering.

The increase in international mobility driven by globalization has led to a profound impact on education worldwide, as evidenced by a 26% rise in the number of school-aged children with migrant and refugee backgrounds since 2000. This global trend has presented challenges for educational institutions in both countries with traditionally high immigrant populations and those previously considered homogeneous. Japan has long been regarded as a culturally homogeneous society. However, due to an aging society and labor shortages, the country has witnessed a surge in immigration and increased cultural diversity. Nevertheless, the current education systems in Japan are not designed to accommodate this diversity, resulting in the marginalization of minority groups within school settings. In response to this issue, this study utilized a biographical approach to investigate the lived experiences of seven second-generation immigrants (SGIs) in Japan. By employing thematic analysis, a comparative analysis of the collected life stories was conducted. The findings underscore the prevalence of various forms of “Othering” within educational institutions and society at large. As a result of Othering, SGIs often find themselves occupying a liminal space where dual ethnic identities develop concurrently, leading to a simultaneous sense of belonging and otherness. Additionally, the results revealed instances of agency among SGIs, wherein they embraced their ethnic minority status as a means of positive self-positioning, distanced themselves from certain ethnic minority group categorizations, or refused any social categories. This research provides valuable insights into the complexities of Japanese migration society, shedding light on the prevailing Othering practices and the strategies employed by SGIs in navigating their identity construction in response to Othering phenomena.

Studiens syfte var att identifiera och jämföra diskurser om romer från svensk press åren 2006 och 2021. De tidningar som valdes ut var Aftonbladet och Expressen då det var tidningarna med störst spridning från respektive år. Diskursteori och teori om andrafiering utgjorde grunden för studiens analys och ett snävt diskursanalytiskt tillvägagångssätt användes för att kartlägga romers subjektpositioner ur skildringarna. De huvudsakliga resultaten visade på att romer framställdes som en homogen grupp bägge åren, samt som en grupp utsatta för diskriminering och utanförskap av olika slag. Skillnader som kunde identifieras mellan de olika åren var att synen på romer som hjälpbehövande tycktes ersättas av en syn om genombrott och framsteg där romer skildrades som banbrytande. Andrafiering av olika slag identifierades från båda åren, men med olika omfattning och grunder. I vissa fall var andrafieringen år 2021 mindre tydlig än år 2006 och i andra fall tydligare. / The purpose of the study was to identify and compare discourses about Roma in the Swedish press during the years 2006 and 2021. The chosen newspapers were Aftonbladet and Expressen since they had the largest distribution in both years. The discourse theory and theory about othering constituted the basis of the study’s analysis and a narrow approach to discourse analysis was used to map Roma’s subject positions from the papers’ depictions. The main results showed that the Roma were portrayed as a homogeneous group in both years, as well as a group exposed to discrimination and exclusion of various forms. Differences that could be identified between the different years were that the view of Roma as in need of help seemed to be replaced by a view of breakthroughs and progress where Roma were portrayed as mould-breaking. Othering of different kinds was identified from both years, although to different extents and with differing bases. In some cases, the othering was less noticeable in the year 2021 and in others it was more noticeable.

This study examines the theme of hybridity in Charlotte Brontë’s novel Jane Eyre and Jordan Peele’s film Get Out. Both the narrative text in the novel and the script with visual elements of the film use the concept of hybridity through Gothic motifs: a mad non-white woman in the attic in Jane Eyre and a psychological place in Get Out, where members of a white family hypnotise black people in order to exploit their physical capabilities. This is employed to disrupt dominant discourses of authoritative class, revealing the ways in which these discourses are constructed through the exclusion of certain identities. Bertha Mason, the Creole wife of Edward Rochester in Jane Eyre, and Chris Washington, the African American protagonist of Get Out, both embody a sense of hybridity that challenges established norms of individuality and representation. Through a comparative analysis of these characters, this essay argues that hybridity serves as a means of exposing and subverting the power structures that reinforce presiding stereotypes of othered characters. By deconstructing these sovereign discourses, hybridity creates space for alternative voices and perspectives that are often excluded from ascendant literatures. Ultimately, this essay accentuates the importance of inspecting the intersectional identities of characters in literature and film, as a means of challenging prepotent discourses and promoting social justice.

In this study, five young and highly educated individuals' perceived ethnic discrimination at their respective workplaces, has been examined. Furthermore, the individuals' reactions and actions, as well as their perception of their colleague’s behavior during the discrimination situations, have been examined. This has been done through five qualitative semi-structured interviews. The study primarily has its theoretical base in an intersectional and an othering perspective. The study shows several behaviors that are perceived as offensive based on the individuals' own assessments. The study also demonstrates the influence of power and workplace hierarchy, on taken actions in perceived discrimination cases.

The curriculum for Sweden’s upper secondary schools emphasises that specifically exclusion should be prevented, and that equality between all humans should permeate the education. This essay maintains that the post-colonial concept of othering, with help from Mary Shelley’s story about Frankenstein and his monster, could be used to educate upper secondary school students about these important matters. More specifically, the essay analyses how othering becomes concretised when Shelley’s original novel is used multimodally, through its graphic adaptation. The analysis shows that othering, through the discourses of racism and exoticism, becomes more visually palpable in the graphic novel. However, this also shines light on the importance to teach with ethical didactics, as othering otherwise could be reproduced. That is, the aim to make pupils more aware of how to prevent othering in real life could be inhibited if the didactic approach does not teach the students how to think constructively about the processes of othering. The study concludes that Frankenstein: The Graphic Novel could pose as a qualitative tool to teach about the importance of an inclusive world, if taught with ethical didactics. / <p>Slutgiltigt godkännandedatum: 2023-06-02</p>

Studien syftar till att, ur ett medieetiskt perspektiv, analysera vilka oetiska och etiska metoder som organisationen Dumpen använder samt att granska hur individer som söker kontakt med barn i sexuellt syfte andrafieras. Detta för att bidra med kunskap till forskningen kring journalistik och medieetik. För att uppnå studiens syfte genomförs en kvantitativ innehållsanalys med ett totalurval som omfattar 255 konfrontationsvideos som publicerats på hemsidan Dumpen.se. Studiens teoretiska ramverk består av medieetik, reglerad medieetik och andrafiering.    Studiens resultat visar att organisationen Dumpen inte använder oetiska metoder i stor utsträckning, bortsett från de oetiska metoder vars förekomst beror på det empiriska materialet konfrontationsvideos. Resultatet visar också att organisationen i stor utsträckning använder den etiska metoden får försvara sig och att andrafiering i form av avvikande beteende är vanligt förekommande. Andrafiering i form av behov av vård förekommer däremot sällan. Resultatet visar också att vid de tillfällen som andrafiering förekommer, sker det inte i samband med oetiska metoder. Vidare föreslås forskning där allmänhetens åsikter kring medborgarjournalistik och organisationer som Dumpen studeras, samt olika jämförande studier. / The purpose of this study is, from a media ethics perspective, to analyze the ethical and unethical methods used by the organization Dumpen, as well as examine how individuals that are seeking contact with children for sexual purposes are othered. To achieve this study´s purpose, a quantitative content analysis was conducted with a total sample of 255 confrontation videos published on the website Dumpen.se. The theoretical framework of the study includes media ethics, regulated media ethics and othering.   The study´s results indicate that the organization Dumpen does not extensively employ unethical methods, except for those unethical methods whose occurrence is linked to the empirical material of confrontation videos. The findings also reveal that the organization largely utilizes ethical methods to defend itself, and othering in the form of deviant behavior is commonly observed. However, othering in the form of a need for care is rarely present. Furthermore, the results show that when othering occurs, it is not associated with unethical methods. The study suggests further research on public opinions regarding citizen journalism and organizations like Dumpen, as well as various comparative studies.

Die vorliegende Dissertation fokussiert innerhalb der sehr diversen gegenwärtigen feministischen Kunstszene Russlands auf eine spezifische Strömung, die in feministischen und kunsthistorischen Diskursen bisher wenig Beachtung gefunden hat. Es handelt sich um künstlerische Arbeiten, die mit kanonisierten Bildern russischer Femininität spielen und dabei eine gewisse Ambivalenz zu dieser traditionellen Ikonografie bewahren. Dadurch sind sie in der heutigen Russischen Föderation, deren Genderrollen sehr normiert sind, weniger angreifbar — werden aber auch kaum in feministischen Kontexten diskutiert. Um die Kunstwerke für die feministische Betrachtung zu erschließen, legt die Dissertation den Fokus auf die zugrundeliegende künstlerische Strategie: Active Self-Othering. Es wird beschrieben, wie diese Strategie den russischen Künstler:innen eine aktive und selbstbestimmte Auseinandersetzung mit Fremdstereotypen ermöglicht. Anstelle der eindeutigen Ablehnung oder Annahme von normativen Bildern russischer Femininität wird eine ambivalente Position der Uneindeutigkeit eingenommen, in der ein neuer visueller Kanon entstehen kann. Am Beispiel qualitativer Fallstudien fragt die Dissertation nach der konkreten Nutzung der Strategie Active Self-Othering in der russischen feministischen Gegenwartskunst, nach der spezifischen Ästhetik der Strategie sowie nach ihren Funktionen und ihrer gesellschaftlichen Anschlussfähigkeit.:1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Zum Stand der Forschung 9 1.2 Begriffliche Grundlagen 12 1.3 Fragestellung und Vorgehen 20 2 Feminismus und feministische Kunst in Russland 23 2.1 Diskurse um Femininität und Feminismus vor der Oktoberrevolution 23 2.2 Sowjetische Zäsur und Retraditionalisierung 28 2.3 Widersprüchliche Gegenwart 33 2.4 Impliziter Feminismus: ambivalente feministische Selbstpositionierungen in Russland 37 3 Zur Verknüpfung von Femininität und nationaler Identität in Russland 47 3.1 Das 19. Jahrhundert – Russland und der Westen 49 3.2 Die sowjetischen Jahrzehnte – Brüche und Kontinuitäten 57 3.3 Nach 1990 – Neo-Traditionalismus und politische Instrumentalisierung 64 4 Active Self-Othering als ambivalente Strategie feministischer Kunst 71 4.1 Ambivalente Kunststrategien in Russland im Überblick 73 4.2 Zur theoretischen Verortung des Active Self-Othering 83 4.3 Ein postkoloniales Konzept im postsowjetischen Raum 89 5 Methodische Vorgehensweise 95 5.1 Interdisziplinärer performativer Ansatz 97 5.2 Ikonografie/Ikonologie 99 6 Fallanalysen – Active Self-Othering und die Ikonografie russischer Femininität 103 6.1 Brautmotive 104 6.1.1 Traditionelle Ikonografie der Brautmotive 105 6.1.2 Brautkleid und Axt – Zeitgenössische Brautmotive 110 6.2 Folklorismen 130 6.2.1 Traditionelle folkloristische Ikonografie 137 6.2.2 Zöpfe im Heu und Brote in der Wiege – Zeitgenössische Folklorismen 145 6.3 Religiöse Motive 192 6.3.1 Traditionelle religiöse Ikonografie 195 6.3.2 Hochglanzmagazine und Heiligenscheine – Zeitgenössische religiöse Motive 205 6.4 Sowjetische Motive 225 6.4.1 Traditionelle sowjetische Ikonografie 226 6.4.2 Panzer und Perlenketten – Zeitgenössische sowjetische Motive 230 7 Schlussbetrachtung 247 Danksagung 259 Literaturverzeichnis 261 Verzeichnis der besprochenen künstlerischen Arbeiten 289 / This dissertation focuses on a specific trend within Russia's very diverse contemporary feminist art scene that has so far received little attention in feminist and art historical discourses. These are artistic works that play with canonised images of Russian femininity while maintaining a certain ambivalence towards this traditional iconography. This makes them less vulnerable in today's Russian Federation, where gender roles are highly standardised - but they are also rarely discussed in feminist contexts. In order to open up the artworks for feminist consideration, the dissertation focuses on the underlying artistic strategy: Active Self-Othering. It describes how this strategy enables Russian artists to actively and self-determinedly engage with stereotypes. Instead of the clear rejection or acceptance of normative images of Russian femininity, an ambivalent position of ambiguity is adopted, in which a new visual canon can emerge. Using qualitative case studies as examples, the dissertation examines the concrete use of the Active Self-Othering strategy in contemporary Russian feminist art, the specific aesthetics of the strategy, its functions and its social connectivity.:1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Zum Stand der Forschung 9 1.2 Begriffliche Grundlagen 12 1.3 Fragestellung und Vorgehen 20 2 Feminismus und feministische Kunst in Russland 23 2.1 Diskurse um Femininität und Feminismus vor der Oktoberrevolution 23 2.2 Sowjetische Zäsur und Retraditionalisierung 28 2.3 Widersprüchliche Gegenwart 33 2.4 Impliziter Feminismus: ambivalente feministische Selbstpositionierungen in Russland 37 3 Zur Verknüpfung von Femininität und nationaler Identität in Russland 47 3.1 Das 19. Jahrhundert – Russland und der Westen 49 3.2 Die sowjetischen Jahrzehnte – Brüche und Kontinuitäten 57 3.3 Nach 1990 – Neo-Traditionalismus und politische Instrumentalisierung 64 4 Active Self-Othering als ambivalente Strategie feministischer Kunst 71 4.1 Ambivalente Kunststrategien in Russland im Überblick 73 4.2 Zur theoretischen Verortung des Active Self-Othering 83 4.3 Ein postkoloniales Konzept im postsowjetischen Raum 89 5 Methodische Vorgehensweise 95 5.1 Interdisziplinärer performativer Ansatz 97 5.2 Ikonografie/Ikonologie 99 6 Fallanalysen – Active Self-Othering und die Ikonografie russischer Femininität 103 6.1 Brautmotive 104 6.1.1 Traditionelle Ikonografie der Brautmotive 105 6.1.2 Brautkleid und Axt – Zeitgenössische Brautmotive 110 6.2 Folklorismen 130 6.2.1 Traditionelle folkloristische Ikonografie 137 6.2.2 Zöpfe im Heu und Brote in der Wiege – Zeitgenössische Folklorismen 145 6.3 Religiöse Motive 192 6.3.1 Traditionelle religiöse Ikonografie 195 6.3.2 Hochglanzmagazine und Heiligenscheine – Zeitgenössische religiöse Motive 205 6.4 Sowjetische Motive 225 6.4.1 Traditionelle sowjetische Ikonografie 226 6.4.2 Panzer und Perlenketten – Zeitgenössische sowjetische Motive 230 7 Schlussbetrachtung 247 Danksagung 259 Literaturverzeichnis 261 Verzeichnis der besprochenen künstlerischen Arbeiten 289