Från Reagan till Trump: Populistiska uttryck inom det republikanska partiet 1980–2017 är en kandidatuppsats av Angelica Carlsson. Syftet med studien är att förklara förekomsten av populistiska uttryck inom det republikanska partiet i USA under tidsperioden 1980–2017. Populistiska uttryck i politiska tal av presidenterna Ronald Reagan, George W. Bush och Donald Trump undersöks och graderas utifrån Kirk A. Hawkins sex kriterier över populism. Talen analyseras också utifrån de teoretiska begreppen tunn respektive tjock populism. För att förklara de populistiska uttrycken beaktar studien den historiska kontexten och utvecklingslinjer inom det republikanska partiet. Utifrån studiens resultat kan konstateras att de populistiska uttrycken är högst i Reagans och Trumps tal, medan Bushs tal har en lägre grad av populism. I studien förklaras detta utifrån den historiska kontexten, där 1980 och 2016 präglades av mer politisk instabilitet än 2000. Studien belyser hur populism inte uppstår ur tomma intet utan ska förstås i relation till kontexten i vilken den uttrycks. / From Reagan to Trump: Populist expressions within the Republican Party 1980–2017 is a bachelor thesis by Angelica Carlsson. The aim of the thesis is to explain populist expressions within the Republican Party in the United States during the period 1980–2017. Populist expressions in political speeches by the presidents Ronald Reagan, George W. Bush and Donald Trump are investigated and graded based on Kirk A. Hawkin's criteria of populism. The thesis is also taking the theoretical terms thin and thick populism into consideration. In order to explain the populist expressions the historical context and the historical development of the Republican Party is taken into account. The main findings of the thesis is that Reagan's and Trump's speeches has the highest degree of populist expressions, while Bush's speeches has a lower degree of populist expressions. The study explains this from the historical context, where 1980 and 2016 were characterized by more political instability than 2000. The study illustrates how populism does not arise from nothing and should be understood in relation to the historical context.

Populism is on the rise, anti-globalism, nationalism, and xenophobia run rampant, andtraditional mainstream parties seem unable to curb the tide. Sweden is no exception, eventhough it in some cases seems like it should be, with the populist party the SwedenDemocrats gaining more support by each passing election. In this thesis, the rise of theSweden Democrats and the slow decline of the mainstream Social Democrats and ModerateParty are explored and explained through the use of the term issue alignment. The thesisexamines if the reason for mass migration from the established mainstream parties is due tothe Sweden Democrats being better aligned with voters’ stance on issues and policy.Furthermore, the thesis investigates if the mainstream parties’ voter loss is due to worseningalignment, but not finding any significant decline over time. Similarly, the thesis investigatesif the improving national vote results of the Sweden Democrats are due to improvingalignment between the party and the voters, again, finding no proof for this theory. TheSweden Democrats’ level of issue alignment with voters has not improved consistently overthe period, and similarly, the mainstream parties’ level of issue alignment has not decreasedconsistently over the period.

Den följande uppsatsen avser att belysa hur olika samhällskunskapsläromedel presenterar och använder ideologierna från ett didaktiskt perspektiv. Uppsatsen är en beskrivande studie som med hjälp av idealtyper analyserar hur ideologier används i samhällskunskapsläromedel för gymnasieskolan med ämnesdidaktik i åtanke. Den utgår ifrån att ideologier är användbara och koherenta politiska paradigm samt kraftiga verktyg för att belysa samhälleliga val och frågor. En genomtänkt användning av ideologierna skulle kunna skapa en stödjande struktur för elevernas lärande och gynna en problematiserande ansats i undervisning där nyckelbegrepp introduceras tidigt, nyanseras och skattas med hjälp av ideologierna. Med den här utgångspunkten analyseras tre läromedel med hjälp av idékritik och vissa inslag av diskursanalys. Slutsatsen är att ideologiernas potential som ämnesdidaktiska verktyg inte tas tillvara i de analyserade läromedlen. En annan slutsats är att det förekommer en relativt stor variation i hur ideologierna presenteras, förklaras och används från övergripande och vagt till utförligt om än inte problematiserande. Vissa ideologier som liberalism och feminism får en särställning och normativt stöd från författarna. En avslutande diskussion problematiserar de påträffade likheter och skillnader mellan läromedlen och kopplar dessa till skolan som politisk arena. En sats förslag görs som indikerar hur ideologierna kan användas för att strukturera samhällskunskapsstoffet och göra dess undervisning mera begriplig för eleverna. / <p>Godkännandedatum: 2019-01-20</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>The topic of the present dissertation is argumentation in the late statesman Olof Palme (1927-1986). One may reasonably think that the fascination for Palme is mainly due to his way of expressing his policy, and therefore also to his argumentation strategy. The theoretical background consists of Lloyd F. Bitzers’s theory on the rhetorical situation, Stephen E. Toulmin’s theory on the description of argumentation structures and on the notion of fallacy, as it appears in pragma-dialectics and informal logic. The rhetorical situation is used to identify vital presuppositions and conditions surrounding the analysed argumentation.Toulmin’s theoretical model is used to analyse structures in the argumentation, and the notion of fallacy is used to discover infringements upon these structures. The object of this analysis is the decisive electoral debates of autumn 1976 between Olof Palme and Thorbjörn Fälldin, held in Scandinavium, Gothenburg, Sweden. Palme had to think of a number of surrounding conditions, such as that the debate was decisive, the composition of the audience. Palme and Fälldin otherwise appeared to be rather equally equipped for the debate. Palme’s task was primarily to gain the number of votes needed to continue to keep social democracy in power. There seem to exist several levels making up his argumentation, grouped under attack and defence. Defence is in most cases based upon a strong connection with the social democrat tradition. The attack is more complicated, linked to Palme’s overall argumentative intention: to depict the non-socialists as a bad governing alternative, and the social democrats as a better one. Fallacies are regarded as instances of breaking the frame of rules that govern a critical discussion. Palme has several fallacy-like features in his argumentation. Among those, most common, are that he attacks the person Thorbjörn Fälldin, instead of the policy or party that he represents. Palme also starts from presupposed premises and tries to link the economic policy of the alliance to an intellectually-thought delimiting between liberal and conservative capitalism and social-democrat solidarity. He strives to portray the liberals and conservatives as money-orientated, whereas social democracy is depicted as people-orientated.Palme goes arguably too far at several moments during the debate,which possibly hurts his own argumentation.</p><p>Keywords: Olof Palme, argumentation, argumentation analysis, rhetoric, rhetorical situation, Toulmin´s argumentative model, fallacy, informal logic, pragma-dialectic, critical discussion, debate, Thorbjörn Fälldin, social democracy, election</p>

There are numerous of ideas and theories around the present development in our global society, describing an ever changing era based and propelled by information and communication technology (ICT). How influential has this development been on political visions and intentions and on the business worlds views on important competencies? The purpose of this thesis is to describe the national and international visions of important competencies in the “information society”. Through a case study, focused on how the training and consultancy industry apprehends and answer to this change and development, as they often act as agents for new trends in the business world both as accommodators and originators. The growth and speed of the universally available information demands knowhow in seeking, analyzing and managing information, and this competence is crucial today. To place my study in an adequate theoretical context it is placed in the realms of Information Literacy (IL). I will describe and discuss connections between IL and workplace processes. All political visions in my research are unanimous and have an extremely positive, almost naïve approach to the future effects that the ICT development will have on our society. The case study shows that, even if the predecessors don’t speak or use the term information literacy they are well aware of the challenges and problems related to Information Literacy. / Omvärldsbevakning och Omvärldsanalys

I denna studie har politiska skandaler studerats ur ett framingperspektiv. Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att undersöka hur rapporteringen skiljer sig åt mellan höger- och vänsterpolitiker i beskrivningen av politiska skandaler. Genom en kvantitativ första undersökning har det konstaterat satt vänsterpolitiker blir omskrivna mer när de är involverade i politiska skandaler, särskilt om skandalen är av ekonomisk natur. I en andra kvalitativ del undersöktes två skandaler på djupet, genom kritisk diskursanalys. Resultaten av den undersökningen visar att vänsterpolitiker gestaltas på ett annat sätt än högerpolitiker när de är involverade i skandaler av ekonomisk natur. Skillnaderna tycks framförallt bero på sociokulturella faktorer. De förväntningar som allmänheten har på politiker påverkar hur de gestaltas i media. Om en politiker inte lever som den lär blir granskningen av densamme mer negativt vinklad.

Den svenska Försvarsmakten har under de senaste 100 åren varit stadd i ständig förändring. Dess styrka, organisation och uppgifter har ändrats i takt med rådande politiska villkor och  säkerhetspolitiska förutsättningar. Denna anpassningspolitik, som tidigare benämndes elasticitetsprincipen, är en uttalad politisk viljeinriktning syftande till att balansera de ekonomiska anslagen till försvaret med övriga viktiga samhällsområden. Som utgångspunkt för anpassningspolitiken anges, nu som då, säkerhetspolitiska argument. Det är det rådande omvärldsläget som avgör om försvaret måste tillväxa eller kan reduceras, heter det från beslutsfattarna.I denna uppsats görs en jämförelse mellan försvarsbesluten 1936 och 2000. Med en kvalitativ metod som grund, studeras de bägge besluten utifrån ett policyprocessperspektiv. Tonvikten läggs på själva policyutformningsfasen, d.v.s. hur besluten växer fram och formuleras. Uppsatsen visar att det är andra frågor än de rent säkerhetspolitiska som avgör omfattningen, och därmed realismen, i den svenska anpassningspolitiken. Ekonomiska förutsättningar, budgetmässiga aspekter samt sociala och kulturella ambitioner, har påverkat utformningen och omfattningen av Försvarsmaktens utveckling. Behovet av folkligt stöd för den förda politiken samt den uttalade viljan till politiskt samförstånd är också genomgående teman. / During the latest century, the Swedish armed forces have been in a state of constant development and change. Its organisation, strength and overall tasks changed in line with the, at that time, actual conditions for domestic and security policy. This so-called policy of adaptability, earlier named the principle of resilience, was and still is an explicit political intention aiming to balance the economical appropriations between the armed forces and other important public functions.Today, as well as in the past, security policy is marked as a cornerstone for the policy of adaptability. It is the international political and security environment that should be the determined reason for growth or reduction of the armed forces.This essay compares the parliamentary defence resolutions from 1936 and 2000. With a qualitative method as basis, the two resolutions are examined from a policy process point of view. The emphasis is on the so-called working phase, in which the resolutions progresses and finally formulates. The essay points out, that it is a fact that other reasons than strict national security policy shape the dimensions of the national defence, and therefore also the credibility, of the policy of adaptability. Economical, social and cultural aspects have influenced the form and size of the development of the armed forces. The need for public support and the political will to reach consensus in these matters is also significant. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 99-01

<p>There are numerous of ideas and theories around the present development in our global society, describing an ever changing era based and propelled by information and communication technology (ICT). How influential has this development been on political visions and intentions and on the business worlds views on important competencies? The purpose of this thesis is to describe the national and international visions of important competencies in the “information society”. Through a case study, focused on how the training and consultancy industry apprehends and answer to this change and development, as they often act as agents for new trends in the business world both as accommodators and originators. The growth and speed of the universally available information demands knowhow in seeking, analyzing and managing information, and this competence is crucial today. To place my study in an adequate theoretical context it is placed in the realms of Information Literacy (IL). I will describe and discuss connections between IL and workplace processes. All political visions in my research are unanimous and have an extremely positive, almost naïve approach to the future effects that the ICT development will have on our society. The case study shows that, even if the predecessors don’t speak or use the term information literacy they are well aware of the challenges and problems related to Information Literacy.</p> / Omvärldsbevakning och Omvärldsanalys

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in the European Union (EU) is one of the oldest fields of cooperation within the European Union. During the past decades the different Commissioners have made several proposals about changes in the CAP and many of them have not been passed but renegotiated. The present Commission has however published a report in 2011, which emphasizes that the CAP has three alternative ways to go in the future. This study aims to predict which one of these three alternative ways it is most likely that the CAP will take according to the historical institutionalist theory. When to be able to predict this text analysis is used. The analysis tools of the study are collected from the theory, which focuses on the conceptions: critical juncture, feedback effects, path dependency and sequencing. These tools as well as the theory are applied on the empirical material, which mainly consists of books about the earlier reforms and proposals from the Commission, academical journals and some reports. The analysis shows that the Luxembourg compromise can be seen as a critical juncture in the history of the CAP and this led to a path dependency, which is characterized by a decision-making procedure by consensus between the political institutions in the EU. The analysis also shows that most of the reforms regarding the CAP, are made with some sort of compromise or consensus (the Delors I budgetary package, the Mac Sharry reforms and so on). Therefore the conclusion of the study is that, from an historical institutionalist perspective, it is more or less possible for the CAP to go with any of the alternative ways that the Commission points out in the report. It is however most likely that the second way is the most prominent one. This is because that option emphasizes that major overhauls of the policy should be made, that the measures should be more targeted, and that the spending of the CAP should be more efficient. All of these changes have been made more or less during the history of the CAP and the institutional framework therefore allows this way.

The overall aim of this study is to contribute to knowledge about the implementation of equality policies in public sector organisations. This is achieved through the development of a theoretical framework of feminist implementation studies. It involves the study of influential factors that impact upon the implementation process, with the aim of contributing to an understanding of the outcome of implementation processes within the equality policy field. The methodology used is based on qualitative case study research combined with a meta-analysis that allows for comparisons across cases. Four initiatives in the implementation of gender mainstreaming strategy were studied in different contexts, namely, two local municipalities and one government agency in Sweden. The main questions asked are: How was gender mainstreaming implemented? What were the main factors influencing the implementation process and why? What was the impact of change actors working to implement gender mainstreaming? The case studies were conducted using an interactive research approach where the different dilemmas encountered by the gender mainstreaming practitioners are used as a starting point for developing a joint learning process. The thesis comprises an introduction and five published papers. The main findings of the study include how the implementation process developed over time and the impact of the micropractices of the “gender mainstreamers” involved. The study provides insights into the factors influencing the implementation process, and how these factors change over time. Different types and levels of conflict, together and interlinked with different ambiguities, affect the practical work where dilemmas inherent in the concepts of “gender”, “equality” and “change” become central. Overall, the study shows how the specific preconditions for implementation of gender mainstreaming make the local arenas of implementation crucial for understanding the outcomes. / Syftet med avhandlingen är att bidra till kunskapen om implementeringen av jämlikhetsstrategier i offentliga organisationer. Detta görs genom utvecklingen av ett teoretiskt ramverk för implementeringsstudier med ett feministiskt perspektiv. För att bidra till en ökad förståelse av de resultat som nås inom jämlikhetspolitiken studeras faktorer som påverkar implementeringsprocessen. Studien är baserad på kvalitativa fallstudier och en meta-analys som möjliggör jämförelser mellan fallstudierna. Fyra olika fall av implementering av jämställdhetsintegreringsstrategin har studerats utifrån olika kontexter; i två svenska kommuner och en statlig myndighet. Avhandlingens huvudsakliga frågeställningar är: Hur implementerades jämställdhetsintegreringsstrategin? Vilka var de huvudsakliga faktorer som påverkade implementeringsprocessen och varför? Hur påverkades processen av de förändringsaktörer som arbetade med att implementera strategin? Fallstudierna har genomförts med en interaktiv forskningsansats i vilken olika dilemman i det praktiska arbetet har använts som utgångspunkt för en gemensam lärandeprocess med de som arbetat med implementeringen av strategin. Avhandlingen är en sammanläggningsavhandling och består av en introduktion och fem publicerade paper. Avhandlingens huvudsakliga resultat inkluderar hur implementeringsprocessen utvecklades över tid och den påverkan som "jämställdhetsintegrerarnas" mikropraktik haft på implementeringen. Avhandlingen visar vilka faktorer som påverkar  implementeringsprocessen samt att dessa varierar över tid. Olika slags konflikter påverkar tillsammans och sammanvävt med jämställdhetsstrategiers mångtydighet det praktiska arbetet i vilket dilemman rörande betydelsen av "kön", "jämlikhet/jämställdhet" och "förändring" blir centrala. Sammantaget visar avhandlingen hur de specifika förutsättningarna för implementering av  jämställdhetsintegreringsstrategin gör det lokala implementeringsarbetet avgörande för att förstå resultaten. / <p>The articles in this Ph.D. thesis are published in full text with kind permisson from Studentlitteratur (article I, II and V), TGV (article II) and VINNOVA (article IV).</p>