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21	Aspects structurels et socio-économiques des armées : de l’expérience romaine aux modèles contemporains / Socio-Economic Aspects of Armies : From The Roman Period To Modern Times Debord, Dimitri 10 July 2014 (has links) L’ambition de ce travail est d’énoncer une définition originale d’un droit militaire, appréhendé dans le cadre d’une perspective historique. Deux grands modèles d’armée professionnelle ont ici été confrontés : Rome et les armées contemporaines (i.e., Les États-Unis, la France, le Royaume-Uni et la République populaire de Chine), afin de définir les conditions nécessaires à la reconnaissance d’une armée de métier. Une armée professionnelle au service d’une puissance géopolitique, telles que celles analysées ici, met en oeuvre un droit militaire dual composé d’un droit de temps de paix / ou de guerre limitée, et un autre de temps de guerre totale. / The aim of this paper is to provide an unusual inight into the concept of military law, envisionned within the framework of an historical point of view. Two great military and professionnal models have been confronted (i.e. Rome and four contemporary armies : the United-States, France, the United-Kingdom and the People’s Republic of China) in order to define the historical conditions for the recognition of a professionnal military model. A professionnal army serving a Power such as the ones studied there, implement a dual military law made of a military law in time of peace /or limited war, and a military law in time of total war. Droit Militaire Ius militare Rome Armées contemporaines Armées professionnelles Puissance Guerres limitées Guerre totale Organisation Économie Budget Effort de guerre Symboles Tradition drapeaux Military law Ius militare Rome Contemporary armies Professionnal armies Puissance Limited war Total war Organization Revolution in military affairs Revolution in military affairs Recruitment Ranks Carreers Crisis 340 390
22	DEN TUNNA FRÄMSTA LINJEN : Ger arméns markstridsförband sina minst erfarna yrkesofficerare förutsättningar för att lyckas och utvecklas? Holmberg, Olof, Nilsson, Johan January 2020 (has links) Utvecklingen av yrkesofficersutbildningen, och de militära skolorna, är ständigt pågående för att möta Försvarsmaktens föränderliga behov. De senaste åren har förändringen skett i snabb takt och i stor omfattning. Utvecklingen av ett flerbefälssystem, en insatsorganisation med anställda soldater och akademiseringen av officersutbildningen har inte minst bidragit till denna utveckling och förändring. När många förändringar sker samtidigt kan det vara svårt att hålla ihop helheten och få alla delar att samspela för att uppnå en högre effekt. Vi har i denna studie studerat de nya yrkesofficerarnas arbetssituation, samt markstridsförbandens förutsättningar för att ge de nya kollegorna en gynnsam start på sin karriär. Vi har valt ett arbetsgivarperspektiv för vår studie, då vi uppfattar att det perspektivet saknas, i ett annars ganska välstuderat område. Vår förhoppning är att studien kan bidra i det fortsatta utvecklingsarbetet med Försvarsmaktens organisation, arbetsmetoder och styrdokument. Vår övergripande slutsats är att rådande omständigheter, huvudsakligen personalbristen, gör det mycket svårt för förband och chefer att följa Försvarsmaktens inriktande styrdokument och tillgodose de nya yrkesofficerarnas fortsatta behov av handledning och kompetensutveckling. / The development of the military educational system, and the military schools, is constantly ongoing to meet the changing needs of the Swedish Armed Forces. In recent years, the change has taken place at a rapid pace and to a large extent. A new rank system with officers and NCO’s has been launched, a new organization with employed soldiers have been implemented and the introduction of officers with a bachelor’s degree in military science have all contributed in a really big way to this development and change. When many changes occur at the same time, it can be difficult to keep the whole together and have all parts interact to achieve a higher effect. In this study we have studied the work situation of the new officers and NCOs, and the conditions, for the ground combat units, to give the new colleagues a favorable start to their career. We chose an employer perspective for our study, since that was the perspective we saw was missing, in this otherwise well studied area. Our intention with the study is to be able to contribute in the continued development work within the Swedish Armed Forces organization and guiding documents. Our overall conclusion is that the prevailing circumstances, such as staff shortages, make it very difficult for the units and managers to follow the Swedish Armed Forces guiding documents and meet the new officers' and NCO’s continuing need for guidance and skills acquisition. Swedish Armed Forces officer specialist other ranks work situation organization skill acquisition settings officer academy cadet college military education Swedish Defense University Land Warfare Centre Försvarsmakten officer specialistofficer yrkesofficer arbetssituation organisation kompetensutveckling förutsättningar officersutbildning Officersprogrammet Specialistofficersutbildningen Försvarshögskolan Markstridsskolan Business Administration Företagsekonomi
23	Μια νέα διάταξη ασαφών αριθμών και η στοχαστική της επέκταση σε ελέγχους ασαφών υποθέσεων / A novel linear ordering on subsets of fuzzy numbers and its stochastic extension in non parametric testing of fuzzy hypotheses Βάλβης, Εμμανουήλ 04 February 2014 (has links) Η παρούσα διατριβή εκπονήθηκε με σκοπό να γενικεύσει το πρόβλημα του ελέγχου υποθέσεων που εμπεριέχουν στοχαστική διάταξη στα πλαίσια της Μη Παραμετρικής Στατιστικής. Για τον σκοπό αυτό μελετήθηκε η σχετική βιβλιογραφία, εξετάσθηκε η ορολογία, οι ήδη υπάρχοντες ορισμοί και οι σχετικές προταθείσες μέθοδοι και ακολούθως έγινε προσπάθεια γενίκευσης του προαναφερθέντος προβλήματος. Η έρευνα αυτή απέδωσε δύο ομάδες αποτελεσμάτων. Στην πρώτη, ορίσθηκε μια νέα ολική διάταξη (XFO) σε κάθε σύνολο ασαφών αριθμών που έχουν διαφορετικές κορυφές οι οποίες σχηματίζουν συμπαγές υποσύνολο του ℝ. Η ασαφής αυτή διάταξη αποδίδει την σύγκριση των ασαφών αριθμών με ένα ασαφές μέτρο αναγκαιότητας και με το δυϊκό του μέτρο δυνατότητας. Η σύγκριση αυτής της μεθόδου με την πλέον αναγνωρισμένη αντίστοιχη μέθοδο διάταξης ασαφών αριθμών απέδειξε ότι η εισαχθείσα μέθοδος XFO είναι πιο κοντά στην αρχική μας εκτίμηση για την διάταξη και ανταποκρίνεται πιο αισιόδοξα. Στην δεύτερη ομάδα αποτελεσμάτων εισάγεται η έννοια της στοχαστικής διάταξης ασαφών τυχαίων μεταβλητών, με σύντηξη των ακολούθων εννοιών: α) της στοχαστικής διάταξης, β) της ανωτέρω ασαφούς διάταξης και γ) της εισαγόμενης έννοιας της ασαφούς συνάρτησης κατανομής. Ο ορισμός της στοχαστικής διάταξης δίδεται σε αρμονία με την μέθοδο XFO, αφού και οι δύο έχουν τις ρίζες τους στην ίδια διάταξη κλειστών διαστημάτων που εισάγεται αρχικά στην εργασία, μπορεί δε να θεωρηθεί η ασαφής στοχαστική διάταξη ως επέκταση της XFO. Η δεύτερη αυτή ομάδα περιλαμβάνει ένα εισαγόμενο για πρώτη φορά τρόπο ορισμού Ασαφών Υποθέσεων που περιέχουν στοχαστική διάταξη ασαφών τυχαίων μεταβλητών. Αυτό έχει αποτέλεσμα να βαθμολογείται θετικά μόνο η μία εκ των δύο ασαφών υποθέσεων, ασαφούς μηδενικής και ασαφούς εναλλακτικής, διευκολύνοντας έτσι την λήψη αποφάσεων. Προτείνεται διαδικασία ασαφούς ελέγχου που πιστοποιεί οποιαδήποτε ενυπάρχουσα στοχαστική διάταξη δύο ασαφών τυχαίων δειγμάτων, συμβατή με τον ορισμό, η οποία αντιστοιχεί θετικές τιμές αλήθειας μόνον στην αποδεκτή υπόθεση και μηδέν στην απορριπτόμενη. Τα αποτελέσματα του ελέγχου εκφράζονται με την βοήθεια δύο μέτρων αναγκαιότητας. Η μείζων συνεισφορά της προτεινόμενης ασαφούς διαδικασίας ελέγχου ασαφών υποθέσεων, που αναφέρονται σε στοχαστική διάταξη ασαφών τυχαίων μεταβλητών, είναι ότι παρέχει εργαλείο μετασχηματισμού του προβλήματος σε ένα περιορισμένο αριθμό ελέγχων κλασσικών υποθέσεων της μη Παραμετρικής Στατιστικής. Με τον τρόπο αυτό μπορούμε να συμβάλουμε στην επίλυση τέτοιων προβλημάτων ασαφών ελέγχων τόσο θεωρητικών ζητημάτων στοχαστικής διάταξης ασαφών τυχαίων μεταβλητών όσο και ενός αριθμού πρακτικών προβλημάτων, όπως της ασαφούς αξιολόγησης εξεταζομένων. / This dissertation has been carried out in order to extend the problem of testing hypotheses on stochastic orderings, with methods based on ranks. This study provides two sets of related results. In the first set of results we introduce a novel linear order, the “extended fuzzy order” (XFO), on every subset of F(ℝ), the members of which must have their modal values all different and form a compact subset of ℝ. A distinct new feature is that our linear determined procedure employs the corresponding order of a class interval associated with a confidence measure which assigns a necessity measure value on every comparison . This new XFO method measures the ordering of any two fuzzy numbers with a possibility and a necessity measure, a feature that makes the method relevant for processing of fuzzy statistical data. These fuzzy measures are compared with the widely accepted PD and NSD indices of D. Dubois and H. Prade. The comparison proves that our possibility and necessity measures are more optimistic and comply better with our intuition. In the second set of results it is investigated the fuzzy extension of hypotheses testing using non parametric methods based on ranks. To achieve this, the notion of fuzzy distribution function is introduced in a practical manner, which is proved to be equivalent to the known notion of Kruse and Mayer. The stochastic ordering of two fuzzy random samples is defined in a fusion of the notion of stochastic ordering, fuzzy distribution function and XFO method. A novel definition of fuzzy hypotheses related to a potential fuzzy stochastic order between two fuzzy random samples is given in a new manner so that the null and its alternative hypotheses do not overlap. Consequently, the method assigns positive possibility grades either to the null fuzzy hypothesis or to the its fuzzy alternative. This simplifies the fuzzy decision making, and moreover there is no need to defuzzify the results if a clear cut decision is required. A fuzzy statistical inference procedure of fuzzy hypotheses is proposed and it is carried out at a fuzzy significance level. The definition of a fuzzy critical value is required, which is carried out in a practical manner. The proposed method certifies any underlying stochastic fuzzy order between two fuzzy random samples giving grades of confidence to that. Two necessity measures are assigned to the rejection of the fuzzy null hypothesis in favor of its alternative. The first measures the necessity of the existence of any fuzzy stochastic ordering between the fuzzy random samples under examination. The second necessity measure expresses the confidence of the fuzzy null hypothesis rejection uniformly for all relevant α-cut levels. The main contribution of this thesis, as far as the second set of results is concerned, is that a problem of testing fuzzy hypotheses on stochastic orderings of fuzzy random variables at a fuzzy significance level, is transferred to a limited number of tests of classic hypotheses. These tests are carried out at a fuzzy significance level, and are processed with the application of the linear fuzzy ordering procedure XFO. Ασαφή σύνολα Ασαφής υπόθεση Ασαφές μέτρο Ασαφής κρίσιμη τιμή 511.322 3 Fuzzy set Fuzzy ordering Fuzzy hypotheses Fuzzy hypotheses testing Fuzzy stochastic ordering Non parametric test based on ranks Possibility measure Necessity measure Fuzzy measure Linear fuzzy ordering Fuzzy significance level Fuzzy critical value
24	Beslutsfattande och maktdistans i Nato / Decision-Making and Power Distance in NATO Palme, Linnéa January 2024 (has links) Denna kvalitativa studie syftar till att undersöka hur anställda inom Nato upplever att maktdistans påverkar beslutsfattandet. För att svara på min frågeställning har jag använt mig av en kvalitativ metod med inkäter, där sex deltagare från fyra olika länder svarade. Resultatet analyserades med en tematisk analys där fem teman framträdde, beslutsfattande, hierarki, kultur, maktdistans och språk. Resultatet är att maktdistans i viss utsträckning påverkar beslutsfattande inom Nato beroende på vilket land som representanterna kommer ifrån. Länders indirekta makt varierar beroende på storlek, befolkningsmängd och hur länge de varit medlemmar av Nato. Studien visar på att maktdistans existerar och påverkar beslut i viss utsträckning men att frågan är komplex då de tillfrågade inte alltid vet vad begreppet maktdistans är även om svaren tyder på det. Sammanfattningsvis påverkas maktdistans av hur länge ett land varit medlemmar i alliansen, hur många personer med hög grad landet har i alliansen och hur bra dessa personer är på språk, att tolka orden i rum och tid och vikta orden rätt. Kunskap i engelska och förhandlingsvana har här betydelse. / This qualitative study aims to investigate how NATO employees experience the impact of power distance on decision-making. To answer that question, I have relied on a qualitative method consisting of a hybrid of questionnaires and interviews that were sent out. Six participants from four countries participated. When the results were examined through thematic analysis, five different themes emerged: decision-making, hierarchy, culture, power distance and language. The results indicate that power distance does affect decision-making within NATO to some extent; depending on which country the representatives come from. The indirect power wielded by the member states varies according to their respective geographical size, the size of their population and their annuity as a member of NATO. The study shows that power distance exists and to some extent affects decision-making within the organization. It also shows that the issue is complex, as not all participants are aware of the concept of power distance, although their responses indicate that they are aware of its existence within the organization. In conclusion, power distance is influenced by how long the nation has been a member of the Alliance, how many high-ranking people the nation has in the various offices of the Alliance, and how well these representatives are able to master language skills, to interpret what is said in a spatial and temporal context, and to weight words accurately; here English and negotiation skills are of great importance. command and control consensus culture decision-making equality hierarchy language NATO negotiation Ooda-loop organizational culture power distance sociolinguistic collective defence communication culture communication decentralization EU international culture leadership military culture military ranks NAC North Atlantic Council political administrative decisions political organization power security sweden Swedish Defence University national culture beslutsfattande command & control förhandling hierarki jämlikhet konsensus kultur ledning maktdistans Nato Ooda-loop organisationskultur sociolingvistik språk decentraliserad EU Försvarshögskolan internationell kultur kollektivt försvar kommunikation kultur kommunikation ledarskap makt militär kultur militära grader Nordatlantiska rådet politik politiska administrativa beslut politisk organisation säkerhet nationell kultur Other Social Sciences Annan samhällsvetenskap
25	Electrostaticanalisys the Ras active site Khan, Abdul Kareem 05 March 2009 (has links) La preorganització electrostàtica del centre actiu s'ha postulat com el mecanisme genèric de l'acció dels enzims. Així, alguns residus "estratègics" es disposarien per catalitzar reaccions interaccionant en una forma més forta amb l'estat de transició, baixant d'aquesta manera el valor de l'energia dactivació g cat. S'ha proposat que aquesta preorientació electrostática s'hauria de poder mostrar analitzant l'estabilitat electrostàtica de residus individuals en el centre actiu.Ras es una proteïna essencial de senyalització i actúa com un interruptor cel.lular. Les característiques estructurals de Ras en el seu estat actiu (ON) són diferents de les que té a l'estat inactiu (OFF). En aquesta tesi es duu a terme una anàlisi exhaustiva de l'estabilitat dels residus del centre actiu deRas en l'estat actiu i inactiu. / The electrostatic preorganization of the active site has been put forward as the general framework of action of enzymes. Thus, enzymes would position "strategic" residues in such a way to be prepared to catalyze reactions byinteracting in a stronger way with the transition state, in this way decreasing the activation energy g cat for the catalytic process. It has been proposed thatsuch electrostatic preorientation should be shown by analyzing the electrostatic stability of individual residues in the active site.Ras protein is an essential signaling molecule and functions as a switch in thecell. The structural features of the Ras protein in its active state (ON state) are different than those in its inactive state (OFF state). In this thesis, an exhaustive analysis of the stability of residues in the active and inactive Ras active site is performed. dinàmica centre actiu relacions d'estructura activitat preorganització reorganització estat de transició estat actiu estabilitat electrostàtica interacción proteïna-proteïna test de ranks de Wilcoxon P-loop G1 motif HVR metastability RMSD substrate assisted catalysis sequence alignment beta sheet helix Z-test wilcoxon rank test protein-protein interactions electrostatic stability active state dynamics signal transduction electrostatic stabilization ras effectors guanine exchange factor GTPase-activating proteins quantum mechanics/molecular PDLD/S-LRA X-ray crystallography solvation energy free energy perturbation statistical analysis GTP hydrolysis guanosine diphosphate guanosine triphosphate computer simulation thermodynamics protein conformation electrostatics interruptor II interruptor I llaç P motiu G1 HVR (regions altament variables) metaestabilita RMSD catàlisi assistida pel substrat aliniament de seqüència fulla beta hèlix test Z transducció del senyal estabilització electrostàtica efectors de ras factor de bescamvi de guanina proteïnes activadores de l'activitat mecànica quàntica/mecànica PDLD/S-LRA cristalografia de raigs X energia de solvatació perturbació de l'energia lliure anàlisi estadística hidròlisi de GTP difosfat de guanosina trifosfat de guanosina simulació computacional termodinàmica conformació proteïca electrostàtica switch-I switch-II 537 576

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