Residential segregation is a significant problem in most cities around Sweden. Resulting in political, social, and economic exclusion for citizens that live in residential segregated areas. Therefore, the purpose of this bachelor thesis is to create an increased understanding of what residential segregation means and highlight the consequences, and what it entails for citizens in ethnic and socioeconomic segregated areas. An additional purpose of this study is to examine how citizens in residential segregated neighborhoods experience residential segregation, and how inhabitants experience their citizenship in the context to residential segregation. We have also chosen to study how Västerås and Örebro municipalities designed policies contribute to preventing residential segregation. The chosen methodology for this study is qualitative research interviews. We have chosen to do ten semi-structured interviews, five from each neighborhood. This study has been narrowed down to only research citizens who live in Bäckby and Vivalla and are over the age of eighteen.  The material collected will be analyzed and examined based on the municipal policies and the chosen theories. The chosen theories are citizenship and urban citizenship from Marshall and Bottommore (1992), Ruth Lister (2007), Patricia Burke Wood (2017)  and Gilbert & Phillips  (2003), and residential segregation from the view of Iris Young (1999) and (2002) and Irene Molina (1997). In conclusion, the participants feel that their life opportunities are affected by living in an ethnic-and socioeconomic segregated area, they also express that the opportunities they receive are not equal to people from areas with good conditions. The participants express that their citizenship differs in practice from in theory. An additional conclusion is that the policies were found to be deficient and the municipalities were incapable of not only implementing but also pursuing a strategy, for these reasons, we can not determine if the objectives of the policies were achieved.

As the City of Stockholm continues to grow, there is a looming fear that there will not be enough housing for a growing population. Municipalities within Stockholm County are building up their housing stock to contribute solutions to the infamous housing crisis that is on the rise. With this increase of built development, there is also a faint shadow of the Million Homes Project problems that daunts new projects. The last time the city of Stockholm had built up so much new development, some of the Million Homes Project neighborhoods descended into segregated and vulnerable areas. This project looks at how Riksbyggen, a housing developer, can build housing developments that align with social sustainability practices for integrated neighborhoods, in order to avoid the process of segregation. The research focuses on the study area of Ursvik, a residential neighborhood that has plans to grow by 15,000 new residents in the next 10-15 years. This new neighborhood development will border more vulnerable neighborhoods, Rissne, Hallonbergen, and Rinkeby, which have reputations for being high in crime, immigrant dense, and segregated from neighboring areas. Riksbyggen has two existing housing developments in the area and has plans to build one more. Their recently established indicators for social sustainability can help make a long lasting impact on the social sustainability in the neighborhood. Through this project I hope to contribute knowledge on how social sustainability indicators can be used for planning for more integrated and open neighborhoods. The methods used were observations of Riksbyggen’s sustainability department, meetings with city planners from Stockholms and Sundbybergs stad, a survey of current Riksbyggen residents in Ursvik, talking with members of the housing boards, an analysis of indicators, and testing planning solutions. I found that the sustainability indicators are well focused on the needs of residents but could be improved through better communication of social sustainability goals throughout Riksbyggen and through a better follow-up measuring of indicators over time. More concrete measures, like including a diversity of services as well as tracking neighborhood progress over time can help ease residents’ biggest fear of integration: higher crime and lowered security. / Allt eftersom Stockholm stad fortsätter att växa finns det en hotande rädsla för att det inte kommer att finnas tillräckligt med bostäder för en växande befolkning. Kommuner runt om i Stockholms län försöker bidra till bostadskrisen genom att öka sitt bostadsbestånd. Men problemen från miljonprogrammets byggande, där en del stadsdelar över tiden blivit alltmer utsatta och segregerade, kastar en skugga och skapar rädsla bland beslutsfattare och planerare för att göra om samma misstag. Den här studien tittar på hur Riksbyggen, som är en stor byggaktör, kan bygga bostäder som ligger i linje med socialhållbarhetspraxis för integrerade grannskap och kan motverka segregation. Studien fokuserar på området Ursvik, ett bostadsområde som har planer på att växa med 15 000 nya invånare under de kommande 10-15 åren. Detta nya område kommer att angränsa mot mer utsatta områden som Rissne, Hallonbergen och Rinkeby, som har ryktet om sig att ha hög brottslighet, vara invandrartäta samt segregerade från omkringliggande områden. Riksbyggen har två befintliga bostadrättsföreningar i Ursvik och har planer att bygga en till. Deras nyligen etablerade indikatorer för social hållbarhet kan bidra till att långsiktigt påverkar den sociala hållbarheten i grannskapet. Genom det här projektet hoppas jag kunna bidra med ytterligare kunskap om hur sociala hållbarhetsindikatorer kan användas för planering för bättre integrerade och öppna grannskap. Metoderna som används är egna observationer av hur Riksbyggens enhet för hållbarhetsfrågor arbetar, möten med stadsplanerare från Stockholms stad och Sundbybergs stad, en enkät bland nuvarande boende i Riksbyggens bostadsrättföreningar i Ursvik, samtal med styrelsemedlemmar, en analys av indikatorer, samt tester av planeringslösningar. Resultatet visar att hållbarhetsindikatorerna är väl fokuserade på behoven hos men de sociala hållbarhetsmålen kan förbättras om de tydligare kommuniceras och implementeras i hela organisationen samt om Riksbyggen gör bättre uppföljningsstudier av indikatorerna över tid. Mer konkreta åtgärder såsom att Riksbyggen tillsammans med andra aktörer ser till att det blir ett större utbud och mångfaldav tjänster samtidigt som uppföljning av grannskapens framsteg över tid kan hjälpa lindra boendes rädsla inför att Ursviks integration med omgivande stadsdelar skall leda till högre brottslighet och försämrad trygghet.

The aim of this thesis was to study in how far housing mix contributes to social mix in Swedish midsized cities 2017. Social mix is a policy in Sweden argued to reduce socioeconomic residential segregation, by implementing housing mix to achieve heterogenous residential areas. The study was done by measuring the correlation between the share of different income groups and the share of tenure forms and housing sizes. This was measured with multiple linear regression analyses, using data from PLACE-data base compiled by SCB. The models show that tenure form and housing size affect the variation of income groups to similar extent. The results further show that to promote social mix, in the aspect of income groups, it is necessary to implement more rental housing to increase the share of low-income groups in a neighbourhood. Further, it shows that to increase the share of high-income households in a neighbourhood, co-op housing, small and large housing sizes is necessary. Housing mix can be argued to be a valuable strategy to achieve social mix, but not solely, due to moderate statistical results.

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本研究企圖從西方社會討論相當熱烈的「門禁社區」現象，去探討在台北都會區的歷史背景脈絡下，所形成之門禁社區現象，並進一步探討既存於台灣都會區的居住隔離，進而理解門禁社區居民其生活經驗、鄰里互動等社會層面之意涵，希望能開啟社會學與門禁社區經驗現象間的對話和反思。 美國都市社會學的傳統之一，即在於有不少社會學家關注和回顧地理空間對於種族、階級、性別、年齡和資源分配、分化的重要影響，近年來於居住空間和社會學間的整合研究中，出現了「門禁社區」此一研究議題。在台灣的相關研究中，對於門禁社區的研究資料仍有所缺少，因此希望藉由探討台北都會區門禁社區和居住隔離現象，以及由社會意涵瞭解門禁社區所形成的空間形構狀況和意義，來作為補充對於門禁社區相關研究的重要實證資料。 本研究以居住隔離的觀點和援引結構化理論，一方面探究門禁社區和居住隔離現象的關聯性，另一方面則從行動者和結構相互制約的觀點出發，藉以分析門禁社區居住者、社區管理委員會與門禁社區間的關係和意義，並說明眾多因素如何使門禁社區增強居住隔離的現象。

Cette thèse se penche sur plusieurs canaux de transmission intergénérationnelle des inégalités afin d'évaluer la capacité des politiques publiques à accroître la mobilité sociale. A partir d'un panel européen, les deux premiers chapitres mesurent et comparent différents indicateurs de la mobilité sociale intergénérationnelle par pays. La comparaison des résultats d'un pays à l'autre met en lumière la plus grande efficacité des politiques publiques, et en particulier des politiques d'éducation, menées dans les pays nordiques. Les deux derniers chapitres concernent la ségrégation résidentielle, dont la littérature économique a montré qu'elle accentuait la transmission des inégalités. Les déterminants de la ségrégation urbaine en Ile-de-France sont identifiés afin d'évaluer l'effet potentiel de certaines politiques de logement, en particulier de celles visant à promouvoir l'accès à la propriété. / This thesis focuses on several of channels of the intergenerational transmission of inequalities, so as to evaluate the efficiency of public policies in increasing social mobility. From a European panel, the first two chapters measure and compare different mobility indices by country. The cross-country comparison sheds the light on the higher efficiency of the public policies –in particular education policies – implemented in Nordic countries. The last two chapters concern residential segregation, which is shown to accentuate the transmission of inequalities in the economic literature. The determinants of the urban segregation in the Paris region (Ile-de-France) are disentangled in order to evaluate the potential effect of some housing policies, in particular those which aim at promoting homeownership.

My research seeks to understand the behaviour of workers and firms and how their decisions affect labour market outcomes. My PhD dissertation consists of three separate Chapters that use detailed historical, census and administrative data to gain insights into the mechanisms at play when incentives for production and location decisions change. Chapter 1 asks whether financial incentives can induce inventors to innovate more. I exploit a large reduction in the patent fee in the United Kingdom in 1884 to distinguish between its effect on increased efforts to invent, and a decrease in patent quality due to a lower quality threshold. For this analysis I create a detailed new dataset of 54,000 British inventors with renewal information for each patent. In the longer run high-quality patenting increases by over 100 percent, and the share of new patents due to greater effort accounts for three quarters of the pre-reform share of high-quality patents. To test for the presence of credit constraints I generate two wealth proxies from inventor names and addresses, and find a larger innovation response for inventors with lower wealth. These results indicate efficiency gains from decreasing the cost of inventing and in addition, from relaxing credit constraints. In Chapter 2 we assess the effects of changes in ethnic neighbourhood composition in England and Wales. A change in social housing allocations in the 1990s serves as instrument for changes in the local ethnic composition. For the analysis we create a dataset of highly disaggregated census geographies for 1991-2011. The results imply that an exogenous increase in social housing minority share by 10 percentage points raises the minority share in private housing by 1.2 percentage points initially. This sorting effect is larger for privately rented than for privately owned housing. We further show that an increase in the minority share leads to higher local population growth and a small decrease in house prices in the longer run. Chapter 3 proposes a new approach for analysing responses to comprehensive labour market reforms. Using detailed micro data we evaluate the German Hartz reforms that aimed at reducing unemployment. The timing of the reforms affects the model parameters, which are estimated using matched data on 430,000 workers in 340,000 firms. Contrary to previous findings, our analysis shows that the reforms marginally reduced unemployment at the cost of a pronounced decline in wages. Low-skilled workers suffered the largest wage losses. Furthermore, we decompose the contribution of each reform wave on employment and wages, and document a structural shift in the factors that govern overall wage dispersion.

本文研究臺灣地區的族群居住隔離，以1956年至1990年間四次戶口普查報告資料為主，分析臺灣地區中四個族群（外省人、本省閩南人、本省客家人及原住民）於1956年及1966年兩次戶口普查報告資料中的居住隔離狀況。以及兩個族群（外省人及本省人）於1956年、1966年、1980年及1990年四次戶口普查報告中的居住隔離狀況。並以1990年戶口普查報告資料進行族群居住隔離因素探討。研究中使用 D指數及P*指數，作為居住隔離程度的指標。 結果發現原住民與其他三個族群的居住隔離程度顯著高於另外三個族群，印證「種族居住隔離效果」高於「族群居住隔離效果」。台灣地區族群居住隔離的區域差異十分明顯，南部地區的居住隔離程度顯著高於其他地區，而都市地區的隔離程度最低。三十五年來省籍族群居住隔離程度逐次降低，而區域性的差異則依然存在。族群居住隔離指標的使用的確可以表現出實際的族群居住隔離現象。「鄉鎮市區」與「村里」次級單位的使用在實際指數的形成上的確存在差異。 本文在省籍族群居住隔離因素的分析結果上，支持「同化理論」的觀點。也就是省籍族群間若是社經差異越小則省籍族群間的居住隔離將逐漸降低。而「眷村」等制度性因素亦是影響台灣地區族群居住隔離的重要因素，而此一因素為台灣地區所特有的現象。本文分為五章共使用26張表、20張圖以及兩個指標的計算方程式。

This thesis consists of four self-contained essays. Essay 1 (with Olof Åslund and Matz Dahlberg): In this essay we investigate the impact of commuter train access on individual labor market outcomes. Our study considers the exogenous introduction of a commuter train linking locations in the northern part of Uppsala County (Sweden) to the regional employment center, considerably decreasing commuting times by public transit to the center for those living close to the pre-existing railroad. Using difference-in-differences matching techniques on comprehensive individual panel data spanning over a decade, our intention-to-treat estimates show that the reform had mainly no impact on the earnings and employment development among the affected individuals. Essay 2: In this essay I look into the role of public transit for residential sorting by studying how the introduction of a commuter train linking locations in the northern part of Uppsala County (Sweden) to the regional employment center affected migration patterns in the areas served. Using a difference-in-difference(-in-difference) approach and comprehensive individual level data, I find that the commuter train had a positive effect on overall in-migration to the areas served and no effect on the average out-migration rate from these areas. With regards to sorting based on labor market status, I find no evidence of sorting based on employment status but some evidence that the train introduction increased the probability of moving out of the areas served for individuals with high labor incomes relative to the probability for individuals with lower income. Considering sorting along other lines than labor market status, the analysis suggests that people born in non-western countries came to be particularly attracted towards the areas served by the commuter train as compared to other similar areas. Essay 3: In this essay I look into the relation between housing mix and social mix in metropolitan Stockholm (Sweden) over the period 1990-2008. Using entropy measures, I find that although the distribution of tenure types over metropolitan Stockholm became somewhat more even over the studied period, people living in different tenure types still to a large extent tended to live in different parts of the city in 2008. The degree of residential segregation was much lower between different population groups. I further find that the mix of family types, and over time also of birth region groups and income groups, was rather different between different tenure types in the same municipality. The mix of different groups however tended to be similar within different tenure types in the same neighborhood. While the entropy measures provide a purely descriptive picture, the findings thus suggest that tenure type mix could be more useful for creating social mix at the municipal level than for creating social mix at the neighborhood level. Essay 4 (with Matz Dahlberg): The last decade’s immigration to western European countries has resulted in a culturally and religiously more diverse population in these countries. This diversification manifests itself in several ways, where one is through new features in the cityscape. Using a quasi-experimental approach, essay 4 examines how one such new feature, public calls to prayer, affects neighborhood dynamics (house prices and migration). The quasi-experiment is based on an unexpected political process that lead way to the first public call to prayer from a mosque in Sweden combined with rich (daily) information on housing sales. While our results indicate that the public calls to prayer increased house prices closer to the mosque, we find no evidence that the public calls to prayer served as a driver of residential segregation between natives and people born abroad around the mosque in question (no significant effects on migration behavior). Our findings are consistent with a story where some people have a willingness to pay for the possibility to more fully exert their religion which puts an upward pressure on housing in the vicinity of a mosque with public calls to prayer.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate segregation from an accommodation perspective. The essay questions how the residents of Ronna feel about their neighborhood and what they think of other people's views of their area. Our purpose is to conduct a qualitative study of whether or not individuals experience residential segregation in Ronna. The essay is based on qualitative interviews, which were conducted with five people who have lived in Ronna for at least five years and who define themselves as Assyrians/Syrians. To analyze our empirical data, we have used two theoretical perspectives. One by Westin and Elias & Scotson, which is the theory about social groups - established and outsiders. The second theory explains how ethnic boundaries and enclaves occur. With the support of previous research, we highlight and define the fundamental factors causing segregation. After analyzing our empirical data, we concluded that residential segregation is a broad concept and that there are several factors that lead to segregation. The result of the study indicates that all informants thrive in their neighborhood and feel a solidarity and cohesion with each other. In Ronna the Assyrian/Syrian is a dominant ethnic community which has formed a strong “We” – group in their neighborhood. / Syfte med denna studie är att belysa boendesegregationen i Ronna ur de boendes perspektiv. Med stöd av några teoretiska perspektiv besvaras frågan om hur invånare i Ronna upplever sitt bostadsområde, samt hur de förhåller sig till andras uppfattningar och föreställningar om sitt område.Studiens syfte uppnås genom en kvalitativ studie om individers upplevelser kring boendesegregationen i Ronna. Uppsatsen är uppbyggd utifrån kvalitativa intervjuer, vilka har genomförts med fem personer i åldrarna 30-45 som för närvarande bor i Ronna sedan minst fem år tillbaka, alla dessa individer definierar sig som assyrier/syrianer. För att analysera intervjumaterialet har vi använt oss av två teoretiska perspektiv. Den ena av dessa är det samhällsvetenskapliga forskningsinriktning som studerar sociala grupper - etablerade och outsiders, därefter har denna teori kompletterats med ett ytterligare teoretiskt perspektiv som redogör för hur etniska gränser och enklaver uppstår. Med hjälp av tidigare forskning belysas och definieras olika bakomliggande faktorer som kan orsaka boendesegregation inom ett bostadsområde. Analysen av intervjumaterialet visar att boendesegregation är ett omfattande fenomen där flera faktorer ger upphov till att segregation uppstår. Studieresultatet påvisar att i Ronna är assyrier/syrianer en dominerande folkgrupp som har skapat en stark vi-grupp i sitt bostadsområde. Samtliga informanter trivs bra i sitt bostadsområde, samt känner en stark gemenskap och tillhörighet.