The aim of the study is to analyse the significance of surroundings for an individual's socio-economic career in the form of education, occupational status and income. Guided by a social theoretical perspective the study reveals places of good fortune and places of few opportunities. The approach uses two empirical data sets. The first is a register database with in-dividuals in the Swedish municipalities of Gävle, Jönköping and Västerås. A cluster analysis was conducted and forms the physical and socio-demographic context of the 248 areas. The survey cohort consists of individuals born 1970, who lived at least five years in the same area during their adolescence. The most important finding is that the socio-demographic and physical context of the residential area of adolescence affects the subsequent socio-economical career. The second data set includes data from an interview study carried out with residents in the three municipalities. Inter-viewees speak to contextual effects on their socio-economic career and emphasised the importance of surroundings, especially for children. More specifically, the quantitative multi-level analyses showed that the individ-ual’s socio-demographic context during 1985-89 was significantly associated with his/her education in 1995. The individuals who lived in dwellings built during the Million Programme era had fewer years of education than others did and lower chances of being employed. Favourable places for a socio-economic career are those dominated by middle-class families where contextual effects towards higher educa-tion are evident. The income of an individual though can not be clearly considered as effected from the context in the residential area. The political implications of the study should be considered together with the nu-merous area-based programs in Sweden directed to improve conditions such as de-gree of occupation, education and income. Further studies on contextual effects can help to guide allocation of resources to schools and education in certain residential areas.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The socioeconomic transformations that occurred in the 90s in Brazil resulted in the redefinition of a new spatial pattern in Brazilian cities. This new standard fragmented approaches physically different social groups, but keeps them socially distant. The residential segregation, separation of families belonging to different social groups, can be analyzed from the degree of clustering, exposure and spatial isolation of a social group in certain places of the urban space. In this sense, segregation measures are useful tools for the analysis of patterns, causes and consequences of this phenomenon. Thus the aim of this study was to identify and analyze the pattern of residential segregation existing in the Urban Space Santa Maria - RS, in 2010. In fulfilling this objective the study supports the referential theoretical, emphasizing the themes that involve residential segregation, its measurement and geotechnology; methodological philosophical determined Analytical and Hypothetical-Deductive, and technician determined by the use of geotechnology and quantitative techniques. From the assumptions and considerations raised formulated was possible to know the reality of the Urban Space in Santa Maria-RS, with respect to residential segregation, noting that although this process to focus on certain regions and sectors, there is physical proximity (integration) social classes, without which this translates into social proximity (interaction). And that in areas where there is greater integration, the same occurs with individuals of similar social classes. In this sense, the methodology proved effective in identifying areas segregated and economic groups that composed it. / As transformações socioeconômicas ocorridas nos anos 1990 no Brasil tiveram como consequência a redefinição de um novo padrão espacial nas cidades brasileiras. Esse novo padrão fragmentado aproxima fisicamente diferentes grupos sociais, porém os mantém distantes socialmente. A segregação residencial, a separação entre famílias pertencentes a distintos grupos sociais, pode ser analisada a partir do grau de agrupamento, exposição e isolamento espacial de um grupo social em determinados locais do espaço urbano. Neste sentido, medidas de segregação são ferramentas úteis para a análise de padrões, causas e consequências deste fenômeno. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e analisar o padrão de segregação residencial vigente no Espaço Urbano de Santa Maria RS, no ano de 2010. No cumprimento deste objetivo, o estudo se ampara nos referenciais: teórico, ao enfatizar as temáticas que envolvem a segregação residencial, sua mensuração e as geotecnologias; metodológico-filosófico, pelo determinado Analítico e Hipotético-Dedutivo; e técnico, determinado pelo uso das geotecnologias e técnicas quantitativas. A partir dos pressupostos levantados e das considerações formuladas foi possível conhecer a realidade do Espaço Urbano de Santa Maria, RS, no que diz respeito à segregação residencial, verificando que apesar de este processo se concentrar em algumas regiões e setores, há proximidade física (integração) das classes sociais, sem que isto se traduza em proximidade social (interação). E que nas áreas onde há maior integração, a mesma ocorre com indivíduos de classes sociais semelhantes. Neste sentido, a metodologia aplicada por técnicas matemáticas e de geoprocessamento mostrou-se eficiente na identificação das áreas segregadas e dos grupos econômicos que a compõem.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:40:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 telamon seg.pdf: 1528859 bytes, checksum: 428809aa48a0533c7ca4aebacfb3ff11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-30 / This paper deals with residential segregation in the City of Manaus. Having in mind the contemporary question of urban social segregation, it specially examines matters of social classes and spatial distribution. Traditionally, Brazilian growth model has been characterized by the social exclusion of growing portions of the society, where a small portion of the population has access to the bulk of income and wealth, including proper housing, urban infrastructure and other basic services like education and health, whereas the great majority of the population is deprived from the access to those minimum basic needs. In this research, we followed two empirical studies that emphasize some aspects that seem particularly important for the understanding of its current trends and the problems affecting the quality of life, spatial segregation and social exclusion: Conjunto Nova Cidade, located in the north zone of Manaus and Condomínio Ponta Negra Village, located in the east zone of Manaus are models of how public intervention and a correct urban planning can materialize social power in the cities. The way the mechanisms of social control, over public investments, works in these areas, will be analyzed in order to verify how economic policies match with social objectives and the promotion of more concrete actions conducted by the Government in order to rearrange the city s urban space and spatial segregation inside Manaus City. / Este trabalho trata da segregação residencial na cidade de Manaus. Assim como nas demais cidades brasileiras, a construção do espaço urbano manauense caracteriza-se pela segregação residencial, polarizada pelas classes sociais. Na divisão social da cidade, as áreas consideradas nobres, onde há uma predominância da população de alto poder aquisitivo, verifica-se a existência dos equipamentos urbanos, enquanto que na periferia distante, onde há uma tendência à concentração dos segmentos de baixo poder aquisitivo, a autoprodução das moradias, senão, a única solução para o défcit habitacional, associada aos padrões mínimos de infra-estrutura urbana. Neste estudo, tomou-se como referência empírica dois empreendimentos residenciais que expressam a dinâmica da segregação residencial: o Conjunto Nova Cidade, situado na Zona Norte e o Condomínio Ponta Negra Village, situado na Zona Oeste da cidade de Manaus. Ambos materializam a espacialização do poder social nas cidades, combinada com a intervenção pública e a gestão do planejamento urbano pelo Estado. Nessa perspectiva, o eixo da abordagem trilhado propõe ir além da aparência estática do espaço construído. Pretende contemplar a dinâmica das relações sociais e a compreensão de que a produção do espaço urbano é um reflexo da sociedade, daí ser desigual e mutável. A forma como essas áreas residenciais foram concebidas pelos agentes sociais que fazem e refazem a cidade, revela por meio de estratégias e ações concretas, o marco jurídico que regula a segregação residencial, conduzido pelo poder estatal - protagonista principal, na (re)localização do espaço urbano e, sobretudo, das classes sociais na cidade.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) disproportionately impact non-Hispanic blacks in the United States. Racial differences in sexual networks can contribute to these disparities. Racial residential segregation, the separation of racial groups in a residential context, is a community factor known to influence sexual networks and has been associated with negative health outcomes. Our objective was to examine the association between racial residential segregation (henceforth, referred to as segregation), risky sexual behavior, concurrent partnerships, and STI diagnoses among non-Hispanic blacks. Demographic, sexual behavior, and STI diagnosis data for non-Hispanic blacks 15–44 years of age were obtained from the 2006–2010 National Survey of Family Growth. Segregation and community poverty data were obtained from the U.S. Census. Five distinct dimensions measured segregation, each with a representative index. Multilevel logistic regressions were conducted to test how each of the five indices were associated with risky sexual behavior, concurrent partnerships, and STI diagnoses. Risky sexual behavior results showed 16.1% (n=588) of participants engaged in risky sexual behavior. The association was stronger for the absolute centralization (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.07; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.05 – 2.08) and relative concentration indices (aOR 2.05; 95% CI 2.03 – 2.07). This suggests risky sexual behavior is most strongly associated with segregation in neighborhoods with a high density of non-Hispanic blacks and accumulation of non-Hispanic blacks in an urban core. STI diagnosis results showed 7.4% (n=305) of participants reported a STI diagnosis, and segregation was associated with STI diagnosis. The association was strongest measured with the dissimilarity index (aOR 2.41; 95% CI 2.38 – 2.43) and stronger for males. Concurrent partnerships results showed 15.6% (n=645) of participants reported concurrent partnerships. Multilevel analyses showed segregation to be associated with concurrent partnerships with the association strongest measured with the dissimilarity index. Segregation acted as a risk and a protective factor with risky sexual behavior, concurrent partnerships, and STI diagnosis, depending on the segregation measure. Additional work is needed to understand the mechanisms of how specific segregation dimensions influence risky sexual behaviors and sexually transmitted infections.

I denna uppsats har vi ämnat att öka förståelsen för hur människor påverkar segregationen genom sina egna preferenser. Vi har undersökt hur halmstadsbor resonerar kring segregationen i Halmstad och kring sina egna och andra bostadsområden i staden. Eftersom social blandning är ett ledande begrepp inom svensk stadsplanering har vi även haft som syfte att förstå hur halmstadsbor ser på detta i ett bostadsområde och om det är önskvärt eller inte. För att ta reda på det har vi genom en kombination av enkäter och intervjuer med halmstadinvånare samlat in empiri. Bearbetningen av empirin har utgått från en hermeneutisk metodologi och analysen har genomförts med hjälp av följande sociologiska teorier: Jenkins identitetsteori, Mays teori om tillhörighet, Goffmans stigmatiseringsteori, Wilkinson och Picketts definition av det sociala värderingshotet samt Lidskogs teori om det offentliga rummet och det mångkulturella samhället.Resultaten visar att segregationen i Halmstad till stor del är sammankopplad med strukturella faktorer såsom ekonomi och arbets- och bostadsmarknaden. Samtidigt är det också tydligt att sociala frågor som rör bland annat trygghet och social identitet är avgörande för en individs val av bostadsområde. Även bostadsområdenas rykten och vilken grad av tillhörighet individen har till området är faktorer som väger tungt. Resultatet visar även att en självvald segregation finns i staden, där människor aktivt väljer bostadsområden med likasinnade invånare. Den självvalda segregationen grundar sig i hur olika grupper på olika sätt skapar identiteter och känslor av platstillhörighet och trygghet. Trots att våra intervjupersoner och respondenter såg social blandning som något önskvärt uppmärksammades problem med att implementera det i praktiken av såväl ekonomiska som sociala anledningar. Det handlade bland annat om höga bostadspriser och konflikter mellan och rädsla hos olika sociokulturella grupper. / There is a big gap in knowledge when it comes to how segregation is influenced by people’s own preferences, which is what we aim to shed light on in this study. Since social mix is a leading concept amongst policy makers in Sweden we also wanted to study whether residents of Halmstad want to live in socially diverse neighbourhoods or not.This study investigates how residents of Halmstad reason about the city’s segregation and the city planners’ use of social and housing mix to combat the residential segregation. Through 106 surveys we determined the main themes of segregation and social mix, which we then where able to explore by using 6 interviews with locals. Our empirical findings were analysed with the help of the following sociological theories: Jenkin's identity theory, May’s theory of belonging, Goffman's stigma theory, Wilkinson and Pickett's definition of the social evaluative threats and Lidskog's theory of public space and the multicultural society.Our findings show that the segregation in Halmstad is largely linked to structural factors such as the economy and the labor and housing market. It is however clear that social and cultural issues related to the feeling of safety, rumors, social identity and different senses of belonging are crucial for the choice of one's residential area. Furthermore, it also shows that a self-chosen segregation exists in the city, where people actively choose residential areas where like-minded residents live. The self-chosen segregation is based on how different groups create their identities and a sense of belonging and safety in different ways. Although our interviewees and respondents saw opportunities in social mix they also problematised the implementation of social mix in a neighbourhood. They argued that economical aspects, such as the housing prices, and social aspects, such as conflicts and fear among different socio-cultural groups, hindered the process of creating social mix.

Urban segregation is considered a major social problem in Sweden and several national anti-segregation initiatives have been launched to decrease social and ethnic segregation but so far only with marginal effects (SOU 2005:29). Urban design and town planning are rarely the focus in national anti-segregation initiatives; the architectural issue has mainly been confined to matters concerning housing policies. This thesis argues that the strong focus on residential segregation in prevailing research on urban segregation is unfortunate and skewed, confusing issues related to urban design.This licentiate thesis explores urban segregation in relation to urban form because physical separation between people or between activities has an obvious direct relationship to how cities are shaped and structured by built form. Urban public space is often neglected in discussions on segregation and this thesis suggests that its role has been underrated. If it can be shown that segregation in public space influences such aspects of life as accessibility to other people and amenities, movement flows, co-presence in public space, and movement patterns, then it can be established that urban public space – as it is structured and shaped by built form – very directly influences people’s everyday lives. The thesis explores how urban segregation can be conceptualized, analysed, and described in a way that increases knowledge and under­standing regarding the role of urban form. Using a configurational morphological approach, this study shifts the focus by bringing attention to spatial relations within the city through public space, i.e., from spatial location to spatial relations. Hence, analysis focuses on distributions of space and through space rather than distributions in space. The result shows that configurational theories, methods, and tools contribute to more nuanced descriptions of spatial relations on both a local and a comprehensive level and analysis has the ability to shed light on essential differences in neighbourhoods and in the city as a whole. Using Södertälje as a case study, this thesis found a pronounced ruptured interface between the global and the local structure that clearly speaks of segregation in public space; this finding suggests that whether the neighbourhoods are residentially segregated or not, public space in most areas already is segregated. Results show that the built environment has a significant influence: urban space can both reinforce and mitigate certain social outcomes. This thesis identifies various negative social consequences of the hierarchical and segregated spatial structure found in Södertälje. Although it is not possible to say that integration processes are hindered by urban form, it is possible to conclude that spatial properties may both create and reproduce segregation patterns.Segregation in public space is found to be a far more urgent issue in the context of urban segregation than earlier recognised, and the result shows that urban form has a distinguishable influence on people’s everyday lives. This understanding opens for the possibility to address urban segregation from an urban design perspective, contributing to a significant discussion of space and society as well as issues related to urban sustainability. The findings of this study widen the possibility for urban design practice to be an important tool within anti-segregation initiatives in the future, a tool that in Sweden is used only to a very limited extent. / <p>QC 20101109</p>

The purpose of the study is to create an understanding of the continued stratification within the school in relation to the school choice. Through understanding parents' motives behind choice and non-choice of a segregated school and differences between those motives. The study is qualitative interview study based on eight interviews with parents that live in a segregated area and have children that go to elementary school. This segregated area is in a medium sized city in Sweden. Theories that have been used are Jenkins social identity, Skegss disidentification and respectability and Marinis social values and norms. The results of study show that parents justify both choice and non-choice of school with what they consider to be the right social context for their children. It is important what student composition the school has for their children to feel group affiliation, but also because there is a fear of exclusion. As for differences in motives, parents choose to not choose the nearby segregated school because they do not want to be associated with the notion that exists about the area´s parents. This shows that the free choice of school can also be understood based on the parents´ identity- creating practices.

The scientific consensus has for long been that residential segregation is best conceived of as a multidimensional phenomenon that can exist on several geographical scales (Massey &amp; Denton, 1988; Lee et al., 2008; Reardon &amp; O’Sullivan, 2004; Reardon et al., 2008). Despite this deepened understanding of residential segregation and how to best measure it, theoretical models of segregation processes have tended to disregard the diversity of dimensions and scales of segregation. Moreover, while residential segregation is broadly defined as the spatial separation of people of different social groups (Timberlake &amp; Ignatov, 2014), the frequently used Schelling model is aspatial (Schelling, 1971). In contrast, the lesser-known Sakoda model incorporates a distance-decay effect and is thus explicitly spatial (Sakoda, 1971). The aim of this thesis was to evaluate two theoretical agent-based models of segregation processes—the Schelling- and Sakoda model—by measuring the segregation patterns they generate under different parameter settings across four dimensions and six spatial scales of segregation, ranging from the micro- to the macro-scale. Thus, providing an assessment of the capacity of these models to generate (grow) different forms of residential segregation. Results from simulation experiments showed that the popular Schelling model was limited in its capacity to generate different forms of segregation. In its standard configuration it could generate micro-segregation along two out of four dimensions: Evenness and Exposure. The spatially explicit Sakoda model was able to generate segregation patterns which varied substantially across all scales on the Evenness and Exposure dimensions. In addition, it was able to generate varied patterns of Concentration and Centralization under certain parameter settings. These findings contribute new insights to the possibilities afforded by these two models in modeling processes of residential segregation. If the goal for theoretical models is to generate segregation patterns which vary across all dimensions and scales of residential segregation, then the standard configuration of the Schelling model is not enough. This thesis suggest that the Sakoda model is a promising candidate for this purpose. In addition, this thesis shows the importance of using a comprehensive measurement framework in theoretical modeling of segregation processes.

En av samhällets stora frågor är hur den ökade segregationen kan motverkas och förebyggas. Den förstärkta segregationen innebär ett utökat avstånd mellan individer, bostäder och samhällsservice som vidare leder till ökade ojämlikheter mellan individer, och kan ses som ett resultat av hur våra samhällen är gestaltade. Studien utgår från Motala kommun och syftar till att undersöka hur boendesegregation kommer till uttryck i nationella respektive kommunala strategier, samt vilka möjligheter och utmaningar som identifieras med aktuella insatser utifrån ett socialt hållbarhetsperspektiv. Detta görs med utgångspunkt från följande begrepp som alla är centrala för att en hållbar stadsutveckling ska uppnås: helhetssyn, samband, variation, identitet, inflytande. Med hjälp av dokumentanalyser och intervjuer framgår det att de kommunala strategierna i stor utsträckning speglar de nationella strategierna. Det framgår även att kommunen saknar ett helhetsperspektiv i sitt segregationsarbete och att en socialt hållbar stadsutveckling därmed blir svår att åstadkomma i flera avseenden. / One of society's biggest questions is how the growing segregation can be countered and prevented. The reinforced segregation implicates an increased distance between individuals, housing and community services which further reinforce inequalities between individuals and can be seen as a result of the way our societies are shaped. This study is based on the municipality of Moala and aims to investigate how residential segregation is expressed in both national and municipal strategies, as well as what opportunities and challenges that are identified with current efforts from a social sustainability perspective. This is done on the basis of the following concepts which are central to achieving a sustainable urban development: holistic view, connection, variation, influence, identity. By using document analysis and interviews it appears that the municipal strategies largely reflect the national approach. It also appears that the municipality lacks an overall perspective in their segregation work and that a socially sustainable urban development therefore is difficult to achieve in several respects.

Forskningsämnet boendesegregation har på senare år kommit att få en allt större roll inom den svenska segregationsdiskussionen. Uppsatsen är en litteraturstudie som diskuterar hur forskare studerar och har studerat begreppet boendesegregation, hur den synliggörs, varför den uppstår och vilka konsekvenser den ha på individer.Genom att koppla ihop den rådande diskussionen kring boendesegregation, grannskapseffekter, stigmatiseringsprocesser samt blandad boendemiljö med empiriskt material från två fallstudieområden i Botkyrka Kommun, ämnar den här uppsatsen studera konsekvenser av boendesegregation.Resultatet av fallstudien och litteraturstudien har visat upp ett komplext forskningsläge där det, dels går att finna forskare som använder teorin om grannskapseffekter som utgångspunkt i sin forskning, medan det å andra sidan finns skeptiker som pekar på empiriska brister vad gäller beläggen för existensen av grannskapseffekter.I fallstudieområdena har det kunnat noteras relativt stora skillnader mellan den socioekonomiska karriären för unga vuxna i de båda områdena. Antydan till en exogen effekt av boende i områdena, har noterats, men i en studie av denna karaktären har inte ett orsakssamband mellan boendeområdet och invånarnas socioekonomiska karriär helt kunnat fastställas. / The research regarding residential segregation has in recent years come to play an increasingly large role in the debate concerning segregation in Sweden. This paper is a literature study which discusses how researchers both have studied and are studying the conceptofsegregat ion,howsegregat ionismadevisible,whyitoccursa ndwhat consequences it may bring.By connecting the current discussion of residential segregation, neighbourhood effects, stigmatisation and mixed residential environments with empirical data from two case study areas in Botkyrka Kommun in Sweden, is the intention of this paper to study the consequences of residential segregation on inhabitants.The result of the case study and the literature study has shown a complex research area, whereas you on one hand can find researchers who uses the neighbourhood effect as a basis in their research, while on the other hand there are some sceptics who points at empirical shortcomings for the evidence of the existence of neighbourhood effects.Furthermore it has been possible to detect relatively large differences between the to case study areas, when it comes to the socio-economic career of young adults. Traces of an exogenous effect have been spotted, but the study has had difficulties in proving a cause-and- effect connection between the residential area and its inhabitants socioeconomic career.