O objeto com o qual se ocupa esta tese é a mensuração das diferenciações espaciais em entornos intraurbanos e rurais sob uma perspectiva regional a partir de dados censitários. Os padrões de desigualdades espaciais e desigualdades sociais no espaço e suas influências nos padrões espaciais de segregação residencial são investigados em variadas temáticas. Para além dos estudos consolidados que abordam os conteúdos raciais e econômicos da segregação residencial, a presente tese explora temáticas não muito usuais, tais como o gênero, as tipologias contratuais para ocupação da moradia e acesso à água. O presente estudo de caso aborda a região de 93 municípios que integram, conforme a classificação do IBGE, a rede de cidades sob influência da recém-criada região metropolitana de Ribeirão Preto. A discussão da produção social do espaço prioriza dimensões ativas dos espaços habitacionais. Os submercados residenciais relacionados à ocupação e propriedade da moradia condicionam formas de contratualização e temporalidades de giros de capitais e a conformação dos espaços residenciais na escala da cidade, bem como sua apropriação pelos diversos grupos sociais. As centralidades urbanas se reafirmam como potentes geradores de padrões espaciais de concentração basilares, muito embora não restem dúvidas sobre a complexidade crescente da diversificação de nossos entornos periféricos. Ainda que esta complexidade seja característica da contemporaneidade, há que atentarmos a este padrão elementar de centralização na medida em que as ideologias dominantes das políticas habitacionais recentes aparentam nublar o campo de disputas pelo direito à moradia nos centros e a própria cidade. / The object of this thesis is the measurement of spatial differentiation in intraurban and rural environments based on census data and under a regional perspective. The patterns of spatial inequalities and social inequalities in space and their influences on spatial patterns of residential segregation are investigated in a number of thematic areas. In addition to the consolidated literature that address the racial and economic contents of residential segregation, the present thesis explores some unusual topics such as gender, contractual typologies for housing occupation and access to water. The present case study comprises a region of 93 municipalities that, according to the official classification, integrate the network of cities under the influence of the recently stated metropolitan region of Ribeirão Preto (São Paulo State, Brazil). My approach on the theory of social production of space prioritizes productive dimensions of housing spaces. Residential submarkets based on the mismatch among occupation and ownership of the dwelling induce contractual forms and temporalities of capital returns and the configuration of the residential spaces in the scale of the city, as well as its appropriation by the diverse social groups. Urban centers reassert themselves as potent generators of spatial clustering patterns, although there is no doubt about the increasing complexity and diversification of our peripheral environments. Although this complexity is characteristic of our contemporaneity, we must pay attention to this basic pattern of centralization insofar as the dominant ideologies of recent housing policies that seem to fade the fight over the right to housing in city centers, as well as the city itself.

In dieser Arbeit wurden Segregationen, die bei der Z"uchtung einkristalliner Fasern von Oxidmischkristallsystemen mittels der Micro-Pulling-Down Methode auftreten, experimentell und theoretisch untersucht. Dazu wurden Fasern von hochschmelzenden Oxidmischkristallsystemen mit unterschiedlichen Gleichgewichtsverteilungskoeffizienten gezüchtet. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die Dotierstoffprofil von dem Gleichgewichtsverteilungskoeffizienten, der Ziehgeschwindigkeit, dem Sauerstoffpartialdruck der Züchtungsatmosphäre sowie der Meniskushöhe abhängt. Ein analytisches und ein numerisches Modell wurden erstellt um den Segregationsprozess zu beschreiben. Ein Modell basierend auf der irreversiblen Thermodynamik wurde zur Berechnung der Thermodiffusionskoeffizienten mittels Enthalpie und Entropie hergeleitet. Ausserdem wurden mechanische Spannungen, die durch die Segregationen erzeugt werden, untersucht. LiYF4 wurde erfolgreich gezüchtet. Für diesen Fall wurde die Notwendigkeit einer reinen Züchtungsatmosphäre sowie eines reinen Ausgangsmaterials in Bezug auf Wasser- und Sauerstoffverunreinigungen, gezeigt. / Within this study segregations, which occur during micro-pulling-down growth of single-crystal fibers of oxide solid solutions, have been analyzed in an experimental and theoretical manner. Single-crystal fibers of high melting point oxide solid solutions with different equilibrium distribution coefficient have been grown. It has been shown, that the dopant distribution depends on the equilibrium distribution coefficient of the dopant, the pulling speed, the oxygen partial pressure of the growth atmosphere and the meniscus height. An analytical and a numerical model have been established to describe the segregation process. A theoretical model based on irreversible thermodynamics to calculate the thermodiffusion factors using the enthalpy and entropy was derived. Also mechanical stresses induced by the segregation have been analyzed. LiYF4 has been grown successfully. In this case the necessity of a very high purity atmosphere and source material in terms of water and oxygen trace impurities has been shown.

O objeto com o qual se ocupa esta tese é a mensuração das diferenciações espaciais em entornos intraurbanos e rurais sob uma perspectiva regional a partir de dados censitários. Os padrões de desigualdades espaciais e desigualdades sociais no espaço e suas influências nos padrões espaciais de segregação residencial são investigados em variadas temáticas. Para além dos estudos consolidados que abordam os conteúdos raciais e econômicos da segregação residencial, a presente tese explora temáticas não muito usuais, tais como o gênero, as tipologias contratuais para ocupação da moradia e acesso à água. O presente estudo de caso aborda a região de 93 municípios que integram, conforme a classificação do IBGE, a rede de cidades sob influência da recém-criada região metropolitana de Ribeirão Preto. A discussão da produção social do espaço prioriza dimensões ativas dos espaços habitacionais. Os submercados residenciais relacionados à ocupação e propriedade da moradia condicionam formas de contratualização e temporalidades de giros de capitais e a conformação dos espaços residenciais na escala da cidade, bem como sua apropriação pelos diversos grupos sociais. As centralidades urbanas se reafirmam como potentes geradores de padrões espaciais de concentração basilares, muito embora não restem dúvidas sobre a complexidade crescente da diversificação de nossos entornos periféricos. Ainda que esta complexidade seja característica da contemporaneidade, há que atentarmos a este padrão elementar de centralização na medida em que as ideologias dominantes das políticas habitacionais recentes aparentam nublar o campo de disputas pelo direito à moradia nos centros e a própria cidade. / The object of this thesis is the measurement of spatial differentiation in intraurban and rural environments based on census data and under a regional perspective. The patterns of spatial inequalities and social inequalities in space and their influences on spatial patterns of residential segregation are investigated in a number of thematic areas. In addition to the consolidated literature that address the racial and economic contents of residential segregation, the present thesis explores some unusual topics such as gender, contractual typologies for housing occupation and access to water. The present case study comprises a region of 93 municipalities that, according to the official classification, integrate the network of cities under the influence of the recently stated metropolitan region of Ribeirão Preto (São Paulo State, Brazil). My approach on the theory of social production of space prioritizes productive dimensions of housing spaces. Residential submarkets based on the mismatch among occupation and ownership of the dwelling induce contractual forms and temporalities of capital returns and the configuration of the residential spaces in the scale of the city, as well as its appropriation by the diverse social groups. Urban centers reassert themselves as potent generators of spatial clustering patterns, although there is no doubt about the increasing complexity and diversification of our peripheral environments. Although this complexity is characteristic of our contemporaneity, we must pay attention to this basic pattern of centralization insofar as the dominant ideologies of recent housing policies that seem to fade the fight over the right to housing in city centers, as well as the city itself.

<p>The aim of this essay is trying to understand the ideological changing process over the last decades and the ideological meaning of the relatively new conception lifelong learning as well, and how it comes that the opportunities offered the individual pre-school child and the individual compulsory-school pupil to assimilate the so important learning, differs so dramatically all though the expressed ambition to offer each and every one equal opportunities. What are the ideological structures that are, and have been in function, that carries and have carried the perceptions of the use and value of fostering and education?</p><p>In a time with the welfare ideology in a hegemonic position, it was seen important that the state took major responsibility for the education of the citizens. In our time, it appears, an economist ideology has taken the hegemonic position, and education is becoming an increasingly economic issue, and equality is decreasing along with, as in general society, the increasing of segregation within the educational system.</p>

<p>The emerging Swedish suburbs of the 1960- 1970s started out as a utopian vision: a new city for the modern people. Media presented a different view and emphasized the inhuman livingenvironment and the social problems of the suburbs. Nationwide there have been local attempts to avoid this negative publicity by adjusting identified suburban problems. Due to medial presentation the suburbs are still associated with segregation, criminality and social problems. The presentation of suburbs and immigrants affects not only the process of integration and the general public idea of integration processes, but also the individual perception of themselves and their living. Media have opened on to a collective discrimination of the neighborhood and its inhabitants. This essay aim to contribute to the understanding of how identities arise and are maintained when people are associated with certain geographical spaces, that is suburbs. The majority of the Swedish study of suburban discrimination and segregation takes place in the periphery off ocused on Andersberg, a suburb in a smaller city called Halmstad. It is a typical high-rise, concrete suburb with a high density of immigrants and unemployment. This essay has studied the power structures in the language regarding Andersberg, to discover the discriminating construction of suburban otherness. A postcolonial perspective illustrates how the perception of the suburb and its inhabitants is constructed as in the Swedish society. Discrimination and segregation is a result of the general public perception of the suburban inhabitants as criminal, uncivilized and patriarchal.</p><p><em>the big cities. This essay has<em>others, and consequently perceived as aliens</em></em></p>

<p>Many Swedish urban neighborhoods have since they were constructed suffered from a bad reputation and have had a lack of strong socioeconomic groups settling there. This study is about a suburb in a medium-sized Swedish town and the purpose is to find out which social problems that exist there. The aim is also to explain the actors who work with adolescents in the area, which interventions and activities are offered, and whether they can be characterized as pro-social, as well as how the cooperation between the actors looks like. A qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews was carried out, involving nine respondents, who are active in the public and nonprofit sector. The interview guide used is designed and divided into different themes based on the survey questions. The result shows that the social problems that mainly distinguishes it selves in the area are unemployment and segregation, and as a result of this a certain family and youth problems occur. There exists a large number of actors in the residential area and thus a variety of actions and activities targeted to children and adolescents exist. Most of these actors cooperate and mainly and foremost, the municipality plays a significant role as a coordinator through a so-called community group, where the majority of all actors participate. Some of the respondents expressed that more organization and commitment are needed. They believe that one of the biggest obstacles to the pro-social efforts is that the residential area has an undeserved bad reputation and that it is particularly the media's stigmatization of the residents that is a major problem, with focus on the young people.<strong></strong></p> / <p>Många svenska storstadsförorter har sedan de konstruerades utifrån miljonprogrammets ideologier dragits med ett dålig rykte och har haft en brist på inflyttning av socioekonomiskt starka samhällsgrupper. Denna studie handlar om en förort till en medelstor svensk stad och syftet är att ta reda på vilka sociala problem som existerar där. Syftet är vidare att redogöra vilka aktörer som arbetar med ungdomar i bostadsområdet, vilka insatser och aktiviteter som finns och om de kan betecknas som prosociala, samt hur samarbetet mellan aktörerna ser ut. En kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts, involverande nio aktörer som är verksamma inom offentlig och ideell sektor. Intervjuguiden som använts är utformad och uppdelad i olika teman utifrån studiens frågeställningar. Resultatet som framkom visar att de sociala problem som främst utmärker sig i området är arbetslöshet och segregation och till följd av detta en viss familje- och ungdomsproblematik. Det existerar ett stort antal aktörer i bostadsområdet och därmed även en mängd insatser och aktiviteter som är riktade mot barn och ungdomar. De flesta av dessa samarbetar och främst kommunen har en betydande roll att agera som koordinator genom en så kallad områdesgrupp, där majoriteten av alla aktörer medverkar. Respondenterna uttrycker dock att en mer organisering och engagemang behövs. De anser att ett av de största hindren för pro-sociala insatser är att bostadsområdet har ett oförtjänt dåligt rykte och att det är särskilt mediernas stigmatisering av de boende som är ett stort problem, med fokus på ungdomar.</p>

<p>In four scientific papers, this thesis investigates the processes, in terms of movements of individuals, that have produced, reproduced and transformed patterns of residential segregation in Swedish cities between 1990 and 2000.</p><p>Paper 1 examines processes of immigrant concentration, and the role of the Swedish majority population in these processes. Neighbourhood transition and mobility are described and analysed for a selection of residential areas that have experienced increased immigrant concentration. The results show that low in-migration rate among Swedes, rather than high out-migration rate, has been the main driving force behind the production and reproduction of immigrant concentration areas.</p><p>Paper 2 investigates the hypothesis that distressed neighbourhoods retain their character of distress through selective migration. The socio-economic situations of in-migrants, out-migrants and stayers in the distressed neighbourhoods of Stockholm are analysed and compared, and the results show the hypothesis to be confirmed. The people who move in are more likely to be unemployed and dependent on social benefits, and have on average lower incomes than those who move out and those who remain in the neighbourhoods. </p><p>Paper 3 further investigates the selective character of the out-migration from distressed neighbourhoods. One important conclusion is that the out-migration flow from the distressed residential areas is socio-economically <i>and</i> ethnically selective. When demographic and socio-economic differences are controlled for, the likelihood of leaving the distressed neighbourhoods is much lower for an immigrant than for a Swedish-born person.</p><p>Paper 4 examines the migration flows of a whole city, Göteborg. The paper deals with some of the most common questions within segregation research; the degree of spatial concentration of different ethnic groups, processes of concentration and dispersal, the role of the minority enclaves as ports of entry to the local housing market, and how this differs between ethnic groups.</p>

In four scientific papers, this thesis investigates the processes, in terms of movements of individuals, that have produced, reproduced and transformed patterns of residential segregation in Swedish cities between 1990 and 2000. Paper 1 examines processes of immigrant concentration, and the role of the Swedish majority population in these processes. Neighbourhood transition and mobility are described and analysed for a selection of residential areas that have experienced increased immigrant concentration. The results show that low in-migration rate among Swedes, rather than high out-migration rate, has been the main driving force behind the production and reproduction of immigrant concentration areas. Paper 2 investigates the hypothesis that distressed neighbourhoods retain their character of distress through selective migration. The socio-economic situations of in-migrants, out-migrants and stayers in the distressed neighbourhoods of Stockholm are analysed and compared, and the results show the hypothesis to be confirmed. The people who move in are more likely to be unemployed and dependent on social benefits, and have on average lower incomes than those who move out and those who remain in the neighbourhoods. Paper 3 further investigates the selective character of the out-migration from distressed neighbourhoods. One important conclusion is that the out-migration flow from the distressed residential areas is socio-economically and ethnically selective. When demographic and socio-economic differences are controlled for, the likelihood of leaving the distressed neighbourhoods is much lower for an immigrant than for a Swedish-born person. Paper 4 examines the migration flows of a whole city, Göteborg. The paper deals with some of the most common questions within segregation research; the degree of spatial concentration of different ethnic groups, processes of concentration and dispersal, the role of the minority enclaves as ports of entry to the local housing market, and how this differs between ethnic groups.

Many Swedish urban neighborhoods have since they were constructed suffered from a bad reputation and have had a lack of strong socioeconomic groups settling there. This study is about a suburb in a medium-sized Swedish town and the purpose is to find out which social problems that exist there. The aim is also to explain the actors who work with adolescents in the area, which interventions and activities are offered, and whether they can be characterized as pro-social, as well as how the cooperation between the actors looks like. A qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews was carried out, involving nine respondents, who are active in the public and nonprofit sector. The interview guide used is designed and divided into different themes based on the survey questions. The result shows that the social problems that mainly distinguishes it selves in the area are unemployment and segregation, and as a result of this a certain family and youth problems occur. There exists a large number of actors in the residential area and thus a variety of actions and activities targeted to children and adolescents exist. Most of these actors cooperate and mainly and foremost, the municipality plays a significant role as a coordinator through a so-called community group, where the majority of all actors participate. Some of the respondents expressed that more organization and commitment are needed. They believe that one of the biggest obstacles to the pro-social efforts is that the residential area has an undeserved bad reputation and that it is particularly the media's stigmatization of the residents that is a major problem, with focus on the young people. / Många svenska storstadsförorter har sedan de konstruerades utifrån miljonprogrammets ideologier dragits med ett dålig rykte och har haft en brist på inflyttning av socioekonomiskt starka samhällsgrupper. Denna studie handlar om en förort till en medelstor svensk stad och syftet är att ta reda på vilka sociala problem som existerar där. Syftet är vidare att redogöra vilka aktörer som arbetar med ungdomar i bostadsområdet, vilka insatser och aktiviteter som finns och om de kan betecknas som prosociala, samt hur samarbetet mellan aktörerna ser ut. En kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts, involverande nio aktörer som är verksamma inom offentlig och ideell sektor. Intervjuguiden som använts är utformad och uppdelad i olika teman utifrån studiens frågeställningar. Resultatet som framkom visar att de sociala problem som främst utmärker sig i området är arbetslöshet och segregation och till följd av detta en viss familje- och ungdomsproblematik. Det existerar ett stort antal aktörer i bostadsområdet och därmed även en mängd insatser och aktiviteter som är riktade mot barn och ungdomar. De flesta av dessa samarbetar och främst kommunen har en betydande roll att agera som koordinator genom en så kallad områdesgrupp, där majoriteten av alla aktörer medverkar. Respondenterna uttrycker dock att en mer organisering och engagemang behövs. De anser att ett av de största hindren för pro-sociala insatser är att bostadsområdet har ett oförtjänt dåligt rykte och att det är särskilt mediernas stigmatisering av de boende som är ett stort problem, med fokus på ungdomar.

This study aims to describe the conditions, of which some youths who live in a segregated area in Sweden, see as important for their development of an identity. The study have been conducted in a manner where we put the youths own words in focus. The youths are in charge of deciding what they regard as important for their own development of their own identity. In this study we assume certain contexts, of which we base the study. These contexts include the society, the urban districts, the school, the family, and the language. A central concept in this study’s technical framework is symbolic interaction, and ethnology. The data in this study comes from group discussions with students in a school in an urban district which has been, and is segregated. Theoretical concepts and the youths own concepts serve as tools in this study. The participants in this study describe them self as not being a part of the Swedish society. They are different. Even though almost everyone of the participants in this study are born in Sweden, none of them feel that they are Swedish. Their sense of feeling secure is connected to the urban district of which they live in, school, and family. The youths describes the possibility of social networking as an important part of being secure. They describe the Swedish society as being hostile towards them as a group. They experience that the Swedes defends Sweden against them. They feel that their language is different from the regular Swedish. The participants see both a positive and a negative side of their language. They feel that the Swedes does not accept their Swedish. At the same time they feel proud of their language. They mention it as being alive. Even though they experience the difficulties in the Swedish society, they feel hopeful about their future. They see themselves in a positive way. They have an positive view of their identity.