Thesis (M.Ed.)--University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.

Segregationen i Sverige har ökat de senaste åren vilket skapat ett allt större samhällsproblem. Det är därför viktigt att kommunerna i ett tidigt stadie aktivt börjar arbeta mot segregation och för social hållbarhet. Med denna studie och dess metodutveckling vill vi främja arbetet för mindre svenska tätorter genom att ta fram och testa en metod som kommuner kan använda vid en kartläggning av segregation. För att kunna hantera segregationens mångsidiga problemställning har flera metodsteg använts. En litteraturgenomgång resulterade i sex variabler som alla har betydande påverkan på segregationen. Dessa var fastighetsbestånd, förvärvsfrekvens, inrikes- och utrikesfödda, trångboddhet, utbildning och ålder. En enkätundersökning genomfördes sedan med 14 samhällsplanerare för att rangordna de variabler som litteraturgenomgången påvisade. Rangordningen användes sedan i metoden rank sum weights, som sedermera ledde fram till en multikriterieanalys (MKA) baserad på en linjär additiv metod. Målet med studien är att kunna presentera en kartläggning för segregationen i Bollnäs tätort utifrån den metod vi har utvecklat. Resultatet från studien visar att Bollnäs tätort har fyra områden som klassas som “mest segregerade” och tre områden som klassas som “minst segregerade”. Dessa resultat har testats med tre validitets- och reliabilitetsmetoder vilka var Index of Dissimilarity, intervju, samt känslighetsanalys. Resultatet från de tre testerna påvisar tydliga tendenser och snarlika resultat från vår metod, vilket indikerar att vår metod är robust och trovärdig. Behovet av ordentliga kartläggningar likt vår studie framkommer bland annat i intervjun där en planerare från Bollnäs kommun fick peka ut de fem områden personen ansåg vara mest segregerade. För dessa fem områden pekade planeraren ut ett område som enligt vår studie var minst segregerat, vilket påvisar svårigheten kring segregationsfrågan. Vår förhoppning med denna studie är att skapa en metod som främjar kommuners arbete med social hållbarhet. / Segregation in Sweden has been rising in recent years, which has lead to an increase in social problems. It is therefore important that municipalities, in an early stage, actively begin to work against segregation and towards social sustainability. With this study and its methodology we want to encourage smaller Swedish cities by developing and testing a method that municipalities can use in mapping of segregation. To handle segregation's complex problems, several of method steps have been applied. A literature review resulted in six variables, all of which have a significant impact on segregation. The variables were: housing tenure, employment rates, domestic/foreign-born, overcrowding, education and age. A survey was then conducted with 14 experts in the urban planning sector. The planners were asked to rank the variables that the literature review highlighted. The rankings were then used to create rank sum weights, which later led to a multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) based on a linear additive method. The aim of the study is to present a mapping of the segregation in Bollnäs urban area based on the method we have developed. The result of the study shows that out of 15 areas in Bollnäs urban area, four were classified as "most segregated" and three areas classified as "least segregated". These results have been tested using three validity and reliability methods: The Index of Dissimilarity, interview and sensitivity analysis. The results of the three tests demonstrate clear trends and similar results compared with our method, which indicates that our method is robust and trustworthy. The necessity for proper mapping of segregation is demonstrated by the interview where a planner from Bollnäs municipality was given the chance to pinpoint five areas the person considered to be most segregated. For these five areas, the planner pointed out one area that according to our study was least segregated, which proves the difficulty of identifying segregation. Our hope with this study is to create a method that support municipalities work with social sustainability.

Den här masteruppsatsen utgår från antagandet att offentliga mötesplatser genom boendesegregation kan verka som plattform i syfte att skapa sociala sammanhang och en sammanhållen stad. Vidare antas kultur- och fritidsaktiviteter vara ett redskap på offentliga mötesplatser för att involvera medborgare i gemensamma aktiviteter. Genom att tillämpa innehållsanalys av plandokument samt intervjuer har kommuners vision och tillämpning av offentliga mötesplatser och kultur- och fritidsaktiviteter undersökts i studiens två fallstudier Stockholms stad, Hammarby Sjöstad och Huddinge kommun, Flemingsberg. Studiens resultat visar på kommunernas tydliga koppling mellan boendesegregation och tillämpandet av offentliga mötesplatser. Kommunerna visar en medvetenhet om att offentliga mötesplatser kan formas och utvecklas i syfte att balansera ut effekten av den rådande boendesegregationen i området. På samma sätt anser kommunerna att kultur- och fritidsaktiviteter på offentliga platser är ett användbart redskap till att förena och utveckla tolerans och tillit mellan människor. En problematik är dock att kommunerna allt oftare väljer att sälja av sin mark till privata aktörer, vilka arbetar efter andra värden än kommuner. / This master thesis assumes that public meeting places through housing segregation can act as a platform in order to create social contexts and a cohesive city. Furthermore, cultural and leisure activities are assumed to be a tool in public venues for involving citizens in joint activities. By applying content analysis of planning documents and interviews, municipalities' vision and application of public venues and cultural and leisure activities have been investigated in the two case studies of Stockholm, Hammarby Sjöstad and Huddinge, Flemingsberg. The study results show the municipalities' clear link between housing segregation and the application of public meeting places. The municipalities show awareness that public meeting places can be shaped and developed in order to balance the impact of the current housing segregation in the area. In the same way, the municipalities consider that cultural and recreational activities in public places are a useful tool for reconciling and developing tolerance and trust among people. One problem, however, is that the municipalities are increasingly choosing to sell their land to private actors who work for other values ​​than municipalities.

Use of welded titanium alloy to aluminium alloy structures in the aerospace industry has a number of potential benefits for both cost and weight saving by enabling titanium to be used only in the most critical parts, with the cheaper and lighter aluminum alloy making up the rest of the structure. However, due to the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds (IMC) at interface and the enormous gap in melting point, the welding of titanium to aluminium remains a major challenge. Solid state welding processes are most likely to be successful since they do not involve any melting, and so issues associated with the large difference in melting point and the high reaction rate of the liquid phase are avoided. In this study, an emerging low energy input solid state welding process - high-power ultrasonic spot welding (USW) was applied to weld Al and Ti (AA6111-T4/Ti6Al4V and AA2139-T8/Ti6Al4V combinations). No obvious intermetallic reaction layer was observed on the Al/Ti interface even using transmission electron microscopy. As a result, the maximum joint strength measured reached the same level as similar Al-Al (AA6111) welds and greatly exceeded those observed in Al-Fe and Al-Mg joints made using the same technique, in which a brittle reaction layer forms rapidly. However, the Al/Ti welds always failed at the weld interface after natural ageing, which is not desirable due to the low fracture energy associated with interfacial fracture mode. By using high resolution STEM-EDS, residual oxides and Si segregation were detected on the as-welded Al/Ti interface, which are thought to be factors that result in the no reaction layer Al/Ti interface. The Si segregation is predicted to be able to increase the weld interface cohesion through thermodynamic calculation. A series of prolonged heat treatment experiments were performed to understand the Al-Ti reaction layer growth kinetics and to explain the lack of reaction layer in as-welded Al-Ti joint. Al3Ti (D022 structure) was the only Al-Ti intermetallic phase observed in the reaction layer (IMC layer). In pure Al/Ti joints, it is found that the very long slow-growth stage of IMC layer is probably caused by the residual oxides on the interface. Calculations show that grain boundary (GB) diffusion makes the major contribution to the effective diffusion coefficient in the Al3Ti layer. In AA2139/Ti joints, the IMC layer growth is significantly slower than that in pure Al/Ti joints. The effects of alloying elements on the IMC layer growth was studied in detail. Cu was observed to segregate on both the Al3Ti grain boundaries and the Al3Ti/Ti interface. Si also segregated on the the Al3Ti/Ti interface and enriched in the Al3Ti layer. Both Cu and Si are thought to retard IMC layer growth. Interestingly small patches of Al were found trapped in the IMC layer; its formation mechanism is discussed. In pure Al/Ti6Al4V joints, the IMC layer growth rate did not change significantly. The presence of V greatly retarded the Al3Ti grain growth at high annealing temperature (630 °C) and suppressed the anisotropic growth of Al3Ti at 600 °C. Overall this study successfully joined Al/Ti by USW and systematically investigated the grain size effect and alloying effects on the Al3Ti layer growth. The present study for the first time: (a) observed the no-IMC-layer Al/Ti weld interface; (b) observed Cu segeration on Al3Ti GBs; (c) quantitatively studied the grain size effect on Al3Ti layer growth kinetics; (d) observed the orientation relationship between trapped Al islands and the adjacent Al3Ti grains; (e) observed that V greatly retarded the anisotropic growth of Al3Ti grains.

Segregation, as in other realms of American life, is a great problem of the churches. Although the Supreme Court decision and call for action by the President have produced few revolutionary changes, the churches of the South have taken steps to cope with this problem. Slow and faltering though these moves may be, they represent a new awakening on the part of individual churches to a pressing social responsibility.

Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka hur andra generationens invandrare upplever sin tillhörighet samt hur deras livsvillkor påverkas av att bo i ett stigmatiserat område. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ metodansats där fem semistrukturerade intervjuer har utförts. Det insamlade materialet har analyserats med hjälp av teoretiska utgångspunkter som Vanessa Mays teori om tillhörighet, Erving Goffman och Loic Waquants stigmateorier och Thomas Scheffs teori om sociala band. Resultatet visar att informanterna känner sig stigmatiserade dels för att de har utländsk bakgrund och dels för att det finns en territoriell stigmatisering genom deras bostadsområde. Informanternas föräldrar har inte alltid lyckats bli integrerade i Sverige, vilket även påverkar informanterna. Föräldrarna behöver ha en tillhörighet som då främst har blivit hemlandets kultur, som informanterna i olika grad tar efter. De flesta känner därför tillhörighet till sina föräldrars kultur och hemland, vilket också påverkar att informanterna föredrar umgänge med personer som har en liknande bakgrund. / This research addresses the understanding of how second generation immigrants perceive their sense of belonging and how their living conditions are affected by living in a stigmatized area. The study has been done with a qualitative method, where five semi-structured interviews have been conducted. The collected material has been analyzed with the help of Vanessa May’s theory of belonging, Erving Goffman and Loic Waquant’s stigma theories and Thomas Scheff’s theory of social ties. This research presents that the informants in some ways feel discriminated and stigmatized, partly because of their foreign background and partly because there is a territorial stigma through their residential area. The parents of the informants have not always managed to become integrated in Sweden, which affects the young people. As a result of this, the parents retain more of the culture of their home country, which the informants then have inherited. The majority of the informants feel that they belong to their parents culture an homeland, they then prefers to interact with people with similar background.

The purpose of this thesis was to study the requirement profile for obtaining a newly produced rental apartment via the municipal housing queue in Stockholm and what perceptions and differences about the geographical areas of the housing are conveyed in the process. This has been researched in relation to the new housing policy regarding the political incitement of market rents in Sweden. This study was conducted with a focus on vulnerable groups in society. In this study, a qualitative content analysis was used as the research method and the empirical data consists of rental advertisements from the statistical service of The Stockholm Housing Agency. The selected theories that have been applied in the analysis are Goffman's theory of stigma and the theory of social constructivism. The results of the study show that there is a lack of suitable and available forms of housing for low-income households in the municipal housing market as the majority of landlords do not accept unemployment insurance, social welfare or sickness benefit as a source of income. As an outcome, it is not possible to obtain a rental apartment via the municipal queue if you belong to that category of income. The results also show segregating patterns in the landlords' qualification requirements, as they demand a significantly higher gross income for housing in residential areas with a high socio-economic status, while requirements are more relaxed in areas with lower incomes. The results also show that the marketing of the housing is clearly aimed at a specific target group through language use. In summary, the results show that segregating practices take place in the municipal housing market as low-income households are not given access to resource-rich areas due to high income requirements and a strategic marketing that communicates what type of people are ideal for living in the area.

The purpose of this study is to investigate which factors have been important for young men from the Järva-area to not develop a criminal lifestyle. The study also examines what it means for the interviewees to live in the Järva-area. This is to find out if the Järva-area has limited the interviewees or given them skills. This is because the Järva-area has been classified in media as a problem area. Which means that the people of Järva are stigmatized and stamped. The study is qualitatively designed, and the empirical material is collected from six interviews. All participants are young men aged 20–35 who grew up in different areas around the Järva field. The results of the collected empirical evidence suggest that family and friendships are the most important factors for the young men to not end up choosing a criminal lifestyle. The place Järva has meant an incredible sense of community for all participants in the explicit exclusion of society. The participants experience the most stigmatization and stamping when they are in surroundings outside of the Järva community. Growing up in Järva does not mean that all young men become criminals. / Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka faktorer som varit av betydelse för att unga vuxna män från Järvaområdet inte ska utveckla en kriminell livsstil. Studien undersöker även vad det innebär för intervjupersonerna att bo i Järvafältet och hur bostadsområdet begränsar och möjliggör olika förutsättningar. Eftersom Järvaområdet inom den mediala sfären klassats som ett problemområde, har detta lett till att Järvaborna stämplats och stigmatiserats av. Studien är kvalitativt utformad och det empiriska materialet är insamlad med hjälp av fem intervjuer. Samtliga intervjupersoner är unga vuxna män i åldrarna 20–35 som växt upp i olika områden i Järvafältet. Resultatet av den insamlade empirin tyder på att familj och vänskapsrelationer är de mest betydelsefulla faktorerna för att de unga vuxna männen inte hamnat i kriminella livsbanor. Platsen Järva har för intervjupersonerna inneburit en gemenskap i det upplevda utanförskapet. Stigmatisering och stämplingen har upplevts som starkast när intervjupersonerna befunnit sig utanför Järvaområdet. Att växa upp i Järvafältet innebär inte att alla unga vuxna män blir kriminella.

This study aims to give an overview of school segregation in Stockholm and its development during the period 2000 to 2010. Further, it aims to examine the effects of school segregation on student achievement. The first part of the study uses register data to measure segregation in schools from 2000 to 2010, the second part utilizes the Stockholm School Survey 2010 for measuring student demographics and school achievement. The examination of school segregation in Stockholm reveal a substantial segregation between schools, on both levels of non-native background and parental education. The trends have been stable for segregation on non-native background and decreased slightly for parental education from 2000 to 2010, however, they both remain at relatively high levels. Multilevel analysis show that student school achievement is negatively impacted by increased concentration of students with disadvantaged characteristics, i.e. higher levels of students with non-native background and lower levels of parental education. The results also indicate that non-native students are more negatively affected by these effects. Further, the analysis tests for threshold effects of segregation, but no such effects can be identified and it seems to be more or less linear, higher degree of segregation leads to stronger effects. It is concluded that differences between schools have an unequal and unfair effect on student school achievement.

Syftet med föreliggande studie är att jämföra två nattvandrarföreningar i två diametralt motsatta områden i Stockholm, en i ett välbärgat område och en i ett socialt och ekonomiskt utsatt område. De bostadsområdena som har valts är Lidingö och Hallunda-Norsborg. Metoden utgår från en kvalitativ metod där det genom intervjuer undersöks hur segregation och demokrati i ett socialt och ekonomiskt utsatt område respektive välbärgat område påverkar dess civilsamhällesorganisering. Resultatet visade att föreningen i Hallunda-Norsborg var mer demokratiskt då de bland annat har en ledare som gemensamt röstats fram av medlemmarna. Föreningen har även goda relationer och samarbetar med kommun, polis och sjukvård. Hur väl ställt ett område är spelar med andra ord inte någon roll för varken det civila engagemanget eller demokratin inom nattvandrargrupperna. Det handlar mer om vad som pågår inom ett område. I det socialt och ekonomiskt utsatta området krävdes mer resurser och en strukturerad förening på grund av oroligheterna i området. Detta gjorde att de fick en förening som var uppbyggd på demokrati och jämlikhet. / The purpose of the present study is to compare two night-hiking associations in two diametrically opposite areas in Stockholm, one in a prosperous area and one in a socially and economically vulnerable area. The residential areas that have been selected are Lidingö and Hallunda-Norsborg. The method is based on a qualitative method where through interviews it is examined how segregation and democracy in a socially and economically vulnerable area and well-off area, respectively, affect its civil society organization. The result showed that in Hallunda-Norsborg it is more democratic as they have a leader who is voted by the members. The association also has good relations and cooperates with the municipality, police and medical services. In other words, how well-positioned an area is does not matter for either the civil commitment or democracy within the night-hiker groups. It's more about what's going on in an area. In the socially and economically vulnerable area, more resources and a structured association were required due to the disturbance in the area. This meant that they got an association built on democracy and equality.