Leadership style can have major consequences for the employees’ work environment and well-being. There are several theories that focus on the positive aspects of leadership styles, such as transformative, coaching, and situational leadership, which constitute the theoretical frameworks for the present study. It has also been recognized that destructive leadership behaviors can have a negative impact on the employees and the organization. The purpose of the present study was to investigate what, according to managers, characterizes constructive leadership and destructive leadership, and whether these characteristics originate in individual or organizational factors. Four managers working in private companies in Stockholm with varying backgrounds and industries were found through snowball selection and were interviewed. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The result showed that managers characterize constructive leadership as motivation, communication, self-efficacy, coaching approach, situational adjustment, development opportunities, recruitment, and participation. Destructive leadership was characterized as inefficiency, lack of experience, authority-related issues, micro-management lack of time, and organizational culture. These characteristics were further categorized as follows. The individual factors that were identified for constructive leadership were motivation, communication, self-efficacy, coaching approach, situational adjustment and for destructive leadership are inefficiency, lack of experience, authority-related issues and micro-leadership. The organizational factors that were identified for constructive leadership were development opportunities, recruitment, participation, and for destructive leadership the factors were lack of time and organizational culture. The analysis illustrates leadership as a complex process where knowledge about leadership styles gives great possibility to practicing constructive leadership. At the same time, it must be noted that organizational factors have a major impact on the leaders' ability to apply constructive leadership and, in the worst-case scenario, can result in behaviors leading to destructive leadership. The study is very limited in terms of representativeness since the population was very small and the purpose was explorative. / Ledarskapets utformning kan innebära stora konsekvenser för de anställdas arbetsmiljö och välmående. Det finns flera teorier om ledarskapsstilar som fokuserar på de positiva aspekterna av ledarskap, såsom transformativt, coachande och situationsanpassat ledarskapsstil, vilka utgör teoretisk ram för denna uppsats. Det har även uppmärksammats att destruktiva ledarbeteenden kan ha en negativ inverkan på de anställda och organisationen. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vad chefer anser orsakar ett konstruktivt respektive destruktivt ledarskap samt vilka av dessa orsaker anser chefer härstammar i individuella respektive organisatoriska faktorer. Första frågeställningen var; vad anser chefer kännetecknar ett konstruktivt respektive destruktivt ledarskap? Den andra frågeställningen var; vilka av dessa kännetecken anser chefer härstammar i individuella respektive organisatoriska faktorer? Fyra stycken chefer inom privata företag i Stockholm med varierande bakgrund och bransch hittades genom snöbollsurval och intervjuades. Data analyserades med tematisk analys. Resultatet visade att chefer anser att konstruktivt ledarskap kännetecknas av motivation, kommunikation, självbestämmelse, coachande förhållningssätt, situationsanpassning, utvecklingsmöjligheter, rekrytering, delaktighet och destruktivt ledarskap kännetecknas av ineffektivitet, erfarenhetsbrist, auktoritetsproblematik, mikroledarskap tidsbrist och bristande organisationskultur. Dessa faktorer delas upp i individuella och organisatoriska faktorer enligt följande. Individuella faktorer som identifierades för konstruktivt ledarskap var motivation, kommunikation, självbestämmelse, coachande förhållningssätt och situationsanpassning. För destruktivt ledarskap identifierades ineffektivitet, erfarenhetsbrist, auktoritetsproblematik och mikroledarskap som individuella faktorer. De organisatoriska faktorer som identifierades för konstruktivt ledarskap var utvecklingsmöjligheter, rekrytering, delaktighet och för destruktivt ledarskap identifierades faktorerna tidsbrist och organisationskultur. Analysen åskådliggör ledarskapet som en komplex process där kunskap kring ledarskapsstilar ger stor fördel för tillämpning av ett konstruktivt ledarskap. Samtidigt måste det uppmärksammas att organisatoriska faktorer har storpåverkan på ledarnas möjlighet till tillämpning av ett konstruktivt ledarskap och kan i värsta fall resultera i beteenden som leder till destruktivt ledarskap. Studien är kraftigt begränsat i termer av representativitet då urvalet var mycket litet och syftet var explorativt.

This mini thesis is aimed at establishing the relationship between developmental leadership and affective commitment as it presents itself across four levels of leadership within FNB Branch Banking. The four leadership levels targeted for research are Area Managers, Branch Managers, Administration Managers and Co-ordinators. The researcher used an Ex post facto research design in a natural field setting, formulating the research hypothesis that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between developmental leadership behaviours and affective commitment as reported by those whom directly reported to the four levels of leadership. Using 919 responses, the results of the statistical analysis showed all four leadership levels having a strong positive correlation between developmental leadership behaviours and the affective commitment of direct reports at a 99% confidence level. Finally the research also found that age has a statistically significant relationship with affective commitment and this should be examined in further research. / Human Resource Development / M. Tech. (Human Resources Development)

Första linjens chefers position mellan arbetstagare och högre chefer innebär att det ställs höga krav både uppifrån och nedifrån på dessa chefer då de befinner sig mitt i mellan det operativa och det strategiska arbetet. Emellertid kan dessa krav variera i förhållande till verksamhetens komplexitet och de resurser som tillhandahålls av organisationen. För att säkerställa en balans mellan krav och resurser för cheferna måste organisationen tillhandahålla det organisatoriska stöd som behövs för att de ska få förutsättningar till att utöva sitt ledarskap. Vidare ska chefernas utvecklingsprocess gynnas genom en hanterbar arbetsbelastning. I denna uppsats fokuseras på hur eventuella brister på organisatoriskt stöd hos första linjens chefer kan påverka denna utvecklingsprocess.   Studien syftar till att undersöka och skapa kunskap kring hur eventuella brister av upplevda behov av organisatoriskt stöd kan vara ett hinder för utveckling hos första linjens chefer inom en offentlig verksamhet. Detta undersöks genom en jämförelse av tre olika förvaltningar inom organisationen, där samtliga är hälso- omsorgs- och serviceverksamheter. I studien har kvalitativa intervjuer genomförts med tolv chefer på första linjens nivå.   Resultatet visade att utbildningar som organisationen tillhandahöll var användbara stöd i chefernas ledarskap. Dock prioriterades dessa tillfällen till lärande bort av en del chefer på grund av tidspress i arbetet, vilket skapar ett hinder för utveckling både hos individen och organisationen. Stödfunktionerna HR, IT och ekonomi framkom att upplevas bristfälliga av flera av de undersökta cheferna. En viss skillnad kunde ses avseende förvaltning, typ av verksamhet samt antal underställda medarbetare.    Slutsatsen är att organisationen gör insatser för lärande och utveckling vilka dock inte når samtliga chefer. De uttalade faktorerna var bland annat hög arbetsbelastning och brist på organisatoriskt stöd. / The position of the first line managers between employees and senior managers means that high demands are placed on these managers from the top and bottom, as they are in the middle of the operational and strategic work. However, these requirements may vary according to the complexity of the business and the resources provided by the organization. In order to ensure a balance between requirements and resources for the managers, the management must provide the support that is needed for them to have the conditions to exercise their leadership. Furthermore, the managers' development process must be promoted through a manageable workload. This paper focuses on how any deficiencies in support and resources at the first line managers can influence this development process.   The study aims to investigate and create knowledge about how any deficiencies of perceived need for support and resources can be an obstacle to the development of first-line managers within a public service. This is examined through a comparison of three different administrations within the organization, where all are health care and service activities. In the study, qualitative interviews were conducted with twelve managers at the first line level.   The result showed that training provided by the organization was useful support in the managers' leadership. However, these opportunities for learning were prioritized by some managers due to time pressure in the work, which creates an obstacle to development both at the individual and at the organization. The support functions HR, IT and finances emerged that many of the investigated managers found it to be deficient. A certain difference could be seen regarding management, type of business and number of subordinated employees.   The conclusion is that the organization makes efforts for learning and development which, however, do not reach all managers. The stated factors were, among other things, high workload and lack of organizational support and resources.

Muitas instituições de ensino superior (IES) buscam novas formas de aperfeiçoarem o processo ensino-aprendizagem visando adequarem as aulas tradicionais às tecnologias emergentes advindas da Web 2.0, como as mídias sociais. Nesse processo de reinvenção, o docente deve capacitar-se a ministrar aulas não apenas com o intuito de disseminar conhecimentos tácitos e explícitos, mas também de liderar os estudantes na sala de aula presencial e nos ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem, conduzindo-os a superarem suas expectativas quanto ao aprendizado. Analisando perfis de liderança existentes, a presente dissertação, focada em um Estudo de Caso, busca identificar qual o perfil ideal de liderança do docente em ambientes híbridos, utilizando-se para tal do Índice de Satisfação de Grupo, análise de gráficos e do discurso dos estudantes. O método de ensino adotado pelo docente foi o PBL (Problem Based Learning), dando-se ênfase ao desenvolvimento do pensamento critico. A pesquisa realizou-se junto a disciplinas do Departamento de Engenharia de Produção da EESC-USP, onde estudantes de graduação e pós-graduação foram desafiados pelo método PBL a pensarem de forma crítica na construção do próprio conhecimento. Os resultados obtidos por meio de questionários aplicados ao final dos semestres de 2011 e 2012 mostram que a liderança Laissez-faire não é indicada na fase de implantação do PBL, necessitando maior interferência do docente para a quebra do paradigma entre o modelo de ensino tradicional e o novo. Conclui-se que a conexão entre o processo ensino-aprendizagem tradicional e o novo possa ser feita por meio da liderança situacional, alternando a liderança transformacional e a transacional de acordo com o contexto, excluindo-se a Laissez-faire. / Many institutions have developed new ways to improve the teaching-learning process, trying to adequate the classes to the emerging new technologies based on Web 2.0, as in the case of social media. In this re-inventing process teachers must have the leadership skills both in classrooms and virtual learning environments, allowing the students to overcome their expectations of the learning process. This dissertation is focused on a case study that seeks to identify what is the ideal leadership profile into hybrid environments, using a group satisfaction index, graphical analysis and student speeching skills. The teaching methodology used by the teacher was the PBL (Problem-Based Learning) that emphasizes the critical mindset. The research was carried out during the disciplines into the Manufacturing Engineering graduation and post-graduation program of Universidade de São Paulo (USP) EESC department. The students were challenged by the PBL methodology to think about the best way to build their own know how. The data obtained with the application of questionaries in the 2011 and 2012 semesters showed that the \"Laissez-Faire\" leadership is not recommended during the PBL methodology implementation, requiring more interferences and attention from the teacher to break the paradigm of the traditional teaching models. The conclusion is that the connection between the traditional and the new teaching-learning processes can be built using situational leadership, alternating between transformational leadership and transactional models, contextually, excluding the Laissez-faire.

This mini thesis is aimed at establishing the relationship between developmental leadership and affective commitment as it presents itself across four levels of leadership within FNB Branch Banking. The four leadership levels targeted for research are Area Managers, Branch Managers, Administration Managers and Co-ordinators. The researcher used an Ex post facto research design in a natural field setting, formulating the research hypothesis that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between developmental leadership behaviours and affective commitment as reported by those whom directly reported to the four levels of leadership. Using 919 responses, the results of the statistical analysis showed all four leadership levels having a strong positive correlation between developmental leadership behaviours and the affective commitment of direct reports at a 99% confidence level. Finally the research also found that age has a statistically significant relationship with affective commitment and this should be examined in further research. / Human Resource Development / M. Tech. (Human Resources Development)

Muitas instituições de ensino superior (IES) buscam novas formas de aperfeiçoarem o processo ensino-aprendizagem visando adequarem as aulas tradicionais às tecnologias emergentes advindas da Web 2.0, como as mídias sociais. Nesse processo de reinvenção, o docente deve capacitar-se a ministrar aulas não apenas com o intuito de disseminar conhecimentos tácitos e explícitos, mas também de liderar os estudantes na sala de aula presencial e nos ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem, conduzindo-os a superarem suas expectativas quanto ao aprendizado. Analisando perfis de liderança existentes, a presente dissertação, focada em um Estudo de Caso, busca identificar qual o perfil ideal de liderança do docente em ambientes híbridos, utilizando-se para tal do Índice de Satisfação de Grupo, análise de gráficos e do discurso dos estudantes. O método de ensino adotado pelo docente foi o PBL (Problem Based Learning), dando-se ênfase ao desenvolvimento do pensamento critico. A pesquisa realizou-se junto a disciplinas do Departamento de Engenharia de Produção da EESC-USP, onde estudantes de graduação e pós-graduação foram desafiados pelo método PBL a pensarem de forma crítica na construção do próprio conhecimento. Os resultados obtidos por meio de questionários aplicados ao final dos semestres de 2011 e 2012 mostram que a liderança Laissez-faire não é indicada na fase de implantação do PBL, necessitando maior interferência do docente para a quebra do paradigma entre o modelo de ensino tradicional e o novo. Conclui-se que a conexão entre o processo ensino-aprendizagem tradicional e o novo possa ser feita por meio da liderança situacional, alternando a liderança transformacional e a transacional de acordo com o contexto, excluindo-se a Laissez-faire. / Many institutions have developed new ways to improve the teaching-learning process, trying to adequate the classes to the emerging new technologies based on Web 2.0, as in the case of social media. In this re-inventing process teachers must have the leadership skills both in classrooms and virtual learning environments, allowing the students to overcome their expectations of the learning process. This dissertation is focused on a case study that seeks to identify what is the ideal leadership profile into hybrid environments, using a group satisfaction index, graphical analysis and student speeching skills. The teaching methodology used by the teacher was the PBL (Problem-Based Learning) that emphasizes the critical mindset. The research was carried out during the disciplines into the Manufacturing Engineering graduation and post-graduation program of Universidade de São Paulo (USP) EESC department. The students were challenged by the PBL methodology to think about the best way to build their own know how. The data obtained with the application of questionaries in the 2011 and 2012 semesters showed that the \"Laissez-Faire\" leadership is not recommended during the PBL methodology implementation, requiring more interferences and attention from the teacher to break the paradigm of the traditional teaching models. The conclusion is that the connection between the traditional and the new teaching-learning processes can be built using situational leadership, alternating between transformational leadership and transactional models, contextually, excluding the Laissez-faire.

In this paper we present our research on learning in event organizations since we haveconcluded that there is no research on this topic. We have chosen a qualitative researchstrategy with multiple case studies where we used semi-structured interviews to go into depthin the event organizations we have studied. The research overview highlights the problem oflearning in organizations today and that organizations must learn to survive and to create acompetitive edge in the industry in which they are operating. Learning in organizationsdepends on their employees and if they may not develop within the organization they will notbecome further motivated. Our research shows that event organizations learn subsequentlyand take the situation as it comes through learning by doing primarily.Research shows that individuals learn different, and our study therefore indicates that theremust be leadership that is adapted to different situations and different learning styles. As theevent industry is time-pressed, a fully customized system will not be sustainable to managemeeting the demands of the market. Today, systems and tools for learning are inadequate toadapt to this fast-changing environment in which the organizations live. We have combinedsystems and tools that together create a more adaptable system for the time-pressed eventorganization.The system deals with an understanding of which situation the employee is in and whichpreferred way it wants to learn and thus the manager can adapt to this to get the maximumoutcome of learning. This will help managers in event organizations to better understand theiremployees, motivate them to a greater extent, thereby creating competitive advantages for thecompany. As the manager is time-pressed, our study also shows that collective learning isimportant for the effectiveness of the organization's learning. In this way, the manager doesnot always have to be the driving force in learning. Our research shows that technologicalsolutions will help the time-pressed organization to create a more collective learning and amore sustainable solution, as this is a more time-efficient tool for sharing knowledge. Whatwe present here is a contribution with a theoretical solution that is also practically feasible,unlike several previous theories.This study is written in Swedish. / I denna uppsats framför vi vår forskning om lärande i evenemangsorganisationer då vi sett attdet saknas forskning kring detta ämne. Vi har valt en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi medmultipla fallstudier där vi använt semistrukturerade intervjuer för att gå på djupet i deevenemangsorganisationer som vi studerat. Forskningsöversikten lyfter fram problematikenkring lärande i organisationer idag och att organisationer måste lära sig för att överleva ochför att skapa sig en konkurrensfördel i den bransch den befinner sig i. Lärandet iorganisationer är beroende av dess medarbetare och får inte dessa utvecklas inomorganisationen så blir de inte heller motiverade. Vår forskning visar attevenemangsorganisationer idag lär sig efterhand och tar situationen som den kommer genomlearning by doing främst.Forskning visar att individer lär sig olika och vår studie visar på att det måste finnas ettledarskap som är anpassat för olika situationer och olika lärstilar. Eftersomevenemangsbranschen är tidspressad blir därmed ett helt individanpassat system inte hållbartför att klara av att möta dess omvärld. Idag är de system och verktyg som finns för lärande iorganisationer bristande för att anpassas till denna snabbt föränderliga omvärld somorganisationer lever i. Därmed har vi kombinerat system och verktyg, situationsanpassatledarskap samt VARK och teknologi, som tillsammans skapar ett mer anpassningsbart systemför den tidspressade evenemangsorganisationen.Systemet handlar om en förståelse för vilken situation medarbetaren befinner sig i och vilketföredraget sätt den vill lära sig och därmed kan chefen anpassa sig till detta för att få ettmaximalt utfall av lärande. Detta kommer att hjälpa chefer i evenemangsorganisationer attförstå sina medarbetare bättre, motivera dem i större utsträckning och därigenom skapakonkurrensfördelar för företaget. Då chefen är tidspressad visar vår studie även att ettkollektivt lärande är av vikt för att effektivisera organisationens lärande. På så sätt behöverinte chefen alltid vara den drivande faktorn i lärandet. Vår forskning visar att teknologiskalösningar hjälper den tidspressade organisationen för att skapa ett mer kollektivt lärande ochen mer hållbar lösning då detta är ett mer tidseffektivt verktyg för att dela kunskap. Vi bidrarhär med en teoretisk lösning som även blir praktiskt genomförbar till skillnad från fleratidigare teorier.

Banksektorn är en av samhällets viktigaste funktioner och har genomsyrats av strukturella förändringar under åren som förklaras tvingat organisationerna att genomgå inre omställningar. Exempel på dessa förändringar är ny teknik och IT-utvecklingen som på senare år influerat branschen. Banksektorn som många andra branscher har drabbats av en kris i form av coronapandemin vilket innebär yttre påfrestningar. Krissituationen är intressant att studera för att skapa en förståelse för hur ledarskapet hos chefer inom banksektorn har fått hantera de yttre effekterna som coronapandemin medfört. I detta arbete är därför syftet att få en förståelse för hur chefer inom den svenska banksektorn upplever ledarskapet under coronapandemin. Arbetet riktas in på att skapa en förklaring för hur ledarskapet utövats och anpassats under krissituationen. Ledarskapsperspektiv som anses relevanta för den aktuella krissituationen används för att tolka upplevelserna. I studien används en kvalitativ undersökning i form av intervjustudier. Studiens data kommer från semistrukturerade intervjuer där respondenterna utgörs av bankchefer. Teorin kommer att beskriva tidigare forskning kring ämnet ledarskap samt perspektiv på ledarskap som berörs. Det redogörs för egenskaper som utlyser respektive ledarskapsteori. I empirin presenteras respondenternas upplevelse kring ledarskapet samt upplevelsen av ledarskapet under coronapandemin. Krisledning upplevts tillämpats i organisationer för att leda organisationen genom krisen. Det visar vidare på att den krissituation som uppstod medförde förändringar för organisationen och för ledningen, vilket visas genom en digital omställning. Vilket kan ha bidragit till att tillämpningen av distansledarskap och digitalt ledarskap ökat. Omställningen till ett digitalt arbetssätt har medfört att chefernas ledarskap har inkluderats mer av egenskaper som flexibilitet, individanpassning, kommunikation och coaching under pandemin. En slutsats är också att ledarskapet utifrån chefernas upplevelse har haft inslag av olika inriktningar inom ledarskapet som kan förstås genom olika ledarskapsperspektiv . / The banking sector is one of society's most important functions and has been permeated by structural changes over the years that are declared to have forced organizations to undergo internal changes. Examples of these changes are new technology and IT development that has influenced the industry in recent years. Like many other industries, the banking sector has been affected by a crisis in the form of the corona pandemic, which also means that the industry has been affected by external pressures. The crisis is described as interesting to study to create an understanding of how the leadership of managers in the banking sector had to deal with the external effects that the corona pandemic has brought. In this work, the aim is to understand how managers in the Swedish banking sector experience leadership during the corona pandemic and the leadership during the crisis. The study has focused on creating an explanation for how leadership has been adapted in a crisis. Leadership perspectives that are considered relevant to the current crisis are used to interpret the experience. In the thesis, a qualitative survey was carried out in the form of interview studies. The data is based on semi-structured interviews where the respondents are bank managers. The theory should describe previous research about leadership and perspective on leadership. For the theories presented, it is described as characteristics that proclaim respectively. The empirical presents the respondents' experience leadership and leadership experience during the corona pandemic. Crisis management has been used in the organization to lead the organization through the crisis. Furthermore, it shows that the crisis led to changes for organizations and the management, which shows by a digital change. The digital transformation may have contributed to the application of remote leadership and digital leadership. The change to a digital way of working that has taken place in leadership means that leadership has been included more in characteristics such as flexibility, individual adaptation, communication, and coaching extent during the pandemic. A conclusion is also that leadership based on the managers' experience has been influenced by specific leadership orientations that can be understood through a leadership perspective.

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to analyze which psychosocial workenvironment factors are crucial for employee health and how managers shouldwork to improve employees´s perception of the psychosocial work environment.  Method: This study is characterized by a deductive approach. The researchmethod used is a qualitative research strategy. The selection was made inaccordance with a targeted selection and the data collection consists ofinterviews.  Conclusion: The study has shown that leadership affects the psychosocial workenvironment in different ways and is a situation based phenomenon that should beadapted to the actual context. The study has identified several specific factors inthe leadership and leadership behaviors that should be fulfilled to accomplish agood psychosocial work environment. / Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka vilka psykosociala arbetsmiljöfaktorer som äravgörande för arbetstagares hälsa samt hur chefer bör arbeta för att förbättraarbetstagares upplevelse av den psykosociala arbetsmiljön Metod: Studien präglas av en deduktiv forskningsansats. Den forskningsmetodsom använts är kvalitativ forskningsstrategi. Urvalet är baserat på ett målinriktaturval och datainsamlingen består av intervjuer.  Slutsats: Studien har visat på att ledarskap påverkar den psykosocialaarbetsmiljön på flera olika sätt och är ett situationsberoende fenomen som böranpassas efter rådande kontext. Studien har dock identifierat specifika faktorer iledarskapet och ledarbeteenden som bör uppfyllas för att uppnå en godpsykosocial arbetsmiljö.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka vilken betydelse motivation ger för korrelationen mellan en upplevd högre grad av situationsanpassat ledarskap inom en bransch som historiskt adapterat Taylorismens styrande produktionsfokus jämfört med modernare ledarskapsteorier. Studien baseras på ett teoretisk ramverk kring tre övergripande faktorer; grad av upplevt situationsanpassat ledarskap(Meier, 2016), upplevd grad av möjligheter till lärande (Marsick & Watkins, 2003) samt motivation (Furnham, Eracleous & ChamorroPremuzic, 2009). Dessa variabler undersöks ur en kvantitativ ansats med av erkända forskare validerade datainsamlings instrument och faktorialanpassning. Resultatet delades upp och kodades till lämpligt format för att kunna utföra bivariata och trivariata kvantitativa statistiska analyser som undersöker samband mellan dessa variabler. De bivariata analyserna (ledarskap mot lärande) visade olika grader av samband som sedan testades med motivation som modulerande endogen variabel där sambanden visade stärkt korrelation. Studien visade stöd åt korrelationen av dessa trevariabler, dock indikerar determiniationskoefficienten R2att ytterligare förklarande påverkande faktorer finns till sambandet då R2 < 100%.