Submitted by Valquíria Barbieri (kikibarbi@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-26T18:44:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Rosalina Piva.pdf: 11778594 bytes, checksum: 86d124b4ee4b682c6142716aec0f2f90 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-05-29T11:53:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Rosalina Piva.pdf: 11778594 bytes, checksum: 86d124b4ee4b682c6142716aec0f2f90 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-29T11:53:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Rosalina Piva.pdf: 11778594 bytes, checksum: 86d124b4ee4b682c6142716aec0f2f90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-22 / CAPES / O presente trabalho trata de uma pesquisa de mestrado que teve como objetivo investigar que estratégias alunos da 2ª fase do 2º ciclo (5º ano do Ensino Fundamental de nove anos) que frequentam a sala de articulação de uma Escola Estadual no município de Várzea Grande, em Mato Grosso, mobilizam na Resolução de Problemas de Divisão. A estratégia é definida nesta dissertação, segundo Palhares (2004), como um conjunto de técnicas a serem dominadas pelos solucionadores ajudam o aluno a resolver o problema ou progredir no sentido de encontrar a sua solução. A pesquisa foi delineada pela seguinte problemática: Que estratégias os alunos da 2ª fase do 2º ciclo (5º ano do Ensino Fundamental de nove anos) que frequentam a sala de articulação de uma Escola Estadual de Várzea Grande, em Mato Grosso, mobilizam na Resolução de Problemas matemáticos de divisão? Levando em consideração a natureza dessa pesquisa, a metodologia de investigação adotada foi uma abordagem qualitativa e se configura em um estudo de caso, em que nos baseamos nos autores Fiorentini; Lorenzato (2012); Yin (2010); Bogdan; Biklen (1994) e Merriam (1998). A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em três momentos: no primeiro momento fizemos um levantamento das pesquisas brasileiras que discutem a Resolução de Problemas de divisão, com o objetivo de conhecer o que os autores dizem sobre essa temática. Sendo assim, a base teórica sobre resolução de problemas é embasada por Onuchic (1999, 2011), Onuchic; Allevato (2009), e Sánchez Huete; Fernández Bravo (2006), entre outros. Em relação à resolução de problemas, como metodologia de ensino, buscou-se suporte em Onuchic (2011); Brasil (1997); entre outros. Quanto à definição de estratégia na resolução de problemas, utilizamos as definições de Sánchez Huete; Fernández Bravo (2006) e Palhares (2004). Mediante o referencial teórico citado num segundo momento, aplicamos um estudo piloto com o objetivo de avaliar a metodologia de coleta de dados. O terceiro momento de nossa investigação estabeleceu-se com alunos da 2ª fase do 2º ciclo (5º ano do Ensino Fundamental) que frequentam a sala de articulação em uma escola estadual no município de Várzea Grande-MT. As estratégias mobilizadas pelos alunos foram identificadas por: desenho; algoritmo da divisão com chave longa; algoritmo da divisão com chave breve; algoritmo da multiplicação; algoritmo adição e algoritmo subtração. Como resultado, temos que os alunos da sala de articulação têm muitas dificuldades com as operações, especialmente com a de divisão, não conseguem identificar nos problemas as operações matemáticas, o que justifica pelo fato de alguns alunos estarem em fase de alfabetização e, por isso, fazem tentativas, buscando acertar qual operação deverá ser utilizada na resolução. / This paper deals with a Master thesis aimed to investigate which strategies students of Stage 2nd level of the 2nd cycle (5th year of elementary school for students of nine years) attending the resource room of a state school in the count of Várzea Grande, in Mato Grosso, how they manage the Solve Problem Division. The strategy is defined in this dissertation, according Palhares (2004), as a set of techniques to be mastered by solvers helps the student to solve the problem or progress towards finding a solution. This research was designed with the following problem: What strategies students from Stage 2nd of the 2nd cycle (5th year of elementary school for students of nine years) attending the resource room of a State School of Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso, how they manage the Mathematical Problem Divison? Considering the nature of this research, the research methodology adopted was a qualitative approach and is configured in a case study, in which we relied on the authors Fiorentini; Lorenzato (2012); Yin (2010); Bogdan; Biklen (1994) and Merriam (1998). The research was developed in three stages: at first we did a survey of Brazilian research discussing the Solve Problem Division, with the aim of knowing what the authors say about this subject. Thus, the theoretical basis for problem solving is grounded by Onuchic (1999, 2011), Onuchic; Allevato (2009) and Sánchez Huete; Fernandez Bravo (2006), among others. Regarding the definition of strategy in solving problems, we use the definitions of Huete Sánchez; Fernandez Bravo (2006) and Palhares (2004). Through the theoretical framework mentioned subsequently, applied a pilot study aiming to assess the methodology of data collection. The third stage of our investigation it was established with students from Stage 2 of the 2nd cycle ( 5th year of elementary school ) attending the living joint in a state school in the count of Várzea Grande- MT. The strategies deployed by students were identified by: design; long division algorithm with key; division algorithm with short key; algorithm of multiplication; addition and subtraction algorithm. As a result, the students of the resource room have many difficulties with operations, especially with the division, They fail to identify problems in mathematical operations, which explains the fact that some students are beginning literacy and therefore make attempts, trying to hit what operation should be used in the resolution.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:52:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Helder Pereira Borges.pdf: 3144348 bytes, checksum: 1b180634b5a87175511a1d7e57b2741d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-05-30 / In the current days, education in the distance computerized has grown in a general way. This growth is decurrent of the gotten technological advances in the scope of computer networks, with prominence for Internet. System MATHNET, resulted of the integration of the paradigms of the learning Attended for computer and Cooperative Learning, integration also known as CSCL (Computer Supported Cooperative Learning), on the basis of implements a computational model for interactive environments of Education and Cooperative Learning multiple artificial and human agents, made use in a structure of computer networks, using diverse resources multimedia. / Nos dias atuais, o ensino a distância computadorizado tem crescido de forma generalizada. Este crescimento é decorrente dos avanços tecnológicos obtidos no âmbito de redes de computadores, com destaque para internet. O sistema MATHNET, resultado da integração dos paradigmas da aprendizagem Assistida por computador e Aprendizagem Cooperativa, integração também conhecida como CSCL (Computer Supported Cooperative Learning), implementa um modelo computacional para ambientes interativos de Ensino e Aprendizagem Cooperativa com base em múltiplos agentes artificiais e humanos, dispostos em uma estrutura de redes de computadores, utilizando diversos recursos multimídias.

Syfte: I många städer finns områden som ligger lägre än omgivande terräng (lågstråk). I dessa lågstråk finns det stor risk att dagvatten ansamlas vid skyfall och medför över-svämningar och skador på byggnader och anläggningar. I denna studie har det genom-förts en undersökning av olika teorier, metoder och tillämpningar som kan ligga till grund för en teknisk lösning för att lösa problematiken med översvämningsrisken i en urban miljö (dvs stadsmiljö) med lågstråk. Metod: Först genomfördes en litteraturstudie i syfte att bland annat fördjupa kunskapen om ämnet. Därefter gjordes fyra intervjuer där målet var att tillgodogöra den kunskap som sakkunniga har om bland annat vilka tekniska lösningar som är lämpliga i urban miljö och vilka kostnader som olika dagvattenanläggningar har. Det sista steget var att utföra en fallstudie i Växjö stad där en utvald lösning studerades med målet att under-söka lämpligheten i att anlägga just den lösningen. Resultat: Av intervjuerna framgick det att det är många parametrar att ta hänsyn till när man ska projektera och bygga dagvattenanläggningar som är effektiva vid skyfall. Öppna lösningar såsom översvämningsytor och diken/kanaler föredrogs då de dels var mer effektiva, dels att de oftast var billigare att konstruera. Även litteraturstudien gav liknande resultat men det var större variation på vilka lösningar som var lämpliga. Fall-studien visade att den föreslagna lösningen kunde svälja upp till 60% av nederbörden vid ett 30-årsregn men endast i värsta fall 16% av ett 100-årsregn. Konsekvenser: Av resultatet att döma var den föreslagna lösningen inte tillräcklig för att lösa översvämningsproblematiken vid ett 100-årsregn, vilket var den återkomsttid som Växjö kommun har störst problem vid. För att hantera den stora nederbördsmäng-den måste det till mycket stora magasinsvolymer eller många små lösningar för att en accepterad nivå kan uppnås, vilket den lösning som testades inte klarade av. I intervju-erna framgick detta också att det ofta var detta som var problemet vilket i grunden beror på för liten tillgänglig yta och för mycket hårdgjord yta. Rekommendationen blir att komplettera med flera andra lösningar alternativt anlägga så kallade kassetter under gatan för att öka magasineringskapaciteten. Begränsningar: Resultatet begränsas av att det är platsspecifikt och därmed svårare att applicera på andra platser. Eftersom det har genomförts intervjuer på flera olika kom-muner så har dock denna aspekt minskat något eftersom många olika åsikter har note-rats och presenterats. De beräkningar som utfördes var inte genom en datamodellering vilket möjligtvis kan påverka tillförlitligheten något även om det enligt litteraturen an-sågs hålla en tillräcklig nivå för att kunna användas på mindre arealer. / Purpose: In many cities there are areas that are lower than the surrounding terrain (low-lying areas). In these low-lying areas, there is a great risk that stormwater will accumu-late in the event of heavy rainfall and cause floods and damage to buildings and facili-ties. In this study, a review has been carried out of various theories, methods and appli-cations that can form the basis for a technical solution to solve the problem of flood risk in an urban environment with low-lying areas. Method: First, a literature study was conducted to, among other things, deepen the knowledge of the subject. Subsequently, four interviews were conducted where the goal was to utilize the knowledge that experts have about which technical solutions are suit-able in an urban environment and what costs different stormwater facilities have. The last step was to carry out a case study where a selected solution was studied with the aim of investigating the suitability of constructing that solution. Findings: The interviews showed that there are many parameters to take into account when designing and building stormwater facilities that are effective in the event of a downpour. Open solutions such as flood surfaces and ditches / canals were preferred as they were partly more efficient and partly because they were often cheaper to construct. The literature study also gave similar results, but there was greater variation in which solutions were suitable. The case study showed that the proposed solution could swal-low up to 60% of the precipitation in a 30-year rain but in the worst case only 16% of a 100-year rain. Implications: Judging by the results, the proposed solution was not sufficient to solve the flood problem in the event of a 100-year rain, which was the return time that Växjö municipality has the biggest problem with. To handle the large amount of precipitation, very large magazine volumes or many small solutions are needed in order for an ac-cepted level to be achieved, which the solution that was tested could not achieve. In the interviews, it also emerged that this was often the problem, which is basically due to too little available space and too much hardened surface. The recommendation will be to supplement with several other solutions or to install so-called cassettes under the street to increase storage capacity. Limitations: The result is limited by the fact that it is site-specific and thus more diffi-cult to apply in other locations. Since interviews have been conducted in several differ-ent municipalities, however, this aspect has diminished somewhat as many different opinions have been noted and presented. The calculations performed were not through a data modelling, which could possibly affect the reliability somewhat, even though according to the literature it was considered to maintain a sufficient level to be able to be used on smaller areas.

TV distribution and stream content delivery of video over the Internet, since is made up of complex networks including Content Delivery Networks (CDNs), cables and end-point user devices, that is very prone to issues appearing in different levels of the network ending up affecting the final customer’s TV services. When a problem affects the customer, and this prevents from having a proper TV delivery service in devices used for stream purposes, the issue is reported through a call, a TV case is opened and the company’s customer handling agents start supervising it to solve the problem as soon as possible. The goal of this research work is to present an ML-based solution that predicts the Resolution Times (RTs) of the TV cases in each TV delivery service type, therefore how long the cases will take to be solved. The approach taken to provide meaningful results consisted in utilizing four Machine Learning (ML) algorithms to create 480 models for each of the two scenarios. The results revealed that Random Forest (RF) and, specially, Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) performed exceptionally well. Surprisingly, hyperparameter tuning didn’t significantly improve the RT as expected. Some challenges included the initial data preprocessing and some uncertainty in hyperparameter tuning approaches. Thanks to these predicted times, the company is now able to better inform their costumers on how long the problem is expected to last until is resolved. This real case scenario also considers how the company processes the available data and manages the problem. The research work consists in, first, a literature review on the prediction of RT of Trouble Ticket (TT) and customer churn in telecommunication companies, as well as the study of the company’s available data for the problem. Later, the research focuses in analysing the provided dataset for the experimentation, the preprocessing of the this data according to the industry standards and, finally, the predictions and analysis of the obtained performance metrics. The proposed solution is designed to offer an improved resolution for the company’s specified task. Future work could involve increasing the number of TV cases per service for improving the results and exploring the link between resolution times and customer churn decisions. / TV-distribution och leverans av strömningsinnehåll via internet består av komplexa nätverk, inklusive CDNs, kablar och slutanvändarutrustning. Detta gör det känsligt för problem på olika nätverksnivåer som kan påverka slutkundens TV-tjänster. När ett problem påverkar kunden och hindrar en korrekt TV-leveranstjänst rapporteras det genom ett samtal. Ett ärende öppnas, och företagets kundhanteringsagenter övervakar det för att lösa problemet så snabbt som möjligt. Målet med detta forskningsarbete är att presentera en maskininlärningsbaserad lösning som förutsäger löstiderna (RTs) för TV-ärenden inom varje TV-leveranstjänsttyp, det vill säga hur lång tid ärendena kommer att ta att lösa. För att få meningsfulla resultat användes fyra maskininlärningsalgoritmer för att skapa 480 modeller för var och en av de två scenarierna. Resultaten visade att Random Forest (RF) och framför allt Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) presterade exceptionellt bra. Överraskande nog förbättrade inte finjusteringen av hyperparametrar RT som förväntat. Vissa utmaningar inkluderade den initiala dataförbehandlingen och osäkerhet i metoder för hyperparametertuning. Tack vare dessa förutsagda tider kan företaget nu bättre informera sina kunder om hur länge problemet förväntas vara olöst. Denna verkliga fallstudie tar också hänsyn till hur företaget hanterar tillgängliga data och problemet. Forskningsarbetet börjar med en litteraturgenomgång om förutsägelse av RT för Trouble Ticket (TT) och kundavhopp inom telekommunikationsföretag samt studier av företagets tillgängliga data för problemet. Därefter fokuserar forskningen på att analysera den tillhandahållna datamängden för experiment, förbehandling av datan enligt branschstandarder och till sist förutsägelser och analys av de erhållna prestandamätvärdena. Den föreslagna lösningen är utformad för att erbjuda en förbättrad lösning för företagets angivna uppgift. Framtida arbete kan innebära att öka antalet TV-ärenden per tjänst för att förbättra resultaten och utforska sambandet mellan löstider och kundavhoppbeslut.

This paper presents the results of an investigation that aimed to analyze the strategies adopted by Aracajunian students of final year of elementary school to solving geometric problems. For this, we turn to problems taken from the books of |The Conquest Collection of Mathematics| authored by Giovanni Jr and Castrucci (2009) to develop an instrument that was initially applied to the students of 7th to 9th grades four municipal schools. After an examination of the responses submitted, a script was prepared to conduct semi-structured interviews with individuals who had different strategies through the first instrument collection. The theoretical assumptions were taken primarily from Polya (1978) for the understanding of mathematical problem geometric, their typology and possible resolution procedures. According to the examination of Polya (1978), a geometric problem characterized by ordering the contents geometry to solve it. The types of mathematical problems, according to the author can be classified from the utterance as routine, practical, and puzzle heuristic, and also for its solution are forms of determination and demonstration. Strategies to solve geometric problems highlighted in the book |The Art of Problem Solving| are using notation and formulas, as well as idealization or making figures. The results indicate that students have to geometrical problems responses, all three types by means of figures and then through arithmetic strategy. Records and algebraic strategies do not occur to students of Year 7, students are tentatively expressed by the following year and begin to gain prominence in the 9th grade classes. Students of years the different elementary school to solve routine problems similar to position geometry, in general, do not get the same success in the resolution, and the classes of 9th grade using guaranteed geometric strategy, while classes of Year 7, even if they have auxiliary notations demonstrate not feel secure about your solution, because their calculations up to justify their answers. Practical issues, applied to students in Year 7, related to the area have been resolved through the notion of perimeter, since the 8th grade students had good understanding of the concepts related to angles. In both cases there is a strong presence of geometric and arithmetic strategies. In short the figures are an important resource for these students develop their strategies with greater freedom of exposition, because through them, takes the stimulus to creativity and exercise for the establishment of solution plans. / O presente trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma investigação que teve como objetivo analisar as estratégias adotadas pelos alunos aracajuanos dos anos finais do ensino fundamental para resolução de problemas geométricos. Para isso, recorremos à problemas retirados dos livros da Coleção A Conquista da Matemática de autoria de Giovanni Jr e Castrucci (2009) para elaborar o instrumento que foi aplicado inicialmente aos alunos de 7º ao 9º anos de quatro escolas municipais. Após um exame das respostas apresentadas, foi elaborado um roteiro para realizar entrevistas semiestruturadas com os sujeitos que apresentaram estratégias diferenciadas por meio do primeiro instrumento de coleta. Os pressupostos teóricos foram tomados basicamente de Polya (1978) para o entendimento sobre problema matemático geométrico, sua tipologia e os possíveis procedimentos de resolução. De acordo com o exame de Polya (1978), um problema geométrico caracteriza-se por requisitar conteúdo da Geometria para resolvê-lo. Os tipos de problemas matemáticos, de acordo com o referido autor podem ser classificados a partir do enunciado como rotineiro, prático, enigma e heurístico, e também pela sua solução que são das formas determinação e demonstração. As estratégias para resolver problemas geométricos evidenciadas na obra A Arte de Resolver Problemas são uso de notação e de fórmulas, como também idealização ou confecção de figuras. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que os alunos apresentam respostas aos problemas geométricos, de todos os três tipos, por meio de figuras e em seguida por meio de estratégia aritmética. Os registros e estratégias algébricas não ocorrem aos alunos de 7º ano, se expressam timidamente pelos alunos do ano sucessivo e começam a ganhar destaque nas turmas de 9º ano. Alunos de diferentes anos do ensino fundamental ao resolverem problema rotineiro similar sobre geometria de posição, em geral, não obtêm o mesmo sucesso na resolução, sendo que as turmas de 9º ano utilizam com garantia a estratégia geométrica, enquanto as turmas do 7º ano, ainda que disponham de notações auxiliares, demonstram não se sentir seguros sobre sua solução, pois apresentam até cálculos para justificar suas respostas. Os problemas práticos, aplicados a alunos de 7º ano, relacionados a área foram solucionados através da noção de perímetro, já os alunos de 8º ano, apresentam boa compreensão dos conceitos relacionados a ângulos. Em ambos os casos há forte presença de estratégias aritméticas e geométricas. Em suma as figuras constituem um importante recurso para esses alunos desenvolverem suas estratégias com maior liberdade de exposição, pois através delas, se dá o estímulo para a criatividade e o exercício para o estabelecimento de planos de solução.

The dissertation focuses on the explanation of the mutual link between science and art in managerial calculations. For this purpose the dissertation explains and comments on the most utilized fragments of both of the components in its theoretical part, to which it refers in the practical part. It deals with the analysis of the managerial styles of thinking during the process of learning, with methodological approaches used in teaching the art to solve problems and discusses the differences of exact and empirical approaches that relate to the differentiation of what the theory claims and the praxes does. The tools stand in for the technical side of managerial calculations that derive from the more general systems of rational conceptions. The practical part goes in for solving the selected case studies, where the link between the science and the art is clearly demonstrated.

This thesis deals with co-operative teaching and the development of social, personnel and problem-solving competence at the first stage of primary school. The aim of this thesis is to find out how does the co-operative teaching contribute, as an organisational form, to the development of these key competences. The thesis is divided in theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is based on a set of literature, which is presented at the end of the thesis. This part introduces competentional model according to RVP. It closer defines specific competences and deals with organisational forms of teaching. It describes the role of co- operative teaching in the development of key competencies, social, personnel and problem- solving competencies. In the practical part there is a qualitative-quantitative research implemented, which is divided into three parts. The first part is devoted to a qualitative survey, participatory observation of pupils in the 2nd year of elementary school. It is focused on planning, realisation, description and summarisation of series of co-operative teaching lessons, which evolve social and personal competences as well as competences to solve problems. The second part complements the participatory observation with a quantitative survey. These are questionnaires filled in...

There are directives for how public procurement should be conducted, in terms of quality,price, non-discrimination, transparency, equal treatment, reasonable requirements and how environmental, social and labor law considerations should be taken into account. Public procurement must also solve societal problems with the aim of achieving the global goals, but despite these guidelines, environmental ethical problems still remain for how a purchaser should prioritize and evaluate between the social, ecological and economic responsibility in public procurement. The purpose was to investigate whether environmental ethics could make a significant contribution in highlighting and understanding the environmental ethical challenges, conflicts, gaps and considerations that public procurement faces and provide answers to how public procurement should ethically value different tenders in order to be able to choose the supplier that makes the greatest social, ecological and economic benefit to society with the aim of achieving the global goals. The conclusion is that doctor Olle Torpman's environmental ethical sub-issues make the ethical challenges, as conflicts, gaps and considerations that public procurement faces visible and comprehensible. The application of the ethics of sustainable development, specified by professor Mikael Stenmark, solves the environmental ethics problems and shows that an environmental ethics theory makes a significant contribution when it comes to providing answers to how public procurement should ethically value the social, ecological and economic responsibility in public procurement. The procurement authority has been commissioned by the government to amend the law on public procurement so that it is in line with the new climate law. I hope that this thesis can provide an environmental ethical perspective on public procurement. Keywords: sustainable purchases, sustainable public procurement, environmental ethics, evaluate sustainability in purchasing, sustainable development goals, public procurement shall solve societal problems.

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