This dissertation aims to develop an ethical system that can properly frame such questions as the morality of large-scale efforts to transform inanimate parts of nature, for example, proposals to terraform Mars. Such an ethics diverges from traditional approaches to ethics because it expands the class of entities regarded as morally considerable to include inanimate entities. I approach the task by building on the environmental ethical theory of Paul W. Taylor, as developed in his 1986 book Respect for Nature: A Theory of Environmental Ethics. I discuss various criticisms of Taylor and propose two extensions to his theory: an expansion of the scope of moral considerability to include all concrete material objects and the introduction of the concept of variable moral significance (the notion that all entities have inherent worth but some have more than others). Using Taylor’s modified and extended theory as a foundation, I develop something I call universal ethics. This is an ethical framework whose key elements are a fundamental ethical attitude of respect for the world and a principle of minimal harm. Universal ethics regards all concrete material entities, whether living or not, and whether natural or artefactual, as inherently valuable, and therefore as entitled to the respect of moral agents. I offer a defence of this ethical framework and discuss a number of practical applications, including criticism of proposals for the terraforming of Mars. I conclude that terraforming Mars or any other celestial body at this point in our history would be morally wrong. I also suggest that universal ethics provides an ethical foundation for efforts to protect Antarctica, and that it has implications for our relations to other inanimate parts of our world, including artefacts.

La thèse intitulée « Tempus edax rerum » (« Le temps rongeur dévore tout », Ovide). Le voyage sur ses propres pas dans les écrits du prince Henryk Lubomirski aborde la question d’un second voyage et les incidences du retour dans les mêmes endroits sur la perception de l’auteur. Cette problématique est étudiée à partir de documents manuscrits méconnus jusqu’à présent : le journal de voyage du prince Henryk Lubomirski, la correspondance avec sa mère adoptive la princesse Izabela Lubomirska, et d’autres témoignages conservés dans des archives en Pologne et en Ukraine. Pour entamer nos études, il a fallu définir le phénomène du second voyage qui, pour nous, relève de l’expérience réelle du déjà-parcouru. Cette répétition de l’itinéraire permet de constater les divergences dans la perception des mêmes paysages, sites, monuments dues à divers facteurs, entre autres le vécu et l’histoire personnels qui forment, modifient, varient la sensibilité et la susceptibilité du voyageur. Nous cherchons donc à déterminer la spécificité du regard redoublé, voire renouvelé indépendamment des motifs du déplacement, de sa destination et de la biographie du voyageur. Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous présentons l’histoire du second voyage à partir du Moyen Âge, l’époque où le phénomène est très rare, jusqu’à la Révolution qui marque une rupture, qui met un terme à un certain type de périple et donne naissance à une pratique viatique liée à la nouvelle sensibilité issue de ce grand bouleversement. Nous essayons de démontrer ce qui est particulier et ce qui est universel dans cette expérience. Le second voyage est analysé à partir des pérégrinations de Goethe à travers l’Italie et des retours de Chateaubriand à Londres et à Rome. Chez ces grands écrivains la répétition évoque des émotions différentes. Goethe est déçu, les nouvelles impressions chassent les anciennes, la valeur associée au second voyage se fonde sur l’effacement. Chateaubriand, par contre, tente un rapprochement entre différentes périodes de sa vie et il constate une accumulation des sensations. Les deux exemples des voyageurs polonais qui ont effectué un second voyage complètent ce parcours historique. Dans la deuxième partie, nous exposons la biographie du prince Henryk Lubomirski et les circonstances de son second voyage. Nous parlerons de sa formation et de l’influence décisive de sa mère adoptive qui sera la compagnonne de son Grand Tour dans les années 1789-1790, ainsi que de son activité à l’âge mûr, à savoir la protection du patrimoine culturel polonais. En 1811, le prince et sa famille quittent Genève à cause de problèmes de santé de son épouse. Le séjour dans le Midi devait l’aider à se remettre et à retrouver l’équilibre mental. Cette pérégrination se déroule à travers la France postrévolutionnaire, partout les traces des bouleversements historiques se laissent percevoir. Le prince Lubomirski décrit minutieusement leur itinéraire, le logement, les moyens de transport et les manifestations culturelles auxquelles il assiste. Il note aussi les prix et donne d’autres renseignements pratiques. Ce qui l’intéresse, c’est le paysage qu’il perçoit avec une nouvelle sensibilité si caractéristique pour cette époque charnière. La recherche du sublime et les réflexions sur la relation entre la nature et l’état de l’âme ainsi que sur la fragilité du destin humain se multiplient dans le récit. La troisième partie est consacrée à la question de la mémoire et à ses différentes apparitions : individuelle, collective, nationale. Nous observons qu’aucun regard n’est « innocent », il est toujours chargé de l’histoire personnelle du sujet. La mémoire permet d’opérer une relecture des endroits déjà visités et déclenche des souvenirs. Grâce à son activité affective, elle transforme des lieux neutres en emblèmes de l’agréable, le voyageur récupère le monde disparu et se retrouve soi-même. / The purpose of the thesis « Tempus edax rerum » (« Le temps rongeur dévore tout », Ovide). Le voyage sur ses propres pas dans les écrits du prince Henryk Lubomirski is to approach the question of the second journey and the repercussions of the comeback to the same places on the author's perception. These problems are undertaken through the careful lecture of a number of up-to-date unknown manuscripts: that is, prince Henryk Lubomirski's travel diary and the correspondence with his adoptive mother Izabella Lubomirska, as well as others testimonies.In the preliminary part of the research, it was necessary to define the second journey, which for the purposes of this study, is a real experience of the already-visited. The very repetition of the itinerary allowed to discern the differences in the perception of landscapes, places of interest and historic monuments, all due to different factors; among which are someone's real life experience which form, modify and vary the traveller's sensibility. This in turn made possible an attempt to investigate the specificity of the doubled or renewed look apart from the underlying reasons, such as journey destination, motivation of the traveller, and the biography of the latter.The first part presents the history of the second journey, tracing it back to the Middle Ages, when it was a very uncommon phenomenon, and concluding with the French Revolution which is the moment of a sudden change, putting an end to one kind of travelling and giving way to another experience related to new sensibility, deriving from revolutionary upheaval. Thus, the study attempts to reveal particularity and universality of the second journey in the post-revolutionary era.This in itself is looked at through the lens of Goethe's peregrination across Italy and Chateaubriand's comebacks to Rome and London. In their texts the repetition evokes different emotions. Goethe being disappointed, in his account the new impressions drive away the old ones. Thus, for him the value of the second journey is based on erasing. Chateaubriand, on the other hand, draws a parallel between different times of his life as he observes the accumulation of sensations. The accounts of two Polish travellers from the period complete this historical section.In the second part are approached prince Henryk Lubomirski's biography and the circumstances of his second journey. In particular, his cultural background is taken into account as well as his adoptive mother's influence on his upbringing. She accompanied him in his Grand Tour in 1789-1780 and later on, in his maturity, assisting him in the task of the Polish cultural heritage protection.In 1811 he and his family leave Geneva because of his wife health problems. The stay in the South of France was planned to help her in her recovery and finding mental equilibrium. The journey takes place across post-revolutionary France where traces of atrocities are still clearly visible. The prince describes meticulously itinerary, means of transport, accommodation and events he attends. He writes down prices and practical information. He is particularly fond of landscapes he looks at with new sensibility, characteristic for the period. The sublime search, reflexions on the relation between nature and the states of soul and the fragility of the human fate multiply in the relation.The third part is related to memory and its different dimensions: individual, collective and national. We note that there is no innocent perception, it is always tinged with author's personal history. The memory lets the traveller read again places already visited and triggers memories. Thanks to its affective activity it converts neutral places into symbols of the pleasant, allowing the traveller to succeed in his perennial quest of recovering the world that no longer exists and finding himself back.

This study focused on the schools of KwaDabeka Township in KwaZulu-Natal. This project explored the underlying reasons for and types of violence, as well as initiatives for violence prevention. This is a qualitative study; therefore it is located within the interpretive paradigm. A case study strategy was employed in which qualitative methods such as interviews, observations, document reviews, and journals were used to collect data. The findings suggest that besides ill-discipline and uncooperativeness by learners, criminals and thugs from outside schools pose a threat to the stability of schools. The findings also suggest that girls and young boys are victims of violence in schools. The research findings suggest that violence production in schools is shaped by socio-economic status of community where the school is in, as well as gender and masculinity. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)

1 Summary: At present our society faces the fact that children have been losing interest in activities that do not generate an immediate result and their free time is spent primarily passive. Overall values in society have changed. To obtain the various resources, experiences, property, we prefer the easier way to the effort and perseverance. Therefore we cannot value our own personality and know ourselves. Probably that is why current society is called consumer. This study consists of two parts - the theoretical and the empirical part. The study deals with the relation between physiological and psychological development of children, influence of environment and the use of free time. It detects options and ability of pubescent children living in the city and in the country to use leisure time offer. It also examines how much the place of living influences the way of spending their free time. The main objective is to find differences in the use of free time due to specific life in the city and in the country. Some problems in relation to the free time are also mentioned, e.g. specifics of life in the satellite towns, some sociopathological phenomena (crime, drug addiction or vandalism). The empirical part describes and summarises the entire procedure, the creation of non- standard questionnaire and its...

The diploma thesis deals with the theme of negative effects (forms of risk behaviour) at elementary schools pupils in Český Krumlov and mentions valid legilslation in the field of the risk behaviour primary prevention at school-compulsory choldren and youngsters. The theoretical part describes chosen socially-pathologic effects, the system of primary prevention and MŠMT legislation and other ministries as well in the field of risk behaviour prevention, as well as preventive aktivity of the institutions and organizations in the area of the city of Český Krumlov according to valid laws. The diploma thesis in the practical part includes empirical research performed at chosen elementary schools in Český Krumlov among teachers mapping their experience with the most frequent risk behaviour forms of pupils and further their knowledge and valid legislation usage inthe field of preventation both at schools and duringafter-school activities.

This study focused on the schools of KwaDabeka Township in KwaZulu-Natal. This project explored the underlying reasons for and types of violence, as well as initiatives for violence prevention. This is a qualitative study; therefore it is located within the interpretive paradigm. A case study strategy was employed in which qualitative methods such as interviews, observations, document reviews, and journals were used to collect data. The findings suggest that besides ill-discipline and uncooperativeness by learners, criminals and thugs from outside schools pose a threat to the stability of schools. The findings also suggest that girls and young boys are victims of violence in schools. The research findings suggest that violence production in schools is shaped by socio-economic status of community where the school is in, as well as gender and masculinity. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)

This work focuses on a possibility of using current computer vision alghoritms and methods for automatic similarity matching of so called graffiti tags. Those are such graffiti, that are used as a fast and simple signature of their authors. The process of development and implementation of CBIR system, which is created for this task, is described. For the purposes of finding images similarity, local features are used, most notably self-similarity features.

The thesis is divided into two parts. Theoretical part consists of four chapters, empirical investigation, the practical part.Chapter one focuses on the notion of family and its importance. Except for clarification of the concept are described the basic characteristics of the family now, basic functions of the family and educational styles. Conclusion of the firts chapter looks at the family as a potential risk factor of development and socio-pathological behavior in children and adolescents. The second chapter explains the basic concepts of social deviance and social pathology and describes the main causes of social pathologies. The third chapter describes the various social pathologies, which pose the greatest risk for the age group of children and adolescents. There are described in more detail: dependence on psychoactive substances, aggression and violence, vandalism, bullying, cyber crime and delinquency and pathological gambling. The fourth chapter is devoted to prevention, especially for a preventive action in the family. Practical part is an empirical investigation, in which the case study of ten children and adolescents who have committed some form of pathological behavior.

Detta examensarbete har sin utgångspunkt ihållbar stadsutveckling och inriktar sigsärskilt på social hållbarhet men även påekonomisk hållbarhet. Arbetet behandlarhuruvida den fysiska strukturen (gator,byggnader, parker, vägar) och markanvändningen(mötesplatser, funktionsblandning,aktivitetsytor) kan verka brottsförebyggandeoch trygghetsskapande och som kontextundersöks delområdet Herrgården iRosengård, Malmö. Med utgångspunkt i deteoretiska principerna; människans skala,befolkade stadsrum, naturlig övervakningoch förvaltning härleds en förståelse försambandet mellan fysisk miljö, brott ochotrygghet. En nulägesbeskrivning och enhållbarhetsanalys av situationen i Herrgårdengörs. Området Herrgården kartläggsoch analyseras utifrån ett observationsschemabaserat på de teoretiska principerna.Analysen av den fysiska strukturenkompletteras med brottsstatistisk, analysav brottskoncentrationers geografiskaplacering tillsammans med input från denfördjupade trygghetsundersökningen. Intevjuermed verksamma i området kompletterarstudien.Hållbarhetsanalysen visar att Herrgårdenär ett utsatt och resurssvagt område samtatt Herrgårdenborna saknar förankring tillsamhället genom sin låga delaktighet. Invånarnai Herrgården känner en låg gradav trivsel, tillit och kollektiv styrka,lägst för stadsdelen.Vidare uppger invånarna i Herrgården attde känner en hög otrygghet och en storandel av invånarna avstår aktiviteter pågrund av otrygghet fastän utsattheten förbrott inte är anmärkningsvärd hög.Analys av den fysiska strukturen och markanvändningenutifrån principerna ur teorigenomgången;människans skala, befolkadestadsrum, naturlig övervakning ochförvaltning visar att det finns mycket attgöra.Analysen av brottsstatistik visar på treutmärkande mikroplatser i delområdet; Rosengårdsskolan,koloniområdet och Rosengårdsherrgård (inrymmer Drömmarnas hus).Hållbarhetsanalysen visar att jämlikhetenoch delaktigheten i Herrgården behöverstärkas. För att öka den upplevda trygghetenoch minska brottsligheten i Herrgårdenkrävs insatser som inbegriper mångaaktörer och en bred samverkan, inte minstpå lokal nivå. Vidare är det nödvändigtmed en lokal förankring till de boende iområdet inte minst barn och unga som utgören stor andel av invånarna. För attförändringar i den fysiska strukturen skaförbli långsiktiga investeringar och intedrabbas av vandalisering och nedskräpningså är det viktigt att befolkningen i områdetkommer till tals och får möjlighetatt lämna synpunkter och förslag tidigt iprocessen.Som en del av examensarbetet upprättas enprojektplan med syfte att stärka främstden sociala men även ekonomiska hållbarhetensom omfattar att ta fram en generiskmodell för ett lokalt brottsförebyggandeoch trygghetsskapande program med inriktningpå fysisk struktur och markanvändning,TRYGG & SÄKER. Projektet syftartill att öka tryggheten och minska tillfällenaför brott men även till att ökajämlikheten och delaktigheten bland de boendeoch verksamma.Sökord/nyckelord: hållbar stadsutveckling,social hållbarhet, brottsförebyggande ochtrygghetsskapande stadsplanering, brott,säkerhet, trygghet, GIS, fysisk planering,geografisk analys, markanvändning, befolkadestadsrum, stadsliv, ögon på gatan,delaktighet, hotspots, mikroplats / This thesis is based on sustainable urbandevelopment and focuses particularlyon social sustainability, but also economicsustainability. The thesis addresseswhether the physical structure (streets,buildings, parks, roads) and land use (venues,function mixing, activity areas) cansupport crime prevention and reduce thefear of crime and the context for thissurvey is Herrgården in Malmö, Sweden. Basedon the theoretical principles; humanscale, populated urban space, natural surveillanceand management an understandingof the relationship between physical environment,crime and fear of crime is derived.A status report and a sustainabilityanalysis of the situation in the Herrgårdenis made. The area Herrgården is mappedand analyzed through an observationschedule based on the theoretical principles.The analysis of the physical structureis complemented by crime statistics,analysis of hotspots` geographic positiontogether with input from the security survey.Interviews with people working in thearea complements the study.The sustainability analysis shows thatHerrgården is a vulnerable and weak resourcearea and the residents lacks anchoringto the community by their low participation.The inhabitants of Herrgårdenfeel a low degree of satisfaction, trust,and collective strength, lowest for thedistrict.Furthermore, residents in Herrgården statethat they feel a high level of fear ofcrime and a high proportion of residentsrefrain activities due to fear of crime,although victimization is not remarkablyhigh.Analysis of the physical structure andland use based on the principles of thetheory; human scale, populated urban spaces,natural surveillance and managementshows that there still is much to do.The analysis of crime statistics shows threedistinctive hot spots in the area;Rosengårdsskolan, area with the allotmentsand the old mansion of Rosengård(today Drömmarnas hus, multiactivities forchildren and young).The sustainability analysis shows thatequality and participation in Herrgårdenneeds to be strengthened. In order to reducethe crime and the fear of crime in Herrgården efforts involving many stakeholdersand a broad collaboration, especiallyat the local level, is needed.Furthermore, it is necessary to have alocal connection to the residents especiallychildren and young people who make upa large proportion of the inhabitants. Tochange the physical structure to remainlong-term investment and not suffer fromvandalism and littering, it is importantthat people in the area have a voice andthe opportunity to make comments and suggestionsearly in the process.As part of the thesis a projectplan is established,aimed at strengthening primarilysocial but also economic sustainability,which includes developing a genericmodel for a local crime prevention andsecurity-building program that focus onphysical structure and land use, SAFE &SECURE. The project aims to reduce fear ofcrime and reduce opportunities for crimebut also to increase the equality and fullparticipation of people living and working.Keywords/tags: sustainable urban development,social sustainability, crime preventionand reduced fear of crime, urbanplanning, crime, safety, security, GIS,spatial planning, spatial analysis, landuse, populated urban space, city life, eyeson the street, participation, hot spots