The ancient Chinese I Ching, the Book of Changes, and the philosophy of the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) both assert that the universe exists in a state of change. The I Ching, originally a book of divination, illustrates the changing phenomena of the natural world in terms of sixty-four hexagrams, which are figures composed of six lines  yielding and firm lines, representing actual conditions and relationships existing in the world and caused by the interplay between two primordial forces, yin and yang. The I Ching shows that on the macro level the Tao works in the universe, in heaven and on earth, and on the micro level it applies to man. The I Ching teaches harmony with Tao and its power (natural law and moral law), so that its reader may take appropriate action in any given situation with reference to the hexagrams and their appended judgments as revealed by the oracle. Nietzsche, however, regards the world as the Will to Power, ‘a monster of energy’, like a storming and flooding ocean eternally changing, where harmony and order seems impossible. His mouthpiece, Zarathustra, who teaches the Übermensch, encourages a war-like attitude towards life. Zarathustra’s second metamorphosis of an evolving spirit, the warrior lion, marks the difference between the Nietzschean Übermensch and the Chinese sage who attains harmony and balance within and without, a mysterious union with heaven. Zarathustra’s third metamorphosis, a playing child, creates itself as its own ‘bridge’ through a process of self-overcoming, whereas the I Ching indicates order to be the ‘bridge’ over chaos, the order of the human world being expressed in the five cardinal relationships. Whereas the I Ching advises its reader to follow their own nature and fate in order to lead a harmonious moral life, Nietzsche’s Übermensch is ‘the annihilator of morality’ and paradoxically ‘the designation of a type of supreme achievement’ (EH Books 1). With his idea of the Übermensch, Nietzsche indicates that morality is a pose (BGE 216). He seeks to make us become aware that we should invent our own virtue and create our own way in order to become what we are. He criticizes Christian morality, calling himself ‘the first immoralist’. His shocking approach attempts to make us become aware of the possibility that a ‘noble morality’ and ‘higher moralities’ ought to be possible. His Übermensch represents such a higher mode of existence. Zarathustra also teaches the doctrine of eternal recurrence, implying that moment is eternity, changelessness within change. Multifarious manifestations are the expression of the Tao. Everything is interconnected and interdependent. Whereas ordinary men see the continuity of phenomena as real, enlightened beings are aware of the transitory and illusive nature of the self and all things. The Nietzschean Übermensch embodies the characteristics of an enlightened being, a Buddha or Bodhisattva in Buddhist terms, characteristics such as wisdom and compassion. Therefore, the practice of the Bodhisattva is explored as a feasible way for actualizing the Nietzschean hypothetical Übermensch. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Philosophy / unrestricted

The views of Edwards and Wesley regarding the sovereignty of God present a puzzle. On the face of things, both were successful evangelists while both held contrary doctrines of sovereignty. Does this mean that the doctrine of sovereignty is irrelevant? This thesis argues that the doctrine of sovereignty is crucial in evangelism and revival, and that the views of Edwards and Wesley regarding the sovereignity of God were in fact very similar. A useful framework for showing this is the Five Points of Calvinism, as well as the doctrines of justification by faith and the omnipotence of God.

Over time, news about Africa has not been encouraging, whether in relation to poverty; incessant and sporadic conflicts; ineffective leadership; or in relation to the failure of the continent to develop in spite of the vast natural resources with which it is endowed. The failure of good governance in Africa epitomises the plight of the continent, and is the result of many factors including; diverse ethnic divisions across the continent, imposition of foreign systems through colonialisation, to name a few. This thesis also identifies an important factor which is the challenge to the rule of law on the continent. For the rule of law to be established in a society, the law first has to be an integral part of the society, and has to be legitimate, and internalised by the society. For laws and the law-making processes to be legitimate, there needs to be the consent and participation of the people which the law seeks to bind. This is lacking in most African countries where laws are often vestiges of the colonial era, and where the post-colonial law-making mechanisms have not induced confidence. These situations have led to a deficit in the legitimacy of the law in Africa, and the inability of such laws to structure and govern the people; because the people have more often than not been excluded from the law-making process, nor given their consent to be bound by the laws. The resultant effect of these realities is that the laws generally lack legitimacy and are adhered to only when sanctions are attached. This thesis investigates the Constitution as the foundational law in two former British colonies in Africa, namely Nigeria and South Africa and in particular, the way in which it is made; the resultant legitimacy, and the effects on the peoples’ response and interaction with the law. This is in order to draw a nexus between the lack of legitimacy of laws in Africa (as evidenced in the constitution making processes), and the challenges faced by the rule of law on the continent, using the cases of Nigeria and South Africa. / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Public Law / unrestricted

L’assistance dans l’élaboration d’un acte juridique est une technique ancienne à laquelle le législateur continue aujourd’hui d’avoir recours. Pourtant, elle semble susciter peu d’intérêt, de sorte que la légimité de son existence peut être mise en doute. L’objet de cette démonstration est donc de comprendre ce phénomène d’assistance afin de savoir s’il renvoie à une institution singulière et autonome. Apparaissant sous une double forme à l’occasion de la formation d’un acte juridique, l’assistance peut être tantôt “habilitante”, tantôt “facilitante”. Si ce dualisme est utile dans la détermination du régime, il est avant tout, sur le plan notionnel, source de confusion. Dans tous les cas, l’assistance affiche toutefois une unité substantielle. Caractérisée comme un “être avec” et un “agir avec”, l’assistance est une technique de protection intermédiaire refusant toute substitution qui consiste pour l’assistant à être aux côtés de l’assisté afin de l’aider à exprimer une volonté en conformité avec ses intérêts. Ce phénomène se doit par conséquent d’obéir à des règles clairement identifiées, ce qui n’est pas toujours le cas à ce jour. Tout en mettant en évidence le droit positif, cette étude se propose donc d’apporter certaines précisions dans le fonctionnement de l’assistance envisagé à la fois dans la seule relation établie entre les deux principaux protagonistes, mais aussi au-delà. Si l’assistance se déploie entre l’assisté et l’assistant, elle rayonne nécessairement sur l’acte juridique ainsi passé et sur des tiers à la relation d’assistance. / Assistance is a method that the legislator has had recourse to for long in the drafting of a legal transaction and it still does nowadays. However, it seems to arouse so few interest that the legitimacy of its existence may be doubted. The purpose of this demonstration therefore is to understand this practice and determine whether it can be considered as a singular and autonomous institution or not. Assistance can play two parts during the drafting of a legal transaction, sometimes as an “enabler”, sometimes as a “facilitator”. While this duality proves to be useful in the determination of the regime, it mostly brings a lexical confusion. In any case though, assistance conveys a substantial unity. Both defined as “being with” and “acting with”, assistance is an intermediary protection technique that excludes any kind of substitution and consists, for the designated assistant, in standing by the assisted to help him to state a will in accordance with his interests. As a consequence, it has to comply with clearly identified rules, which is, to date, not necessarily the case. Whilst presenting the positive law, this study aims at clarifying the functioning of assistance, both taken as the relationship established between the two main protagonists and beyond. Although assistance mainly concerns the assistant and the assisted, it inevitably has an impact on the legal transaction concluded thereby and the related third parties.

Pour Nietzsche, les Grecs interprètent le monde en fonction d’une représentation enrichissante, qui permet ainsi à la volonté de se déployer sous le prisme du concept de force, comme détermination absolue tant de l’homme que des dieux. Leur vie s’y manifeste dans ce cas à partir du pessimisme de la force. Par contre, l’optimisme rationaliste qui recherche une interprétation intelligible ou idéaliste du monde aboutit à un fondement théorique, logique et moral de la vie, représentation appauvrissante, qui lui donne plutôt une forme décadente, rabougrie. Ainsi, le rationalisme finit par se transformer en nihilisme, configurant alors le « pessimisme du monde vrai ». Nietzsche va donc lui opposer le pessimisme dionysiaque, signifiant la recherche d’une nouvelle forme plus moderne d’enrichissement du monde et de la vie, à travers leur rencontre, leur implication l’un dans l’autre qui est supposée créer la joie, la légèreté. Le but nietzschéen est en fait de définir les conditions de possibilité qui permettront de passer de la maladie à la santé, qui impliquera en même temps l’illusion, l’apparence et les forces de l’inconscient ; et ce à partir de la critique, et surtout de la généalogie, comme méthode authentique de lutte contre les symptômes de rabougrissement / For Nietzsche, the Greeks interpreted the world in terms of meaningful representation, which allows the will to unfold through the prism of the concept of force as an absolute determination of both the man whom the gods. Their life is manifested in this case from the pessimism of strength. For cons, the rationalist optimism seeking an interpretation intelligible or idealistic world leads to a theoretical basis, logic and moral life, impoverishing representation, which gives it a shape rather decadent stunted. Thus, rationalism eventually turns into nihilism, then configuring the “pessimism of real world”. Nietzsche is therefore to oppose the Dionysian pessimism, meaning the search for a new more modern form of enrichment of the world and life, through their meeting, their involvement in one another that is supposed to create joy, lightness. The Nietzschean goal is actually to define the conditions of possibility that will pass the disease to health, which involve the same time the illusion, appearance and the forces of the unconscious, and that from the critical philosophy, and especially the genealogy as a method of authentic fight against the symptoms of stunting

This thesis is concerned with two central questions. The first is theoretical and asks, "Can a direct appeal be made to the foundational principles of liberalism to support collective rights?" The second question is practical and asks: "Would such a defense serve the interests of contemporary Canadian Aboriginal claims to special constitutionally recognized collective rights known as the Aboriginal Right?" I utilize Will Kymlicka's defense of minority rights as the theoretical framework in assessing this first question and in assessing the latter, I refer to various reported Aboriginal conceptions of the so-called Aboriginal Right which have been formalized by Aboriginal people themselves through constitutional addresses, Royal Commission hearings, discussion papers and legal claims. Part I of the thesis involves an enquiry into the nature of the revisions that Kymlicka proposes to make to liberal theory, and asks whether, in making such changes, he is able to retain identification with the so-called "modern" liberals, with whom Kymlicka identifies himself, and consistently defend the kind of group minority rights of the sort actually being claimed in Canadian society today. I conclude that Kymlicka argument fails in two respects: it fails to do the work required of it by modern liberals and it ultimately fails to do the work required by the standards of Kymlicka own theory. In Part II, I argue that even if it were theoretically possible to protect the good of culture in the way that Kymlicka hopes, such a defense of collective rights fails in the most important respect: that is, it cannot do the work required of it by the Aboriginal people for whom it was designed. / Arts, Faculty of / Philosophy, Department of / Graduate

Fréquente en droit pénal, jamais entreprise en droit civil ou en droit administratif, cette étude révèle l’abondante appréhension juridique de la notion de la provocation. Malgré cette richesse, aucune étude transversale n’a jamais été menée à son propos et cette notion demeure encore indéfinie. Il est pourtant apparu que, non seulement que la conceptualisation de la provocation était rendue souhaitable par son absence d’approche cohérente, mais encore que cette conceptualisation était parfaitement envisageable. A cette fin, une typologie des comportements de provocation, leur nature et leur caractérisation purent être établis. Puis, la dualité de la provocation, résultant de la nécessaire relation d’influence du provocateur sur la personne provoquée, commanda l’étude des manifestations de la provocation sur cette dernière. Il apparut, à cet égard, que la subjectivité du concept de provocation se confrontait fréquemment à l’objectivation croissante des responsabilités et expliquait, au moins en partie, le recul de son appréhension légale, notamment en droit pénal. Dès lors, cette conceptualisation s’est heurtée à de sérieuses difficultés, tant définitionnelles que conceptuelles, de notions afférentes à la provocation et inhérentes à la responsabilité, telles que la culpabilité, la volonté, l’intention, l’imputabilité ou encore la causalité et l’imputation. Sans prétendre à un renouvellement de la théorie de la responsabilité, des clarifications de ces notions se sont avérées un préalable nécessaire au travail de conceptualisation de la provocation et à son application pratique. Enfin, au constat d’une nature éminemment subjective de la provocation, s’est naturellement imposé celui d’un régime spécifique. Le régime de la provocation, à l’instar de sa nature, se révèle dual : il engage ou atténue la responsabilité selon que la personne envisagée est provoquée ou provocateur. Spécifique, dual et subjectif, le régime juridique de la provocation en révèlera l’ampleur et lui assurera une pleine effectivité. / Common in criminal law, never undertaken in civil law or in administrative law, this research shows the wide legal approach of the notion of provocation. Despite this richness, no transverse study has never been done about it. Moreover, this notion remains undefined. Nevertheless, not only the conceptualisation of provocation has been necessary, owing to the absence of coherence regarding its approach, but this conceptualisation was also not perfectly conceivable.To that purpose, the typology of provocation’s behaviours, its nature and characterisation were able to be set up. Then, the duality of provocation, which is the result of the essential influence’s relation of the provoker on the provoked person, required studying expressions of the provocation on the one who is incited. Regarding this matter, it seemed the subjectivity of the concept of provocation often faced with the increasing objectivation of liabilities and explained, at least partially, the decline of its legal approach, in particular in criminal law. Therefore, the conceptualisation of the provocation was confronted to serious difficulties, regarding both the definition and the concept, of notions relating to provocation and inherent in the legal responsibility, such as culpability, will, intention, accountability or the causal link and imputation as well. Without expecting a total renewal of the notions belonging to the theory of liability, a clarification of these ones seems to be a necessary precondition for the conceptualisation of provocation and its practical application. Eventually, to the finding of an eminently subjective nature of provocation, must be added the one of a special legal regime. The regime of provocation, following the example of its nature, turns out to be dual: it involves or reduces the legal responsibility depending on the person charged is the provoked or the provoker. Special, dual and subjective, the legal regime of the provocation will point out its extent and assure it of real efficiency.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om upplevd impulsivitet hos en potentiell vän kan påverka män respektive kvinnors vilja att vara vän med den personen.   Studien genomfördes med en 2x2 oberoende mätning med mellangruppsdesign. Den beroende variabeln var skattning av viljan till vänskap. Första oberoende variabeln var personlighetstyp som presenterades i två olika scenarier med två betingelser; impulsiv och eftertänksam. Den andra oberoende variabeln var kön med två betingelser; man och kvinna. Båda scenarier var identiska förutom omformuleringar beroende på betingelse. Självskattad vänskapskvalité och självskattat personlighetsdrag kontrollerades för. Tidigare forskning baserad på barn har visat att impulsiva barn blivit mer avvisade och mer impopulära än andra barn. Genom att undersöka hur vuxnas vilja att vara vän med en person påverkas beroende på hur personen beter sig är därför aktuellt eftersom det då kan framkomma om detta förekommer även i vuxen ålder. En 2x2 oberoende ANOVA visade att det fanns en interaktionseffekt mellan Kön x Scenario vilket indikerar att kön och scenario spelade stor roll för den beroende variabeln. Studien visade att kön hade en påverkan på resultatet; kvinnor var mindre benägna till att vara vän med en impulsiv person jämfört med en eftertänksam person. För männen i undersökningen spelade inte scenario någon roll gällande viljan att vara vän vilket indikerar på att de bryr sig mindre om en potentiell vän är impulsiv eller eftertänksam. Möjligen kan det vara att kvinnor lägger mer energi på sina vänskapskretsar och hur en potentiell vän ska bete sig i större utsträckning än vad män gör. / The aim with this study was to investigate whether perceived impulsivity of a potential friend can affect men’s and women’s willingness to be friends with that person. The study was conducted with a 2x2 independent measurement with a between groups design. The dependent variable was a self-assessed rating of the will of friendship. The first independent variable was the personality type that was presented in the two different scenarios with two conditions; impulsive and thoughtful. The second independent variable was gender which also had two conditions; men and women. The scenarios was identical except for some language changes depending on the condition. Self-assessed rating of friendship quality and self-assessed rating of personality traits were controlled for. Previous research based on children has shown that impulsive children become more peer rejected and unpopular than other children. By examining how adults’ willingness to be friends with a person is affected, depending on the other person’s behavior, it may be concluded that this rejection even occurs in adulthood. A 2 x 2 independent ANOVA indicated that there was an interaction effect between Gender x Scenario which means that gender and scenario had a great influence on the dependent variable. The study indicated that gender had an impact on the result; women were less likely to be friends with an impulsive person compared to a person that is thoughtful. The two different scenarios did not matter for the men in this study regarding the will to be friends, which indicates that they did not care about if a potential friend was impulsive or thoughtful. This could possibly depend on that women put greater effort in their relationships with their friends and more thought in how a potential friend should behave to a greater extent than men do.

I detta examensarbete undersöks hur den individuella övningen påverkas av en tydlig och hälsosam dagsrutin. Hur aspekter såsom vila, sömn, motion och vilja påverkar övning är inte alltid helt självklart för utövande musiker, även om forskning på områdena är omfattande. Syftet med detta arbete är att ta reda på i vilken grad vilja, stress, sömn, motion och vila kan påverka min övningsrutin. Målet med att skapa denna övningsrutin var att jag skulle kunna öva i fem timmar per dag, sex dagar i veckan under en längre period. Förhoppningen var att utökandet av övningstiden skulle leda till större frihet i mitt spel och i mitt konstnärliga uttryck. För att kunna följa den konstnärliga utvecklingen gjordes tre inspelningar av samma stycke, vid olika tillfällen; en före testperioden, en efter första testperioden och en efter andra testperioden. En jämförelse mellan två testperioder på fyra till fem veckor gav svar på skillnaden mellan att endast bruka sin vilja, kontra att ha en hälsosammare dagsrutin. I den första testperioden användes endast min egen målmedvetenhet, vilket i samband med dåliga dagsrutiner ledde till ett misslyckande. I den andra testperioden kombinerades min målmedvetenhet med hälsosamma dagsrutiner i form av sund dygnsrytm, regelbunden motion och vila, vilket ledde till att övningsrutinen lättare kunde upprätthållas under fyra veckor. Detta ledde i sin tur till att jag kände mig friare i mitt konstnärliga uttryck vid det sista framförandet. Arbetets resultat tyder på att fördelarna av en hälsosam dagsrutin bör tas i beaktning vid skapandet av en längre övningsrutin vilket i slutändan kan leda till större frihet i det konstnärliga uttrycket. / In this study individual practicing will be examined to see how it is affected by a healthy daily routine. How aspects like rest, sleep, exercise, and will affect practicing is not always self-evident for musicians, even if research in the area is extensive. The purpose with this study is to find out how much will, stress, sleep, exercise, and rest affect my practice routine. The goal with the practice routine was to be able to practice for five hours, six days a week during a longer period. The hope was that the extending of practice time would lead to a greater liberty in my playing and in my artistic expression. To follow the artistic development three performances of the same piece were made at different times: the first before the first trial period, the second after the first trial period, and the third after the second trial period. In the study two test periods were compared to examine the difference between using only motivation versus having a healthy daily routine. In the first trial period my determination was the only maintaining factor, which in combination with a poor daily routine led to failure. The second trial period combined my determination with a healthy daily routine in the form of proper sleep patterns, regular exercise, and rest, which led to an easier maintenance of the practice routine for four weeks. This led to me experiencing a greater freedom in my artistic expression in the last performance. The result of this study suggests that the benefits of a healthier daily routine should be considered when creating a longer practice routine which in turn can lead to a greater freedom in artistic expression.

Den 1 juli 2018 implementerades den så kallade samtyckeslagen i Sverige, vilket bland annat innebar en revidering i våldtäktsbestämmelsen. Från att vara krav på våld, hot, tvång eller utnyttjande av särskild utsatt situation för straffansvar till dagens rekvisit brist på frivillighet. Debatten kring en samtyckesreglering har pågått under en längre tid i Sverige, där det ej införts tidigare dels på grund av att risken att fokus på målsägande i utredningar och rättegångar skulle bli för stort. Syftet med rapporten är därmed att undersöka hur arbetssättet hos brottsutredarna har förändrats sedan lagändringen, samt vad de upplever för eventuella svårigheter och möjligheter i arbetet. Detta har studerats genom fem semistrukturerade intervjuer med utredare anställda av Polismyndigheten med kravet att de ska ha utrett våldtäktsärenden både innan och efter lagändringen. Genom studiens resultat uppkom fem huvudteman; Bevisning, Rättssäkerhet, Vidareutbildning, Målsägandebiträdets roll och Frozen fright. Kort sammanfattat ansåg informanterna att arbetssättet överlag var oförändrat, dock med andra typer av frågor i förhör med målsägande och misstänkt. De upplevde det nya rekvisitet som tydligt men det gick att antyda att de hade önskat mer utbildning i samband med implementeringen. Ett målsägandebiträde spelar enligt informanterna en stor roll i utredningen och kan vara till stor hjälp i deras arbete. Frozen fright är enligt utredarna ett vanligt förekommande tillstånd bland personer utsatta för våldtäkt och det har undersökts i syfte att det med dagens lagstiftning klassas som en våldtäkt om någon utnyttjar en person som befinner sig i denna utsatta situation. Förhoppningen är att rapportens slutsatser kan användas vid implementering av lagar i Brottsbalken samt bidra med kunskap i det fortsatta brottsutredande arbetet och inom rättsväsendet. / The 1st of July 2018 the consent law was implemented in Sweden, which among other things meant a revision in the Rape Act. From requirements of violence, threat, constraint or exploitation of a particularly vulnerable situation for criminal liability to today's necessary prerequisite lack of free will. The debate on consent regulation has been on for a long time in Sweden, with the main reason for not being introduced earlier is because of the risk that focus on the plaintiff in investigations and trials would be too big. The purpose of this report is hence to investigate how the way of working among the criminal investigators has been altered since the change in the law, and what difficulties and possibilities they experience in their work. This have been studied through five semi-structured interviews with investigators employed by the Swedish police authority with the requirement that they should have been investigating rape cases both before and after the change in the law. Five main themes arose through the study's results; Evidence, Legal certainty, Education, The role of the plaintiff’s counsel and Frozen fright. In short, the investigators considered that their way of working was generally unchanged, but with other types of questions in questioning of the plaintiff and suspect. They perceived the new prerequisite as easy to interpret, however, the implementation could have come with more education. According to the informants, a plaintiff’s counsel plays a major role in the investigation and can be of great help in their work. Frozen fright is according to the investigators a common condition among people exposed to rape, in current jurisdiction, it is classified as rape if someone exploits a person who is in this vulnerable situation, therefore why this is studied. The expectation is that the report’s conclusions can be used in the implementation of laws and contribute with knowledge in the continued criminal investigation and in the judiciary.