The aim of the dissertation was to investigate the demographical differences on Work-SoC, and the relationship between work-related sense of coherence (Work-SoC) and work engagement in a motor retail organisation in Gauteng. The Work-related sense of coherence (Work-SoC) scale, Utrecht work engagement (UWES-9) scale and a biographical questionnaire were applied in the data collection from 326 employees in a motor retail organisation in Gauteng. The results indicated a strong relationship between Work-SoC and work engagement and that Work-SoC does predict work engagement. Except for tenure and gender, all demographical variables showed statistically significant mean differences on Work-SoC. The study has added valuable knowledge to the existing literature as it was the first to investigate mean differences on Work-SoC for different demographical groups and also investigate the relationship between Work-SoC and work engagement in the South African environment. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:19:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2265.pdf: 523337 bytes, checksum: 2477d159e27f57cd16b0c9b6babbf96e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-05 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / OBJECTIVE: To translate and culturally adapt the Need for Recovery Scale (NFR) to Brazilian Portuguese and to assess the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version among industrial workers. METHODS: The translation process followed a guideline for cultural adaptation of questionnaires, which included the stages of translation, synthesis, back-translation, committee review and pretesting. The NFR Portuguese final version (Br-NFR) was evaluated regarding reliability by tests of stability (n=52) and internal consistency (n=192); convergent validity by simultaneously assessment with other instruments: the Borg Scale (n=59); the Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (n=57) and 3 subscales of the SF-36 (n=56). RESULTS: Stability and internal consistency achieved the criterion for a reliable measure (ICC=0.80 and Cronbach s α =0.87, respectively). The convergent validity between Br-NFR and other instruments also showed good results: Borg Scale (r=0.64); Chalder Questionnaire (r=0.67); SF-36 subscales: Vitality (r=-0.84), Physical Functioning (r=-0.54), and Role- Physical (r=-0.47). CONCLUSIONS: The Br-NFR revealed to be a reliable instrument to evaluate work-related fatigue symptoms in industrial workers. Furthermore, it showed significant and good correlations with accepted instruments in the field like the Borg Scale, the Chalder Questionnaire and SF-36 Vitality subscale, providing support for the validity of the scale. / OBJETIVO: Traduzir e adaptar culturalmente a Need for Recovery Scale (NFR) para a Língua Portuguesa do Brasil e investigar os parâmetros psicométricos da versão Brasileira em trabalhadores industriais. MÉTODOS: A tradução da escala seguiu um guia para adaptações culturais de questionários, que envolveu as etapas de tradução, síntese, tradução reversa, revisão por Comitê e pré-teste. A versão final em Português da escala (Escala de Necessidade de Descanso - ENEDE) foi avaliada quanto a confiabilidade pelos testes de estabilidade (n=52) e consistência interna (n=192) e quanto a validade convergente em avaliações simultâneas com outros instrumentos: Escala de Borg (n=59), Questionário de Fadiga de Chalder (n=57) e 3 Escalas do SF-36 (n=56).RESULTADOS: A estabilidade e consistência interna da escala atingiram o critério de medida confiável (ICC=0.80 e α de Cronbach=0.87, respectivamente). A validade convergente entre a ENEDE e os outros instrumentos também apresentaram bons resultados: Escala de Borg (r=0.64); Questionário de Fadiga de Chalder (r=0.67); escalas do SF36: Vitalidade (r=-0.84), Capacidade Funcional (r=-0.54) e Aspectos Físicos (r=-0.47). CONCLUSÕES: A ENEDE apresentou boa confiabilidade para avaliação de sintomas de fadiga relacionada ao trabalho em trabalhadores industriais. Além disto, a ENEDE também apresentou correlações satisfatórias e significativas com outros instrumentos aceitos pela literatura, como a Escala de Borg, o Questionário de Chalder e a Escala Vitalidade do SF-36, que fornecem suporte para a sua validade.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:19:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2990.pdf: 616602 bytes, checksum: 829531461b37752a48aecf7166676fda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-17 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Background: Musculoskeletal disorders have been recognized as a worldwide health problem. One of the measures for controlling these disorders is workplace exercise, either at the workstation or in a separate environment within the company. However, there is controversy regarding the effectiveness and means of applying these interventions. Objectives: To assess and provide evidence of the effectiveness of workplace exercise in controlling musculoskeletal pain. Methods: The following databases were searched: PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, PEDro and Web of Science. Two independent reviewers selected the elegible studies. Possible disagreements were solved by consensus. All randomized controlled clinical trials that evaluated exercise interventions in the workplace musculoskeletal pain relief were included. The PEDro scale (range=0-10 points) was used to rate the quality of the studies included in this review. Results and Conclusion: The electronic search yielded a total of 8680 references published in English. At the end of the selection process, 18 studies were included. Strong evidence was found to support the effectiveness of physical exercise in controlling neck pain among workers who performed sedentary tasks in offices or administrative environments, while moderate evidence was found for low back pain relief among healthcare and industrial workers who performed heavy physical tasks. These positive results were reported when the training periods were longer than 10 weeks, the exercises were performed against some type of resistance and the sessions were supervised. None of the studies evaluating sedentary workers reported positive results for controlling musculoskeletal shoulder pain. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to comparatively evaluate, among other aspects, the effects of light and heavy training for shoulder pain relief. / As disfunções musculoesqueléticas representam um problema de saúde mundial. Dentre o conjunto de medidas para controle dessas alterações está a prática de exercício físico em ambiente ocupacional, que pode ser realizada no próprio setor de trabalho ou em ambientes à parte, mas dentro da empresa. Entretanto, há controvérsias quanto à efetividade e à forma de aplicação desse tipo de intervenção.Objetivos: Avaliar a efetividade e fornecer evidências a respeito da prática de exercício físico no ambiente ocupacional para o controle da dor musculoesquelética. Métodos: As seguintes bases bibliográficas foram consultadas: PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, PEDro e Web of Science. Dois revisores independentes selecionaram os estudos pertinentes, e as eventuais discordâncias foram solucionadas por consenso. Foram incluídos no estudo os ensaios clínicos randomizados controlados que realizaram intervenção no local de trabalho envolvendo exercício e avaliaram a dor musculoesquelética. A escala PEDro, que tem pontuação de 0-10, foi utilizada para avaliação da qualidade dos estudos incluídos nesta revisão. Resultados e Conclusões: A busca eletrônica resultou em um total de 8680 referências publicadas em inglês. Ao final do processo de seleção, 18 estudos foram incluídos. Forte evidência foi encontrada para a efetividade do exercício físico no controle de dor cervical em trabalhadores que realizavam atividades em escritórios ou setores administrativos, descritos como sedentários enquanto evidência moderada foi encontrada para a região lombar daqueles que realizavam atividades envolvendo manuseio de pacientes ou materiais na indústria, desde que os treinamentos fossem aplicados por períodos superiores a dez semanas, incluíssem exercícios realizados com algum tipo de resistência e fossem supervisionados. Nenhum estudo avaliando trabalhadores sedentários relatou resultados positivos para o controle da dor musculoesquelética em ombros. Novos estudos randomizados controlados são necessários para avaliar, dentre outros aspectos, o efeito comparado de treinos leves e pesados para ombros.

Bakgrund: På grund av psykiatriska diagnoser ökar den arbetsrelaterade ohälsan. Genom att arbeta förebyggande och främjande på arbetsplatsen, kan den arbetsrelaterade hälsan stärkas och utvecklas. Med tanke på att ett hälsofrämjande fokus har stark koppling till arbetseffektivitet, behöver detta hälsoarbete framhävas. Av bakgrund till att flyktingströmmen 2015 resulterade i en hög arbetsbelastning för integrationsarbetare, fann denna studie ett intresse av att studera hälsofrämjande inslag på en kommunal mottagningsenhet för nyanlända. Syfte: Att studera om de anställda på en mottagningsenhet för nyanlända upplevde hälsofrämjande faktorer på sin arbetsplats. Metod: Studien genomfördes med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod. Intervjuer på nio heltidsanställda fick representera resultatet. Intervjuerna transkriberades och analyserades med en innehållsanalys. Resultat: Arbetsuppgifter, social gemenskap, möjlighet till delaktighet, kompetensutveckling, ledarskap samt dagliga hälsofrämjande aktiviteter på arbetstid visade sig vara betydande hälsofrämjande faktorer på arbetsplatsen. Konklusion: Faktorerna genomsyrade en hälsofrämjande karaktär eftersom de kunde kopplas till känsla av sammanhang, savoring och empowerment. Det konkluderades att upprätthållandet av faktorerna är viktigt, med tanke på att de kan påverka de anställdas hälsa positivt. Fortsättningsvis är det av stor vikt att de här faktorerna stärks och upprätthålls för att möjliggöra ett gott integrationsarbete. / Background: Work related illness is based on the growth of psychiatric diagnosis. By working preventive and promotive in the workplace, the work related health can be strengthened and developed. Given that workplace health promotion has a strong link to work effectiveness, this health work needs to be emphasized. Due to the fact that the 2015 refugee flow resulted in a high workload for integration workers, this study found an interest in studying health promotion features at a municipal receiving unit for new arrivals. Purpose: To study whether employees on a receiving unit for new arrivals experienced health promotive factors at their workplace. Method: The study was implemented by using a qualitative method. Interviews of nine fulltime employees represented the results. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed with a content analysis. Results: Work task, social community, opportunity for participation, capacity building, leadership and daily health promotion activities at work time was proven to be substantial health promoting factors at the workplace. Conclusion: Because of the linkage to sence of coherence, savoring and empowerment, the activities were related as health promotive factors. The factors are important given that they can positively improve employee health. Henceforth it is vital that these factors can be strengthened and maintained to promote integration work.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLFM.pdf: 513655 bytes, checksum: 950c918317e43b508645211bba44287b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-01-01 / Ergonomics changes in the work place interfere in the relation between over operators work and health. This case study had as its objective to analyze the repercussions of a process of changes technical and organizational due to ergonomic projects in a school material plant. Two company sectors were selected which are responsible for the main product external completion. One of the sectors received the full ergonomic intervention and the other had only little adjustments. In order to develop this study, the following procedures were executed: questionnaire applications, observations in order to understand the work activity in both sectors and interviews with the objective of comprehending different actors perception of changes in the in the company. The results indicated that, after the ergonomic intervention, there was a reduction in absenteeism due to RSI/WRMD, changes in physical and cognitive task requests, a differentiated interpretation of results for each social group in the company and na appropriation, by the company, of the results and transformation process started by the ergonomic project for other purposes. This case study revealed the importance of the evaluation process of an ergonomic intervention, because it confirms that a positive result in relation to the demand that originated the intervention, will not always grant future improvements. The analyzed situation points to new problems, whose repercussions are not yet known, but need to be discussed. / As modificações ergonômicas no ambiente de trabalho interferem na relação entre saúde e trabalho. Este estudo de caso teve como objetivo analisar as repercussões do processo de mudanças técnicas e organizacionais decorrentes dos projetos de ergonomia de uma empresa do setor de material escolar sobre o trabalho e a saúde dos operadores. Foram selecionados dois setores responsáveis pela etapa de acabamento externo do principal produto da empresa. Um setor recebeu a intervenção ergonômica e o outro sofreu pequenas modificações. Para o desenvolvimento deste estudo foram realizados os seguintes procedimentos: aplicação de questionários, observações para compreender a atividade de trabalho nos dois setores e entrevistas para percepção das mudanças nos diferentes atores da empresa. Os resultados apontaram que após a intervenção ergonômica houve diminuição dos afastamentos por LER/DORT, modificações nas exigências físicas e cognitivas das tarefas, uma interpretação dos resultados da intervenção diferenciada para cada grupo social da empresa e apropriação pela empresa dos resultados e do processo de transformação do projeto de ergonomia para outros fins. O estudo deste caso revelou a importância do processo de avaliação de uma intervenção ergonômica, porque confirma que um resultado positivo em relação à demanda da intervenção nem sempre irá garantir condições de trabalho satisfatórias. A situação estudada aponta novos problemas cujas repercussões ainda são desconhecidas, mas que necessitam ser discutidas.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os trabalhadores dos Serviços de Nutrição Hospitalar são submetidos às exigências físicas, cognitivas e psíquicas que levam à distúrbios osteomusculares relacionados ao trabalho. O objetivo deste estudo foi implantar ações de melhorias nas situações de trabalho de um serviço de nutrição hospitalar e avaliar a percepção dos trabalhadores e as repercussões sobre os sintomas osteomusculares. MÉTODO: Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida em um hospital público especializado em cardiologia, localizado em São Paulo, Brasil, após aprovação pelo comitê de ética da instituição. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio da aplicação de questionários e análise ergonômica do trabalho. Os questionários continham dados sócio-demográficos, história ocupacional, situação de trabalho atual, sintomas osteomusculares e satisfação no trabalho. Do total de 130 trabalhadores, 115 participaram voluntariamente. A análise ergonômica do trabalho foi efetuada de acordo com Guérin et al (2001), sendo realizadas entrevistas, medições do ambiente da cozinha e análises biomecânicas. A partir dos resultados foram implantadas ações de intervenção baseadas na ergonomia participativa durante um ano. Após esta fase, 89 (77%) trabalhadores responderam novamente ao questionário, sendo incluídas perguntas sobre a percepção das modificações. A análise dos dados incluiu testes estatísticos para verificar se houve mudança da prevalência de sintomas antes e após as intervenções, com nível de significância de 5%, por meio dos Programas SPSS 13.0 e Excel 2003. Além disso, foram analisados os dados de percepção dos trabalhadores e dos especialistas em ergonomia sobre o impacto das melhorias na saúde e no processo de trabalho. RESULTADOS: A população constitui-se, em sua maioria, por mulheres, na faixa etária de 25 a 34 anos, com grau médio de escolaridade, casadas, com filhos, e ocupavam o cargo de atendente de nutrição. A maioria trabalhava de 5 a 10 anos no hospital e em jornada de trabalho de 40 horas semanais. Os principais problemas observados foram espaço físico reduzido, equipamentos e materiais de trabalho inadequados, absenteísmo e déficit de pessoal, volume excessivo de trabalho com elevado esforço mental, alta prevalência de sintomas osteomusculares, principalmente nos membros inferiores e ombros. Após as intervenções realizadas, houve melhoria na situação de trabalho com redução nos sintomas osteomusculares e os trabalhadores perceberam as seguintes mudanças nas situações de trabalho: melhoria na iluminação e no controle do ar condicionado, aquisição de batedeira de tamanho médio, conserto de equipamentos, substituição dos pratos de vidro por descartáveis, aquisição de cadeiras, introdução de pausas durante a jornada de trabalho, ginástica laboral e treinamento em liderança para as chefias. Neste período houve ampliação no número de leitos do hospital com conseqüente aumento no volume de trabalho e diminuição da satisfação no trabalho associados à crise financeira da instituição com suspensão de contratações e da compra de materiais e equipamentos. CONCLUSÕES: As intervenções repercutiram em melhorias, principalmente quanto ao ambiente e equipamentos, e na redução dos sintomas osteomusculares nos membros inferiores, ombros, pescoço/região cervical, antebraço e região lombar, apesar desta redução não ter sido estatisticamente significativa. / INTRODUCTION: Hospital food service workers have high level of physical, cognitive and mental demands that are associated with musculoskeletal disorders. The objective of this study was to introduce improvements in the working conditions in a hospital food service and to evaluate the workers perceptions and its effects on musculoskeletal symptoms. METHOD: this study was performed in a public cardiac hospital in São Paulo, Brazil, after its approval by the Ethics Committee. The data were collected by questionnaires and ergonomic analysis of the work. The questionnaire included: socio-demographic, workhistory, work conditions, musculoskeletal symptoms and job satisfaction. A hundred and fifteen questionnaries were applied from 130 workers. The work ergonomic analysis was carried out in accordance with Guérin et al (2001), by means of interviews, observations of kitchen working conditions and biomechanical analyses. Based on the results, interventions have been undertaken by means of a participatory ergonomic approach over one year. After this, another ergonomic analysis was carried out and 89 workers (77%) answered a new questionnaire that also included questions about their perception of the improvements. Data analysis was done by statistical tests to verify symptom prevalences before and after the interventions with a 5% level of significance. SPSS 13.0 and Excel 2003 software was used. RESULTS: The workers were women in the 25-34 age-group, had secondary education, were married, had children and occupied the position of nutrition attendants. They were in this hospital for from 5 to 10 years and on a 40 hour working week schedule. Most of problems observed were reduced space, inadequate equipment and work materials, absenteeism, insufficient number of workers, great volume of work with mental demands, high prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms mainly in lower members and shoulders. After the improvements in working conditions, the symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders reduced and the workers perceived the following changes in the work process: better lighting and control of air conditioning, acquisition of low capacity mixer, repair of equipment, use of disposable utensils instead of glass plates, acquisition of more chairs, introduction of breaks during working hours, work related gymnastics, workshops for leadership training. In this period the number of hospital beds was increased with a corresponding intensification of the work load and a decline on job satisfaction. The hospital was in a financial crisis with consequences in terms of the hiring of personnel and the acquisition of equipment and materials. CONCLUSION: Interventions brought improvements mainly as regards the work environment and equipment and in the reduction of musculoskeletal symptoms in the lower members, shoulders, neck/cervical region, forearm and lumbar region, though this reduction has not been statistically significant.

Introdução: O Código de Processo Civil determina que nos processos judiciais em que a matéria depender de conhecimento técnico ou científico, o juiz será assistido por perito, que produzirá um laudo. Foram analisados 83 laudos de processos judiciais do Tribunal Regional do Trabalho da 2ª Região (TRT-2), referentes a reclamantes com Lesões por Esforços Repetitivos ou Distúrbios Osteomusculares Relacionados ao Trabalho (LER/Dort), que abrangem afecções crônicas do sistema musculoesquelético de origem ocupacional e são decorrentes, dentre outros motivos, da execução de movimentos repetitivos por tempo prolongado e sobrecarga estática, sem que haja tempo para uma recuperação fisiológica. Deveriam abordar os vários aspectos do adoecimento para auxiliar a decisão judicial quanto à existência de agravo à saúde relacionado ao trabalho, assim como sua extensão e repercussões sobre a vida e capacidade laboral do trabalhador. Objetivos: Identificar e analisar, nos laudos, conceitos sobre adoecimento ocupacional e incapacidade laboral, bem como as principais linhas de argumentação, para a descaracterização do nexo causal nos casos em que havia nexo causal presumido pelo critério epidemiológico. Material e método: O material de estudo (83 laudos) foi buscado dentre os processos arquivados no período de 2012 a 2016 na Coordenadoria de Gestão de Arquivo do TRT-2, que abrange 30 municípios da região metropolitana de São Paulo e Baixada Santista. Atributos associados aos grandes temas da pesquisa foram codificados com o objetivo de melhor sistematização para uma análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Os laudos periciais foram elaborados, na sua quase totalidade por médicos, dentre os quais 56 (67,47%) médicos do trabalho, 13 (15,66%) médicos sem especificação de especialidade, 9 (10,84%) médicos com especialização em perícia ou legistas e 4 ortopedistas (4,82%). Um deles (1,21%) foi elaborado por fisioterapeuta. Do total de laudos, 25 (30,12%) não tinham quaisquer informações sobre o processo de adoecimento e apenas 23 (27,71%) contemplaram uma história clínica abrangente. Em 34 (40,96%) não havia qualquer informação sobre as características da atividade de trabalho e em 30 (36,15%) havia a citação de alguns aspectos biomecânicos. Apenas 19 (22,89%) apresentaram uma análise da atividade de trabalho, incluindo aspectos biomecânicos e organizacionais. Nenhum laudo continha uma análise da incapacidade para o trabalho de forma ampla, sendo que em 50 laudos (60,24%), o perito considerou apenas o diagnóstico para se pronunciar sobre a incapacidade. Do total dos laudos, apenas 13 (15,66%) utilizaram o conceito de multicausalidade e 12 (14,46%) o de concausalidade. Dos 15 laudos com nexo causal presumido pelo critério epidemiológico, descaracterizados no caráter ocupacional na perícia, nenhum continha uma análise da atividade de trabalho, embora 9 deles tenham utilizado argumentos biomecânicos, 8 tenham utilizado o argumento de que se tratava de doença degenerativa e 3 de que o quadro era de fibromialgia não ocupacional. Foram discutidos conceitos de adoecimento ocupacional, nexo causal e incapacidade, além da relação de desigualdade, presenteísmo, individualização do adoecimento e culpabilização. Conclusão: A maioria dos laudos periciais peca pela falta de consistência conceitual, metodológica e argumentos fundamentados, deixando lacunas na área clínica, na análise da atividade de trabalho e na avaliação de incapacidade. / Introduction: The Civil Code Procedure determines that in judicial proceedings in which the matter depends on technical or scientific knowledge, the judge will be assisted by experts, who will produce a forensic report. A total of 83 reports, from the Regional Labor Court of the 2nd Region (TRT-2), were analysed, concerning claimants suffering from Repetitive Strain Injury or Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (RSI/WRMD), which include occupational chronic conditions of the musculoskeletal system, that are due, among other reason to the execution of repetitive movements for a prolonged time and static overload without pause foa a physiological recoevery. They should address the various aspects of illness in order to assist the judge in his decision regarding the existence of as aggravated health related to work, as well as its extent and repercussions on the life and work capacity of the worker. Objectives: To identify and analyse concepts about occupational illness and disability to work, expressed in the reports, as well as the main lines of argument, for the de-characterization of the causal nexus in cases where there was causal nexus presumed by the epidemiological criterion. Material and method: The study material was searched from the archived processes from 2012 to 2016 in the File Management Coordination of TRT-2, which covers 30 municipalities in the metropolitan region of São Paulo and Baixada Santista. Attributes associated with the major themes of the research were codified with the aim of better systematization for a content analysis. Results: The expert reports were elaborated almost entirely by physicians, among them 56 (67.47%) occupational physicians, 13 (15.66%) doctors without a declared specialty, 9 (10.84%), forensic doctors, 4 orthopedists (4,82%). One of the reports (1.21%) was elaborated by a physiotherapist. Of the total reports, 25 (30.12%) did not have information about the illness process and only 23 (27.71%) contemplated a comprehensive medical history. In 34 (40.96%) there was no information about the characteristics of the work activity and in 30 (36.15%) there were citation of some biomechanical aspects. Only 19 (22.89%) presented an analysis of the work activity, including biomechanical and organizational aspects. No report contained an embrancing analysis of disability to work comprehensively, and in 60.24% of them, the expert considered only the diagnosis to pronounce on the disability. Of the total reports, only 13 (15.66%) used the concept of multicausality and 12 (14.46%) the concept of concausality. Of the 15 reports with a presumed causal nexus by the epidemiological criterion, which were not characterized in the occupational character, none contained an analysis of the work activity, although 9 of the 15 reports used biomechanical arguments to de-characterize the occupational character, 8 used the argument that it was degenerative disease and 3 that the condition was non-occupational fibromyalgia. Concepts of occupational illness, causal nexus and disability were discussed, as well as the relationship of inequality, presenteism, individualization of illness and blame. Conclusions: Most of the expert reports are lacking in conceptual, methodological and reasoned arguments, leaving relevant gaps in the clinical area, in the analysis of the work activities and in the assessment of disability.

Abstract Information security is a key factor supporting companies' security and business requirements, and it is significantly affected by the information security behavior of the employees. Previous research has studied empirically as to which factors explains employees' compliance with information security policies and instructions. However, there are only a few empirical studied on the effectiveness of information security training on the information security behavior of employees. Especially, studies examining the effect on training on employees' cyberloafing (non-work related Internet use) behavior are far and few between. To address this gap in research, this thesis carries out an action research study aimed at improving employees' cyberloafing behavior at an organizational context. The results suggest that cyberloafing can be reduced by a proper training. / Tiivistelmä Tietoturva on keskeinen tekijä yrityksen kokonaisturvallisuuden ja liiketoiminnan tarpeiden tukemisessa, johon henkilökunnan tietoturvakäyttäytyminen vaikuttaa hyvin merkittävästi. Yksilön tietoturvakäyttäytymistä ja tietoturvapolitiikan ja -ohjeistuksien noudattamista on tutkittu empiirisesti vahvojen teoreettisten taustojen pohjalta. Tutkimustulokset ovat osoittaneet, että yksilön normeista ja ohjeistuksista poikkeava käyttäytyminen on vahvasti sidoksissa henkilökohtaisiin tapoihin, joita puolustellaan ja selitetään erilaisilla syillä. Tietoturvakoulutuksen vaikuttavuutta yksilön ja organisaation tietoturvakäyttäytymiseen on tutkittu empiirisesti hyvin vähän. Työhön liittymättömän Internetin käytön kontekstissa tehtyjä tutkimuksia on vain muutamia, ja niissä on selvitetty käytön motivaatiota ja käyttäjien profilointia. Tietoturvakoulutuksen vaikutusta yksilön työhön liittymättömän Internet-käyttäytymisen muuttamiseen ei ole aikaisemmin tieteellisesti tutkittu. Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkitaan tätä ajankohtaista kansainvälisen tutkijayhteisön tiedostamaa ongelmaa. Tutkimus suoritetaan noudattaen toimintatutkimusmallia kahdessa vaiheessa, joista toisessa sovelletaan kokeellista tutkimusmenetelmää. Pitkittäistutkimuksen ensimmäisessä vaiheessa tutkitaan organisaation tietoturvakäyttäytymistä ja -toimintaa. Tämän perusteella suunnitellaan koulutusmenetelmä, jonka avulla pyritään ratkaisemaan organisaation tietoturvatoiminnan keskeiset ongelmat ja parantamaan yksilön tietoturvatietoisuutta. Toisessa vaiheessa koulutusmenetelmää kehitetään ja laajennetaan koko organisaation henkilökunnan tasolle, minkä tavoitteena on muuttaa yksilön työhön liittymätöntä Internet-käyttäytymistä. Tutkimuksessa sovelletaan kriminologiaan pohjautuvaa neutralisoimisteoriaa ja sosiaalipsykologian tapateoriaa, joiden avulla pyritään selittämään yksilön työhön liittymätöntä Internet-käyttäytymistä. Tietoturvakoulutuksen laadinnassa sovelletaan oppimisen psykologiaa, sosiokonstruktiivista oppimisnäkemystä ja muutos-johtamista. Tutkimustulokset tarjoavat uutta tietoa siitä, mitä tulee huomioida laadittaessa organisaation tietoturvakoulutusta ja miten huolellisesti laaditun koulutuksen avulla voidaan muuttaa yksilön työhön liittymätöntä Internet-käyttäytymistä. Koulutuksen avulla pyritään vaikuttamaan yksilön syvälle juurtuneisiin tapoihin, käyttäytymiseen ja vastuunottamiseen omasta toiminnasta.

Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Department of Chiropractic and Somatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa. 2017. / Background The growing popularity and competitive nature of the beauty industry has resulted in beauty therapists performing an extensive range of treatments to meet the demand, often at the jeopardy of their own well-being. Treatments include massage, waxing, pedicures and facials. These techniques involve vigorous and repetitive movements that may lead to overuse and strain on the musculoskeletal system, resulting in injury. Work-related activities together with factors such as socio-demographic, psychosocial, environmental and anthropometric can influence the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs). There has been little investigation into the WRMDs of beauty therapists both locally and internationally. Aim The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, selected risk factors and impact of self-reported work related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs) in beauty therapists working within the hotel spa industry in the eThekwini municipality. Method A cross sectional epidemiological design was used to survey 254 beauty therapists working in the hotel spa industry in the eThekwini municipality of Durban. A pre-validated questionnaire was hand delivered to beauty therapists working at all hotel spas that agreed to participate. Informed consent was obtained. The survey contained questions related to musculoskeletal pain, socio-demographic, psycho-social, lifestyle and occupational factors. Results A response rate of 70% was obtained (n=178). The majority of the respondents were female (94.3%; n=165), the mean age of the respondents was 27.74 (SD±4.83) years. The respondents had been working as beauty therapists for an average of 5.91 (SD±4.19; n=176) years and performed on average 27.89 (SD±13.33; n=170) treatments per week, working 47.38 (SD±13.36; n=175) hours per week. Those working overtime worked on average 5.43 (SD±2.94; n=59) hours of overtime per week. There was a high rate of reported WRMDs with the lifetime, current and 12 month period prevalence being 86% (n=153), 85% (n=151) and 83% (n=148), respectively. The area most affected were the low back followed by the neck, the hand and wrist. Ninety percent of the respondents indicated that their pain was mild to moderate in nature, with half expressing an inability to cope with the pain, and 78% reporting that it interfered with their ability to work. Mental exhaustion (p=0.032), suffering from a concomitant co-morbidity (p=0.031), years worked as a beauty therapist (p˂0.001) and treating clients after hours (p=0.007) were significantly associated with the presence of musculoskeletal pain. Performing manual massage (p=0.043) and reporting feelings of exhaustion whilst performing specialised massage techniques (p=0.014) and applying makeup/eyelashes (p=0.022) were associated with the presence of WRMDs. Those who reported having co-worker (p=0.006) and managerial support (p˂0.001) were less likely to experience musculoskeletal pain. In contrast, feeling frustrated by work (p=0.007), being under pressure (p=0.005) and over worked (p=0.009) increased the chances of experiencing WRMDs. Working with the back in an awkward position (p˂0.001), standing for prolonged periods (p˂0.001), lifting heavy loads (p=0.019) and working in a hot and humid environment (p<0.001) increased the risk of WRMDs. Conclusion WRMDs have a significant impact on beauty therapists’ ability to work. Effective strategies to prevent and manage WRMDs in hotel spa beauty therapists is required, along with governmental regulation. / M

Individers upplevelse av den psykosociala arbetsmiljön har visat sig hänga samman med trivsel, hälsa och välbefinnande. I ett långsiktigt perspektiv kan en god psykosocial arbetsmiljö främja kvalitet och produktivitet i organisationer, medan en sämre arbetsmiljö kan resultera i det motsatta. Arbetsgivare, som i Sverige har ett yttersta arbetsmiljöansvar, strävar efter att arbeta förebyggande och systematiskt med fokus på psykosociala arbetsmiljöinsatser. Samtidigt utgör individerna en del av den psykosociala arbetsmiljön och i samband med att de utför sitt arbete bidrar de även till formandet av arbetsmiljön. Med detta som utgångspunkt syftar avhandlingen till att studera psykosociala och personliga faktorer i form av krav och resurser, hälsa och välbefinnande samt ett organisatoriskt förebyggande program för anställda i välfärdssektorn. Detta har gjorts genom att undersöka hur olika krav och resurser i arbetet samt personliga resurser relaterar till olika hälsorelaterade utfall. Vidare har två varianter av ett nyutvecklat interventionsprogram med fokus på psykosociala faktorer och personliga resurser undersökts och utvärderats. En variant av programmet var riktad till både chefer och medarbetare, medan den andra varianten riktades enbart till chefer. Interventionsprogrammen undersöktes utifrån genomförbarhet och utifrån effektutvärdering. Resultaten visar att resurser i arbetet verkar ha mer hälsofrämjande potential än personliga resurser. Vidare visar resultaten att det program som inkluderade medarbetare och chefer accepterades av deltagarna och gick att genomföra praktiskt. Resultaten visar också att effekterna av båda programmen var oklara. Sammantaget visar avhandlingen på vikten av att såväl reducera krav i arbetet som att främja olika resurser, men även på de utmaningar som finns i att utforma, genomföra och utvärdera förebyggande organisatoriska interventioner. / Individuals’ experiences of the psychosocial work environment have been linked to their satisfaction, health, and well-being. In the long run, a favorable psychosocial work environment seems related to organizational quality and productivity, while a poorer psychosocial work environment may relate to the opposite. Employers, who in Sweden have the ultimate responsibility for the work environment, aim for systematic preventive efforts focusing particularly on factors of the psychosocial work environment. Additionally, individuals also form part of the psychosocial work environment, and may, through their own daily work practices contribute to creating the work environment. Based on this, the aim of this thesis is to study how psychosocial factors, in terms of demands and resources, and personal resources at work relate to health and well-being but also to investigate the effects of an organizational preventive intervention program. Specifically, job demands, job resources, and personal resources and their relations with health-related outcomes among employees of the Swedish welfare sector were investigated. Also, two versions of a newly developed intervention program focusing on psychosocial factors and personal resources were examined. This included a feasibility study of one program version offered to both employees and managers and an effect evaluation of another version offered to managers only. The results show that job resources seem to have a stronger health-promoting potential than personal resources. Moreover, the results show that while the program offered to both employees and managers was accepted by participants and found possible to implement practically, its effect were small. Similarly, effects of the program including managers only were also small. Overall, the thesis shows the importance of reducing job demands along with promoting different resources, but emphasizes the challenges in developing, implementing, and evaluating preventive organizational interventions. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>