Submitted by Carolina Aguiar (carol_aguiar@terra.com.br) on 2016-08-01T12:12:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_CarolinaAguiar.pdf: 3322047 bytes, checksum: 97fb54948e2633d5394f65eb4f25eb1a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-05-29T14:53:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_CarolinaAguiar.pdf: 3322047 bytes, checksum: 97fb54948e2633d5394f65eb4f25eb1a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-29T14:53:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_CarolinaAguiar.pdf: 3322047 bytes, checksum: 97fb54948e2633d5394f65eb4f25eb1a (MD5) / FAPESB / A presente tese nasce da intenção de oferecer uma contribuição ao campo de estudo do comportamento humano nas organizações, mais especificamente das diferentes formas de vinculação do indivíduo com a organização na qual está inserido, tendo como ponto de partida o pressuposto de que tal comportamento não deve ser explicado exclusivamente com base em variáveis ocupacionais e organizacionais. Para tal, optou-se pela utilização de construtos oriundos do campo das interfaces entre o trabalho e a família, já que eles representam variáveis que não são exclusivas do ambiente de trabalho, mas também não são totalmente desvinculadas dele. Para a condução do estudo, dois vínculos organizacionais foram contemplados – o comprometimento e o entrincheiramento organizacional – sendo a sua escolha pautada na necessidade de continuidade de uma agenda de pesquisa que pretende melhor delimitar esses vínculos, tendo no estudo de seus antecedentes uma etapa importante e urgente. No campo das interfaces entre trabalho e família, dois construtos também foram contemplados: o conflito trabalho-família e a interface positiva entre trabalho e família. Trata-se de duas perspectivas antagônicas, mas não excludentes, de compreensão das formas como a combinação dessas duas esferas da vida pode ser percebida pelos indivíduos. Diante disso, a tese traçou como objetivo geral avaliar o potencial dos construtos relativos às duas perspectivas sobre a interface trabalho-família de contribuírem para ampliar a delimitação empírica entre os vínculos de comprometimento e entrincheiramento organizacional. Para alcançá-lo, entretanto, algumas etapas preliminares revelaram-se imprescindíveis, envolvendo a análise conceitual das interfaces entre trabalho e família e, ainda, a proposta de instrumentos de medida adequados para a população brasileira. Participaram do estudo um total de 646 trabalhadores de diferentes organizações e segmentos ocupacionais. Dois instrumentos de pesquisa foram utilizados: o primeiro deles foi composto por escalas relativas à interface positiva entre trabalho e família e respondido por 200 participantes com o objetivo de alcançar uma versão preliminar da medida a ser proposta. O segundo instrumento, aplicado nos demais 446 participantes, contemplou todos os construtos da pesquisa, contendo as escala de comprometimento organizacional, de entrincheiramento organizacional, do conflito e da interface positiva entre trabalho e família, além de medidas complementares como a escala de suporte organizacional e de adequação familiar e, ainda, de dados sócio-demográficos. Para as análises de validação, foram realizadas análises fatoriais exploratórias (método de extração PAF e rotação direct oblimin) e confirmatórias (através da modelagem por equações estruturais), além de observados os índices de consistência interna. Para as investigações envolvendo as relações entre as interfaces trabalho-família e os vínculos organizacionais, foram utilizadas análises descritivas, regressões lineares múltiplas (método Enter) e, ainda, análises de clusters. O trabalho obteve como principais resultados a proposta de medidas válidas e fidedignas para a mensuração do conflito e da interface positiva entre o trabalho e a família. Além disso, os resultados apontaram que as interfaces entre as duas esferas da vida foram capazes de predizer, de forma significativa, ambos os vínculos organizacionais, apresentando padrões de relações substancialmente distintos com cada um deles. Ademais, foi possível identificar que as interfaces entre o trabalho e a família desempenharam importante papel quando os dois vínculos foram considerados simultaneamente. Conclui-se, portanto, que, a presente tese foi capaz de contribuir de forma significativa com os dois campos de estudo nos quais está inserida, oferecendo evidências adicionais sobre os limites empíricos entre o comprometimento e o entrincheiramento organizacional, além de fortalecer a perspectiva de que os comportamentos humanos na organização devem ser compreendidos com base em variáveis internas e externas ao ambiente de trabalho. / The thesis intends to bring a contribution to the study of human behavior in the organizations, more specifically to the different manners individuals are bonded with the organization in which are inserted, assuming as starting point that behavior must not be exclusively explained based on occupational and organizational variables. With that purpose, this study utilized constructs originated in the work and family interface, once they represent variables not exclusively from the working environment, but also not entirely detached to them. Two organizational linkages served as pillars to the study – commitment and entrenchment – and they have been chosen due to the necessity of a study agenda intended to better delimit those linkages, as well as the urgency and importance of the investigation of their antecedents. In the work and family interface field of study, two constructs were also contemplated: the work-family conflict and the positive interface between work and family. They are opposite perspectives, but not excluding concepts, of understanding the ways the combinations of those two spheres of life may be realized by individuals. In this context, the thesis presents as general goal evaluating the potential of the constructs concerning both perspectives of work and family interface so it contributes to broadening the empiric delimitation between the linkages of organizational commitment and entrenchment. Nevertheless, in order to achieve it, specific preliminary steps are essential, which involve the conceptual analysis of work and family interface, as well as the proposal of adequate measuring instruments to the Brazilian population. The study comprised a total of 646 workers from different organizations and occupational sectors. Two research instruments were utilized: the first one was formed by scales regarding the positive work and family interface and was answered by 200 participants to achieve a preliminary version of the measures to be proposed. The second instrument, applied to the remaining 446 participants, comprised all constructs from the research, including the organizational commitment, organizational entrenchment and positive work and family interface scales, as well as complementary measures such as the organizational support scale, family adequacy and social-demographic data. For the validation analysis, the study performed exploratory (PAF extraction method and direct oblimin rotation) and confirmatory (via structural equations modeling) factorial analyses, as well as the verification of the internal consistency. For the investigation of the relation between work and family interface and organizational linkages, the study utilized descriptive analyses, multiple linear regressions (Enter method) and cluster analyses. The thesis obtained as main result the proposal of valid and reliable tools for measuring the conflict and the positive interface between work and family. Furthermore, the results indicated that the two spheres of life interface were capable of substantially predicting both organizational linkages, presenting relationship patterns considerably distinct from each of them. Moreover, it was possible to identify that the work and family interfaces perform an important role when two linkages were simultaneously considered. In conclusion, the thesis could significantly contribute with the two fields of study in which it is inserted, offering additional evidences about empirical limits between organizational commitment and entrenchment, along with strengthening the perspective that human behavior in the organizations must be understood based on internal and external variables to the work environment.

Submitted by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-12-16T18:16:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese. Karina Araújo. 2013.pdf: 1139255 bytes, checksum: db79657880bc4804261a241d43cae1bd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-12-16T18:17:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese. Karina Araújo. 2013.pdf: 1139255 bytes, checksum: db79657880bc4804261a241d43cae1bd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-16T18:17:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese. Karina Araújo. 2013.pdf: 1139255 bytes, checksum: db79657880bc4804261a241d43cae1bd (MD5) / Trabalho e família são domínios que concentram a maioria das relações sociais estabelecidas na vida adulta e a multiplicidade de papéis sociais desempenhados por mulheres e homens. O conflito trabalho-família, que emerge da incompatibilidade das demandas entre estas esferas, tem sido associado a efeitos deletérios à saúde, afetando de forma assimétrica mulheres e homens. Há escassez de estudos desta natureza no Brasil e a realização desta investigação com dados do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) pretendeu contribuir para o conhecimento sobre determinantes sociais da saúde de adultos brasileiros, sob a perspectiva de gênero. O objetivo foi analisar as associações entre conflito trabalho-família e excesso de peso corporal e ansiedade em mulheres e homens no Brasil. Foram utilizados dados da linha de base da coorte ELSA-Brasil, realizada entre 2008 e 2010, quando foram coletados entrevistas, medidas e exames clínicos. Foram escolhidas e incluídas nas análises variáveis relacionadas aos domínios do trabalho e da família. Foram realizadas análises psicométricas de itens para mensurar o construto conflito trabalho-família, além de modelos de regressão logística para testes de associação entre exposição e desfechos. As análises foram estratificadas por sexo. Gênero foi a categoria analítica que orientou as discussões dos resultados, que estão apresentados sob a forma de três artigos para publicação em revistas de circulação nacional e internacional. O primeiro artigo apresenta a análise de propriedades psicométricas dos itens para mensuração do conflito entre trabalho e família, cujos resultados foram aceitáveis e deram origem às variáveis de exposição dos demais artigos. No segundo artigo foi testada a hipótese de associação entre conflito trabalho-família-tempo para si e transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (TAG). Os resultados evidenciaram associação positiva entre a percepção de alto conflito trabalho-família-tempo para si e TAG, de maior magnitude entre as mulheres. No terceiro artigo realizou-se o teste da hipótese de associação entre tempo insuficiente para cuidado pessoal e lazer e o excesso de peso corporal. Evidenciou-se associação positiva entre tempo insuficiente para o cuidado pessoal e lazer e a ocorrência de sobrepeso e obesidade entre mulheres que referiram maior jornada semanal de trabalho profissional. A abordagem do conflito entre trabalho e família e sua relação com desfechos de saúde deve ser aprofundada em estudos futuros.

abstract: In the present research, elements of the intra- (i.e., family dynamics) and extra-family (i.e., characteristics of parents' occupations) contexts were examined in a longitudinal design as associated, broadly, with individuals' mental health, relationship quality, and future orientations among Mexican American families with adolescent offspring in two separate studies. The first study reviewed the utility of applying dyadic data methods to the investigation of family processes, explored the strengths three different analytic approaches (i.e., the actor-partner interdependence model, a two-intercept model, and a difference model), and applied them to the study of marital relationships (N = 246 marital dyads). Results revealed that spouses' marital negativity was related to their own somatic symptoms, whereas, spouses' somatic symptoms were associated with both their own and their partners' marital negativity, with some variations by approach. This study suggested the three analytic approaches, though designed to answer slightly different questions, yielded a similar pattern of results with several important differences. The second study utilized a person-centered approach to identify family-level patterns of both mothers' and fathers' objective occupational characteristics (i.e., self-direction, hazardous conditions, physical activity), as well as the larger sociocultural context of these patterns (N = 160 dual-earner families). Results revealed three distinct occupational contexts: Differentiated High Physical Activity, Incongruent, and Congruent High Self-Direction. Results indicated that families in the Congruent High Self-Direction profile had the highest levels of youth career aspirations, whereas, educational aspirations were the highest among youth in both the Incongruent and Congruent High Self-Direction profiles. Youth-mother and -father conflict was highest in the Congruent High Self-Direction profile, and youth-father warmth was highest for families in the Differentiated High Physical Activity profile. This study suggested that Mexican American parents work in varied occupational contexts, and these contexts were differentially associated with family relationships and youth's orientations toward the future. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Family and Human Development 2012

Doctor of Philosophy / Psychological Sciences / Patrick A. Knight / Satisfaction with work-family balance is a relatively new construct that differs from other work-life constructs in several ways: it is not focused on conflict between work/family domains, does not include cross-domain transfer processes, has no directional implications, and is not multidimensional. The current study has three purposes: 1. Examine work-family balance issues for both blue-collar and white-collar employees, as the literature has focused mainly on white-collar employees. 2. Examine relationship between technology and satisfaction with work-family balance. 3. Assess how role salience influences satisfaction with work-family balance. Participants were recruited and compensated for completing a 60 item online survey via Qualtrics. Blue-collar participants were recruited from manufacturing industries, while no industry was specified for white-collar employees. The sample consisted of 210 participants (105 blue-collar, 105 white-collar). Several checks were included throughout the survey to ensure data quality. Two hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. The first regression revealed that boundary control and autonomy predict satisfaction with work-family balance, while employee type and boundary interruptions do not. Boundary control, family identity, and stress significantly predicted satisfaction with work-family balance in the second regression, while boundary interruptions, work identity, hours worked, and technology use did not. Results indicate white-collar workers have higher satisfaction with work-family balance, lower stress, and lower turnover intentions compared to blue-collar workers. Results also reveal that technology use to complete work outside of work hours is significantly and positively related to stress. Nearly half of participants report feeling expected to utilize technology to complete work outside of work hours. In addition, while it was hypothesized that those higher on family identity would have lower satisfaction with work-family balance when they used technology outside of work hours, worked longer hours, and had more frequent boundary interruptions than would those lower on family identity, the opposite effect was found for each of these variables. Implications of the study include: 1. Organizations may improve employee satisfaction with work-family balance by increasing autonomy and boundary control. 2. Employees may improve satisfaction with work-family balance by taking time to de-stress from work and limiting use of technology to complete work outside of work hours.

Cette thèse vise à mieux comprendre les choix des femmes et des hommes dans le domaine professionnel, pour mieux comprendre et dépasser la pérennisation des inégalités professionnelles entre les sexes, en particulier dans la Fonction Publique Territoriale, système organisationnel qui se veut neutre et égalitaire par définition. Une série de travaux réalisés dans le cadre d'une CIFRE visent la mise en place d'un dispositif interne de promotion de l'égalité professionnelle entre les femmes et les hommes sous forme de projet transversal.Sur le plan théorique, nous avons articulé la théorie de la catégorisation sociale et celle des représentations sociales (Moscovici, 1961). Nous observons les effets des variables de sexe, de genre – e.g. l'identification aux stéréotypes de genre (Bem, 1974) -, de statut hiérarchique et de filière d'emploi sur les représentations sociales de l'égalité hommes-femmes, de la réussite professionnelle et de la compétence. Nous utilisons l'analyse catégorielle et prototypique (Vergès, 1992) et l'analyse discriminante intergroupes (Doise et al., 1992). De plus, nous analysons l'effet du genre en interaction avec le sexe notamment sur la conciliation entre vie professionnelle et vie privée. Nos résultats révèlent la nécessité de prendre en compte certains facteurs culturels tels que les stéréotypes de genre et les représentations sociales pour expliquer les différences sexuées dans le domaine professionnel. Enfin, nous discutons nos résultats pour les inscrire dans une dimension sociétale et idéologique dont certains éléments peuvent servir d'espace de négociation des valeurs du féminin et du masculin dans la division sexuelle du travail. / This thesis aims to better understand men and women's choices in the workplace, to better understand and overcome the perpetuation of professional gender inequalities in the public sector, as this organizational system is supposed to be neutral and equal by definition. This work, composed of a series of studies, was carried out under a convention to establish an internal device for promoting equality between men and women as a cross-cutting project.On the theoretical aspect, social categorization theory and social representation theory (Moscovici, 1961) are articulated. We analyze the effects of sex, gender – e.g. gendered stereotypes identification (Bem, 1974) - hierarchical status and job sector on social representations of gender equality, professional success and competence. We use categorical and prototypical analyses (Vergès, 1992) and discriminant analysis (Doise et al., 1992). In addition, we analyse the effect of gender in interaction with sex on work and private life balance. Our results reveal the need to take into account cultural factors, such as gender stereotypes and social representations, in order to explain the gender gap in the professional field. Finally, we discuss our results at a societal and ideological level which contain elements that can be used to negotiate feminine and masculine values in the sexual division of labor.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:52:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ElviaFT_DISSERT.pdf: 1717706 bytes, checksum: 50527d3fe910ed3ef6e674dc7f8f8968 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-09 / Information Age has been providing accelerated development of technologies in teaching, which is making the increase in distance courses and flexibility in the tutors everyday work. In this context, it was aimed to study the influence of flexible work in the development of activities and personal life of the tutors in Distance Education at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. More specifically, they have been sought to compare the types of flexibility detected, identifying the extent of the day's work in mentoring; investigating the relationship between flexible working time and productivity; evaluating the Quality of Working Life (QWL) and for Work and Family Relationship of the tutors. Thus, work is justified by the importance of academic and organizational achievement. To meet the goals, it was obtained a sample of 75 respondents (45.73% of the population). The data collection instrument was comprised of 48 variables mainly based by Walton (1975) and Paschoal, Tamayo and Barham (2002). The statistical techniques used were: analysis of frequency, ratio test, factor analysis and regression. The results collected have shown that the presence and distance tutors experience similar realities, but have different profiles; the day of their work is on average three hours daily; in view of the tutors, flexibility has a relation with the production, QWL work-family balance were evaluated in a satisfactory manner and the statistical techniques used have shown significant influence between the QWL and flexible working day. It is therefore concluded that flexibility at work can influence the development of activities and personal life of the tutors. Thus, the flexible working day may be used in a strategy way of routine in many organizations / A Era da Informa??o vem proporcionando o desenvolvimento acelerado das tecnologias na doc?ncia, o que est? viabilizando o aumento de cursos ? dist?ncia e a flexibilidade na jornada de trabalho dos tutores. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se estudar a influ?ncia do trabalho flex?vel no desenvolvimento das atividades e na vida pessoal dos tutores na Educa??o ? Dist?ncia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Mais especificamente, buscou-se comparar os tipos de flexibilidade detectados; identificar a extens?o da jornada de trabalho na tutoria, investigar a rela??o entre o hor?rio flex?vel e a produtividade, avaliar a Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho (QVT) e a Rela??o Trabalho e Fam?lia dos tutores. Diante disso, o trabalho justifica-se pela relev?ncia dos resultados alcan?ados no meio acad?mico e organizacional. Para atender aos objetivos obteve-se uma amostra de 75 respondentes (45,73% da popula??o). O instrumento de coleta de dados foi composto por 48 vari?veis fundamentadas principalmente em Walton (1975) e Paschoal, Tamayo e Barham (2002). As t?cnicas estat?sticas utilizadas foram: an?lise de freq??ncia, teste de propor??o, an?lise fatorial e regress?o. Os resultados coletados demonstram que os tutores presenciais e a dist?ncia, vivenciam realidades semelhantes, por?m apresentam perfis distintos. A jornada de trabalho deles ? em m?dia tr?s horas di?ria. Na vis?o dos tutores, a flexibilidade apresenta rela??o positiva com a produ??o. A QVT e o equil?brio trabalhofam?lia foram avaliados de modo satisfat?rio e as t?cnicas estat?sticas aplicadas demonstraram influ?ncia significativa entre a QVT e as horas de trabalho flex?veis. Assim, conclui-se que a flexibilidade no trabalho pode influenciar o desenvolvimento das atividades e a vida pessoal dos tutores. Desse modo, a jornada flex?vel de trabalho pode ser utilizada de modo estrat?gico no cotidiano de muitas organiza??es

Les entreprises du secteur touristique doivent constamment améliorer la qualité de leurs prestations pour satisfaire leurs clients devenus de plus en plus exigeants et pour rester compétitives. Le rôle du personnel en contact est donc primordial pour assurer un niveau de qualité de service élevé, y compris dans le secteur hôtelier (Haynes et Fryer, 2000). Bien que les conditions de travail des personnels travaillant dans le secteur hôtelier soient difficiles (Kim et al., 2007), très peu de chercheurs se sont intéressés à leurs effets sur le stress et sur la qualité de service. L’originalité de ce travail doctoral réside donc dans le fait qu’elle s’intéresse à analyser ces effets. Plus précisément, cette recherche vise à analyser les incidences des conditions de travail, définies en termes d’exigences et de ressources, sur le stress professionnel, au travers du conflit travail-famille, en intégrant les caractéristiques individuelles et le type d’hôtel en tant que variables modératrices. En outre, nous avons pour objectif d’examiner le rôle médiateur du conflit travail-loisirs, qui est un nouveau concept, entre les conditions de travail et le stress professionnel. Finalement, cette étude a l’ambition d’examiner les effets indirects des conditions de travail sur la qualité de service perçue via le stress professionnel. Aucune recherche antérieure n’a traité de telle relation ce qui constitue une autre originalité de notre recherche doctorale. La théorie de la conservation des ressources d’Hobfoll (1989) ainsi que ses principes de « spirale de pertes », de « spirale de gains » et de « resource caravan passageways » (Hobfoll, 2011, 2012, 2014) nous servent d’ancrages théoriques pour expliquer les différentes relations testées dans notre modèle de recherche. Une étude a été menée auprès de 648 personnels en contact, dans le secteur hôtelier en France. Les résultats des analyses des équations structurelles démontrent des effets positifs directs des exigences du travail sur le stress et des effets négatifs directs des ressources du travail sur le stress. Ils attestent également que le stress a un effet négatif sur la qualité de service. Quant aux effets de médiation, les principaux résultats des analyses des effets indirects reposant sur une analyse en bootstrap (Preacher et Hayes, 2004) et sur un test de Sobel révèlent que le conflit travail-famille a un effet médiateur sur la relation entre les exigences du travail et le stress professionnel. De même, ils identifient un effet médiateur du conflit travail-famille sur la relation entre les ressources, et le stress. En outre, les résultats de tests de la médiation modérée montrent que les caractéristiques individuelles et le type d’hôtel sont des variables modératrices. Dans le même ordre d’idées, les résultats dévoilent que les exigences du travail ont des effets indirects sur le stress au travers du conflit travail-loisirs. Ils indiquent aussi que le conflit travail-loisirs médiatise la relation entre les ressources du travail et le stress. Finalement, cette étude souligne que les exigences et les ressources du travail influencent sur la qualité de service perçue via le stress. / The companies of tourism industry must constantly improve the quality of services to satisfy their customers who become more and more exigent and to remain competitive. The role of the employees in contact with customers is therefore essential to ensure a high level of service quality, including in the hotel sector (Haynes and Fryer, 2000). Although the working conditions of employees working in the hotel industry are difficult (Kim et al., 2007), very few researchers have studied their effects on stress and quality of service. The originality of this thesis resides therefore in the fact that it is interested to analyze these effects. Specifically, this research aims to analyze the impact of working conditions defined in terms of demand and resources on job stress through the work-family conflict incorporating the individual characteristics and the type of hotel as moderator variables. In addition, we aim to examine the mediating role of work-leisure conflict, which is a new concept, between working conditions and job stress. Finally, this study seeks to examine the indirect effects of working conditions on quality of service via the job stress. No previous research has dealt with this relationship; this is another originality of our thesis. The theory of the conservation of resources of Hobfoll (1989) and its principles of «spiral of loss», «spiral of gains" and "resource caravan pasageways" (Hobfoll, 2011, 2012, 2014) are used as a theoretical bases to explain the different relationships tested in our research model. A study was conducted among 648 customer contact employees in the hospitality industry in France. The results of structural equation analyzes demonstrate direct positive effects of job demands on stress and directs negative effects of job resources on stress. They also certify that job stress has a direct negative effect on the service quality. As for mediation effects, the main results of the indirect effects analyzes based on a bootstrap analysis (Preacher and Hayes, 2004) and on a test of Sobel show that work-family conflict mediates the relationship between job demands and professional stress. Similarly, these results identify the mediatory effect of the work-family conflict on the relationship between the resources and stress. Besides the results of the moderated mediation test show that individual characteristics and the type of hotel are moderating variables. In the same vein, the results reveal that all job demands have indirect effects on stress through the work-leisure conflict. They also indicate that the work-leisure conflict mediates the relationship between job resources and stress. Finally, this study emphasizes that job demands and resources influence on the service quality through the stress.

Tidigare forskning visar på att en konflikt mellan arbete och familj är något som kan drabba alla, har olika bakomliggande faktorer och påverkar bland annat det subjektiva välbefinnandet. Det som har störst påverkan på konflikten är arbetsrelaterade faktorer. Syftet med studien var att undersöka kvinnliga chefers upplevelse av konflikten samt olika aspekter som de upplever kan påverka konflikten, både positivt och negativt. Deltagarna i den studien var 8 kvinnliga chefer som har eller har haft barn i åldern 2–10 år under perioden som chef. Resultatet visar på att konflikten varierar i grad utefter arbetsbelastning och kan påverkas med hjälp av en öppen och förstående arbetsplats som möjliggör planering och skapandet av sociala relationer. Förhoppningar finns om att studien ska bidra till att minska konflikten hos de individer som upplever den och öka det subjektiva välbefinnandet.

Magister Artium (Psychology) - MA(Psych) / This study investigated how Work-Family Conflict was related to Role Salience and Job level (investigated in terms of the amount of job demand and job control associated with different job levels) among women from a Collectivistic culture. A sample of 65 teachers was used. Although the results of the study showed no correlations between Work-Family Conflict and both role salience and job level, this was attributed to the high data skewness, thereby reducing the chances of detecting correlations. The high positive data skewness was possibly caused by the floor effect, which was the situation that the sample consisted of only female teachers from a Collectivistic culture. The high negative data skewness was possibly caused by the ceiling effect, which is the situation that the women in this sample have a Collectivistic cultural orientation, and are therefore highly likely to consider their home role as more salient. Moreover, correlations between Work Family Conflict and Job demand have been found to be higher in Individualistic cultures compared to Collectivistic cultures. There also seems to be no differences in job control among teachers occupying different job levels, and hence, no correlations were detected. Further analyses depicted that the teachers within this sample considered their home role as more salient. Moreover, despite their commitment to both their home role and occupational role, the data indicated that the sample experienced low levels of Work Family conflict. / South Africa

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / The call centre industry has been one of the fastest growing industries in South Africa. Call centres have for most companies become a basic business requirement for servicing customers. Zapf, Isic, Bechtoldt and Blau (2003: 311) argue that there are high levels of stress amongst employees in call centres, which they believe to be the result of both the work tasks and the interactions with customers. The aim of this study was to establish whether call centre work design and structure contributed to role stress amongst client service representatives (CSRs). It was also the aim of this study to establish whether role stress affected the CSRs' levels of job satisfaction and their intentions to quit from their jobs. / South Africa