Bakgrund: Osteoradionekros är en komplikation till strålbehandling mot huvud-hals-cancer. Personer som drabbasbehandlasiblandmed käkbensrekonstruktion.Mycket lite är känt om hur dessa personer hanterar sin situation. Syfte: Att öka och fördjupa kunskapen om vilka strategier som personer som genomgått käkbensrekonstruktionefter komplikation till cancerbehandling, använder för att hantera sin situation. Metod: Klassisk grounded theory användes vid analysen av 11 kvalitativa intervjuer, som utfördes medöppna frågorutifrån en temaguide.Konsekutivt och teoretiskt urval användes tills saturation uppnåddes.Syftet med metoden är att förutsäga och förklara det studerade fenomenet. Resultat:I analysen framkom kärnkategorin ”att orka bära sitt öde”.Personer som genomgått en käkbensrekonstruktion p.g.a. osteoradionekros använder huvudsakligen fyra strategier för att hantera sin situation. De tar de chanser de får;börjar om på nytt genom att ta en dag i sänder; skaffar sig ett nytt perspektiv på livet;och söker stöd hos andra i alla tillgängliga sfärer. Konklusion/Implikation:Ett ökat stöd behövs riktat till denna grupp av patienter. Att inom hälso-och sjukvården, lära ut dessa aktiva och hälsofrämjande copingstrategier, skulle kunna öka gruppens livskvalitet och empowermen / Background: Mandibular osteoradionecrosis is a complication of radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Treatment of this condition sometimes involves mandibular reconstruction. Little is known about howpatients handle their situation after a mandibular reconstruction. Aim:This study aimed to increase and gaina deeper knowledge about coping strategies among mandibular reconstruction patients. Method: Classical grounded theory was used to analyze 11 open qualitative interviews with steoradionecrosis patients. Consecutive and theoretical sampling was performed until saturation. This method seeks to predict and explain the studied phenomena Results: Interview analysis revealeda core category “coping to carry one’s fate”. Patients, treated with mandibular reconstruction due to osteoradionecrosis, used four main active coping strategies. They take the chances they get; start over againtaking one day at a time; gain a new perspective on life; and seek support from other people in all available contexts. Conclusion:Patients with osteoradionecrosis need increased support. To increase quality of life and empowerment, health care settings could teach such patients these active health promoting coping strategies / <p>ISBN 978-91-86739-40-9</p>

O conceito de \"Príncipe\" surgiu com Nicolau Maquiavel, no início do século XVI, para descrever o governante das monarquias e repúblicas. Em Antonio Gramsci, na metade do século XX, o lugar do Príncipe passou a ser ocupado pelo partido político, aparecendo assim o conceito de \"Moderno Príncipe\". Mais tarde, no fim do século XX, o pesquisador brasileiro Octavio Ianni revisita as duas obras e propõe o \"Príncipe Eletrônico\". Ele constatou que os meios de comunicação de massa passaram a exercer as funções sociais de Príncipe. Em Octávio Ianni, o rádio e, principalmente, a televisão são os lugares, por excelência, de poder, hegemonia e liderança, não sozinhos, mas com o suporte e apoio dos grandes grupos econômicos e políticos. O objetivo desta tese é levar adiante a teoria criada por Ianni e explorar a hipótese da existência de um novo Príncipe no século XXI, que chamamos de Príncipe Digital. Sem prejuízo do que foi descrito por Ianni, essa nova figura não é necessariamente um intelectual, não nasce das mídias tradicionais de massa (rádio e TV) e não se alinha direta e necessariamente com os grupos, econômicos e políticos, hegemônicos, mas é tão ou mais influente e eficaz. O conceito de Príncipe Digital, como variante da categoria criada por Ianni, ilumina a forma como, na era das redes digitais, estão estruturadas as categorias: poder, hegemonia e liderança, pilares de todos os modelos teóricos de príncipes existentes até então. Essa compreensão pode nos levar a entender melhor os fenômenos deste tempo, como as grandes manifestações sociais e os tipos de relações existente nas redes sociais. Para chegar a esse modelo teórico, este trabalho usou como aporte metodológico a Grounded Theory (GT). A GT possibilita uma perspectiva mais real sobre o fenômeno, pois a própria população envolvida aponta os dados, por meio de pesquisas empíricas de natureza quantitativa e qualitativa. Para essa parte empírica, esta pesquisa contou com análise de 74 manifestações sociais, 601 entrevistados e observações acerca de 354 Líderes de Opinião. Analisamos, teórica e empiricamente, manifestações populares que ocorreram no Brasil entre os anos de 2013 e 2015. Os questionários foram divididos em duas fases de aplicações, a primeira, na qual ficaram disponíveis entre março e junho de 2015 e, a segunda, no mês de agosto de 2015. Os principais autores que dão sustentação à tese são: Maquiavel, Gramsci e Ianni, pelas razões já expostas. Lazarsfeld e Toro, com reflexões sobre a recepção de ideias e a mobilização social; Glaser, Tarozzi e Charmaz, com o suporte metodológico da GT. Hardt, Negri e Castells, com argumentos teóricos sobre multidão, redes sociais, internet e processos de mobilização online. / The concept of \"Prince\" came up with Niccolo Machiavelli, in the early sixteenth century to describe the ruler of monarchies and republics. In Antonio Gramsci, the midtwentieth century, the place of the Prince was occupied by political party, thus appearing the concept of \"Modern Prince\". Later, in the late twentieth century, the Brazilian researcher Octavio Ianni revisits the two works and proposes the \"Electronic Prince.\" He found that the mass media took over the social functions of Prince. In Octavio Ianni, radio and especially television are the places par excellence, power, hegemony and leadership, not alone, but with the support and backing of major economic and political groups. The aim of this thesis is to carry forward the theory created by Ianni and explore the hypothesis of a new Prince in the twenty-first century, we call \"Digital Prince.\" Without prejudice to what has been described by Ianni, this new figure is not necessarily an intellectual, not born through the mass traditional media (radio and TV) and does not line up directly and necessarily to the groups, economic and political hegemony, but it is so or more influential and effective. Digital Prince of concept, as a variant of the category created by Ianni, illuminates the way that, in the era of digital networks, the categories are structured: power, hegemony and leadership, pillars of all existing theoretical models of Princes before. This understanding can lead us to better understand the phenomena of this time, as the major social manifestations and types of existing relationships on Social Networks. To get to that theoretical model, this work used as a methodological contribution to Grounded Theory (GT). The GT enables a more realistic perspective on the phenomenon, for the very people involved point data through empirical research of quantitative and qualitative nature. For this empirical part of this research involved analysis of 74 social demonstrations, 601 respondents and observations about 354 leaders of opinion. We analyze, theoretically and empirically, popular demonstrations that took place in Brazil between 2013 and 2015. The questionnaires were divided into two phases of applications, the first, which became available between March and June 2015 and the second, in august of 2015. The main authors that support the thesis are: Machiavelli, Gramsci and Ianni, the reasons given above. Lazarsfeld and Toro, with reflections on the reception of ideas and social mobilization. Glaser, Tarozzi and Charmaz, with the methodological support of the GT. Hardt, Negri and Castells with theoretical arguments about the crowd, social networking, internet and online mobilization processes.

Wenn durch Politiken Familien zur ‚freien Schulwahl‘ einer spezifischen Einzelschule aufgefordert werden und Einzelschulen sich dafür als Optionen anzubieten haben, entstehen schulwahlbezogene Wettbewerbssituationen. Diese sind in einer Vielzahl internationaler Kontexte beobachtbar und gewinnen sowohl im Primar- als auch im Sekundarbereich in Deutschland an Bedeutung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die schulwahlbezogene Wettbewerbssituation in einem von Armut geprägten Berliner Bezirk nach der zum Schuljahr 2010/11 erfolgten Berliner Schulstrukturreform untersucht und im Kontext einschlägiger deutschsprachiger und internationaler Forschung analysiert. Insgesamt lassen vielfältigen Forschungsergebnisse, die mit dem Phänomen schulwahlbezogener Wettbewerbssituationen in Verbindung zu bringen sind, daran zweifeln, dass die mit einer zunehmenden Wettbewerbsorientierung im Bereich schulischer Bildung verbundenen Hoffnungen auf Qualitätssteigerung und verbesserte Chancengleichheit erfüllt werden. Darauf deuten auch die Ergebnisse des in dieser Arbeit dargestellten ethnographischen Forschungsprojektes hin. Die Arbeit erweitert die bisher in Deutschland nur in sehr geringem Umfang vorliegenden qualitativ arbeitenden Fallstudien zu schulwahlbezogenen Wettbewerbssituationen um eine bisher noch fehlende, die Folgen einer aktuellen Schulstrukturreform in den Blick nehmende Studie. Mit dem in dieser Forschungsarbeit entwickelten Konzept der Passungs-Distanz-Konstruktion liegt der Fokus auf der Sozialität der Schulwahl. Das Konzept dient zur Analyse eines zentralen sozialen Mechanismus, der in der untersuchten schulwahlbezogenen Wettbewerbssituation in Berlin erkennbar ist und Anknüpfungspunkte bietet für weitere lokale Fallstudien und Analysen ähnlicher Schwerpunktsetzung. / When choice policies are used to encourage families to choose a specific school and individual schools have to offer themselves as options for this, school choice related competitive situations arise. These can be observed in a variety of international contexts and are now gaining importance in Germany both in primary and secondary education. This thesis examines the competitive situation of school choice in an underprivileged Berlin district following the 2010/11 Berlin school structure reform and analyses it in the context of relevant German language and international research. All in all, the diverse research results that can be associated with the phenomenon of competitive situations related to school choice raise doubts as to whether the educational policy objectives of improvement in quality and equal opportunities associated with an increased competitive orientation in the field of school education will be fulfilled. This is also indicated by the results of the ethnographic research project, the course and results of which were presented in this paper. This work augments the qualitative case studies on school choice related competitive situations that have so far been available in Germany to only a very limited extent, using the example of a Berlin district, to include a study in the most populous German city that has not previously been carried out and that focuses on the consequences of a current school structure reform. With the concept of the fit-distance construction developed on the basis of this example as a central social mechanism recognisable in the school choice related competitive situation under study, it also offers starting points for further local case studies and analysis of similar focal points.

Studien syftade till att undersöka hur psykologer upplever skapandet av sin profession under den praktiska tjänstgöringsperioden. Vi använde oss av grundad teori som kvalitativ metod för datainsamling och databearbetning. Vi intervjuade 14 psykologer och fann ett antal centrala teman som var återkommande i intervjuberättelserna. Dessa handlade om hur sociala interaktioner med omgivningen påverkade den egna processen i att bli psykolog. Datamaterialet genererade en teori som visar hur psykologen under PTP-året är en del i ett möte och interaktion med organisation, erfarenheter, utveckling och den egna individen. Dessutom framkom en processmodell som påvisade fem processer som samverkar under PTP-året. Dessa processer är reflektionsprocess, känsloprocess, yrkesrollprocess, lärandeprocess samt yrkesidentitetsprocess. Slutligen använde vi oss av respondentvalidering för att kvalitetssäkra de upptäckta fynden. / The aim of this study was to investigate how psychologists experience the creation of their profession during the first year of practice. We used “Grounded Theory” as research method. We interviewed 14 psychologists and found some central themes which were frequently described. The material from the interviews let us know that the social interaction with others had an effect on their own processes in becoming a psychologist. The material generated a theory that shows how the psychologist, during the first year of practice, is part in a meeting and an interaction with organization, experiences, professional development and the individual person. We also exposed a process model that revealed five processes that interact during the first year of practice. These processes were a reflection process, an emotional process, a professional role process, a learning process and a professional identity process. Finally, we used the quality assessment method of respondent validation to confirm the findings discovered.

Avhandlingens syfte är att belysa hur delaktighet kan ta sig uttryck i skolans vardagspraktik med fokus på både social och politisk delaktighet. Utgångspunkt för studien är att delaktighet är något som görs mellan aktörerna, dvs. eleverna och pedagogerna i skolan. Förutom att studera hur delaktighet görs lyfts även elevers erfarenhet av delaktighet fram samt vilka möjligheter och hinder som finns för elevers delaktighet i skolans vardag. Studiens resultat bygger på en etnografisk studie med elever som går i år 4-5 i grundskolan. Datamaterialet består av fältanteckningar, intervjuer, teckningar och skriftliga berättelser från eleverna, vilka analyserats med hjälp av Grounded Theory. Studiens resultat visar att delaktighet görs ständigt i skolans vardagsarbete vilket innefattar processer av att få vara med i en gemenskap men också motverkas genom exempelvis exkludering. Från elevernas perspektiv är social delaktighet betydelsefull och en källa till trivsel och välbefinnande i skolan. Elevers möjlighet till politisk delaktighet är begränsad framförallt i relation till vad elever kan ha inflytande över men även utifrån vilka som är delaktiga. Då formen för politisk delaktighet framförallt sker genom att elever inflytandeförhandlar dvs. på olika individualiserade sätt tar sig inflytande, blir följden att vissa elever upplever stor delaktighet medan andra är utestängda från beslutsfattande. Studien visar också att elevers sociala och politiska delaktighet är sammanlänkade då elever som är delaktiga i en kamratgemenskap också har större möjlighet att göra sin röst hörd i klassrummet och utöva politisk delaktighet.

Helsestasjon for ungdom er et av flere tiltak innenfor det lokale folkehelsearbeidet hvor det gis enmulighet til å styrke unges mestringsevne og helseatferd i ungdomstiden og senere i voksen alder.Ungdom er framtidens brukere av den generelle helsetjenesten. De erfaringer unge gjør i sine første møter med helsepersonell vil ha betydning for deres nåværende og senere bruk av helsetjenesten. Hensikten med denne studien var å få en bedre forståelse og innsikt i hva ungdom opplever i møtet og relasjonen med helsepersonell og helsestasjonen som system. Undersøkelsen gikk ut på å finne ut hvilke forventninger, erfaringer og opplevelser ungdom hadde til helsestasjonen i forhold til sine helsebehov. Datamaterialet er basert på intervju med ni ungdommer av begge kjønn i aldersgruppen 16-20 år rekruttert fra forskjellige helsestasjoner i Nordland og Troms fylke. Intervjuene i studien varsemistrukturerte slik at informantene hadde muligheter til å fortelle beretninger. Metoden Grounded Theory ble brukt som analytisk tilnærming. Resultatet av studien viste at unge opplever en umiddelbar tillit til personell og institusjonen helsestasjon for ungdom. Når så ungdom møtte helsepersonell med gode kommunikasjonsferdighetersom ivaretok deres behov for konfidensialitet og hadde tro på at unge er i stand til å gjøre gode helsevalg for seg selv, ga dette en sirkeleffektmed en fornyet eller bekreftet tillit til personell og institusjon. Tillit ble det sentrale analytiske fokuset i denne studien. Tillit er en forutsetning for å skape gode prosesser, der ungdom ikke bare ender opp med en mer tillitsfull relasjon tilhelsevesenet, men også med en større tillit til egneholdninger og vurderinger. Tillit inngår således som et sentralt element i en empowerment prosess hvor resultatet etter gode møter kunne blimestring og økt selvfølelse og selvtillit. I motsatt fall ble møter disempowering og førte til tillitssvekkelse og redusert bruk av helsetjenesten. Studien peker også på fenomenet tillitssmitte,hvor den enkelte ungdom bringer med seg erfaringer fra helsestasjonen ut i vennekretsen ogungdomsmiljøet. Ungdom overtar den enes erfaring som igjen blir til den andres forventning. Helsepersonell bør tilbysrelevante etterutdanningsprogram for å sikre en kunnskapsbasert praksis hvor noe av innholdet i slike etterutdanningsprogram bør være å øke kompetansen omkommunikasjonens betydning i møtet med ungdom. Det gjelder for fagpersonell å forstå tillitens ”natur”, hvordan den oppstår, vedlikeholdes, og hvor sårbar den kan være. Uten at denne grunnleggende tillit er til stede, vil en vanskelig kunne lykkes i folkehelsearbeidet. / Health clinics for adolescents are one of several services within the local public health. Such clinics may help adolescent to achieve control over the factors which affect their lives and their healthbehavior now and in the future. Adolescents are the next generation users of the general healthservices. The first experiences in their interactions with health professionals are of significanceregarding later use of health services. The purpose of this study was to increase our understanding of the relations between adolescents, health personnel and the health clinic as a system. The study tried to find out adolescentsexpectations, experiences and perception when theyattended the service. Data was collected from youth of both sexes between 16-20 years who called on adolescent health clinics in two counties in northern Norway. The interviews were semi-structured giving the informants the possibility to do narratives. The interviews were analyzed in the tradition of grounded theory. The results of the study showed that adolescents perceived spontaneous trust in the health clinics andhealth professionals. Effective communication skills, assuring confidentiality and confidence in the youth’s ability to make good decisions regarding their own health, generated renewed trust inprofessionals and the institution. Trust became the analytic focus in this study. Trust is a key elementin the empowerment process which may result in adolescents increased control and self-confidence.If not, it may have dis-empowering effects and thus lead to reduced trust and less use of health services. The study also points out the phenomena of trust as “catching”, as one adolescent brings hisand hers experiences to their group of friends. In this way, the perceptions of trust/mistrust fluctuatebetween and among the youth; one persons experience will be another’s expectation. Health professionals should be given access to relevant postgraduate courses in order to secureevidence based practice where the content of education should increase their attention aboutcommunication when they meet with young people in health services. Professionals have to understand the nature of trust, how it is generated, maintained and how easily it can be diminished. Without trust present, the public health work will suffer. / <p>ISBN 91-7997-098-2</p>

Ny statistikk viser økende forekomst av aldersdemens blant eldre. Menn utgjør en økende gruppe omsorgsgivere. Disse mennene har fått relativt liten forskningsmessig oppmerksomhet, det finnes en begrenset mengde litteratur tilgjengelig om menn som omsorgsgivere for ektefeller med aldersdemens. Der er derfor viktig å gi dette feltet forskningsmessig oppmerksomhet, blant annet for å kunne gi helsepersonell kunnskap om denne gruppen. Med økt innsikt i mennenes opplevelse av sin situasjon vil de kunne gis bedre følelsesmessig og praktisk assistanse i omsorgsarbeidet sitt. Det ble gjennomført en studie med fokus på ektefeller av menn med demente ektefeller ved bruk av Grounded Theory som metode. Studien ble basert på opplevelsene til ni menn, seks av dem hadde omsorg for hjemmeboende ektefelle, de tre andre hadde flerårige erfaringer med å ha dement ektefelle hjemme men hadde nå sine ektefeller i sykehjem og fulgte dem opp der. Data ble samlet gjennom dybdeintervjuer tatt opp på bånd. Intervjuene ble analysert ved bruk av Grounded Theory. Det ble funnet fem hovedkategorier, mestring, ensomhet, lojalitet, sorg og tap av felleskap med ektefelle / Recent statistics reveal a growth in the incident of Alzheimer disease and related dementia amongst elderly. Males make up an increasing group of caregivers, yet little attention has been given to them as that, there is limited literature available on husbands as caregivers for wives with the disease. Therefore, the need to conduct research in the area of male caregivers is essential if nurses and other help personnel are to understand and provide appropriate support and care for male caregivers. A qualitative study which focused on the experience of husbands who are home caregivers of wives diagnosed with dementia was conducted using Grounded Theory as research method. The study was based on the experience of nine husbands, six of them were caregiving for their wives at home at the time of the interview, the others had their wives in an institutional setting after years of home caregiving. Data collected during in-dept tape recorded interviews with the participants was analysed using Grounded Theory. Five major categories themes emerged from the participants stories, coping methods, loneliness, grief, loyalty and loss of fellowship in relationship. / <p>ISBN 91-7997-140-7</p>

One charter school’s path to tracking and pushing for privileged passage is examined. The school as it increased in size began to track students first by grade level and then by ability. Realizing that moving mathematics out of the main school program compromised the teaching ideals of the school and potentially student learning. The school has embarked on a program to create a place-based, integrated curriculum developed around mathematics so that mathematics can be reintroduced to multi-age classrooms. Examining the data in terms of trust, size and the behaviors of administrators, teachers and parents at this school in this process are highlighted.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:48:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LarissaAS_DISSERT.pdf: 2513975 bytes, checksum: c4af91c9ccb8a615b65c89426c2338d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-05 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / When crosscutting concerns identification is performed from the beginning of development, on the activities involved in requirements engineering, there are many gains in terms of quality, cost and efficiency throughout the lifecycle of software development. This early identification supports the evolution of requirements, detects possible flaws in the requirements specification, improves traceability among requirements, provides better software modularity and prevents possible rework. However, despite these several advantages, the crosscutting concerns identification over requirements engineering faces several difficulties such as the lack of systematization and tools that support it. Furthermore, it is difficult to justify why some concerns are identified as crosscutting or not, since this identification is, most often, made without any methodology that systematizes and bases it. In this context, this paper proposes an approach based on Grounded Theory, called GT4CCI, for systematizing and basing the process of identifying crosscutting concerns in the initial stages of the software development process in the requirements document. Grounded Theory is a renowned methodology for qualitative analysis of data. Through the use of GT4CCI it is possible to better understand, track and document concerns, adding gains in terms of quality, reliability and modularity of the entire lifecycle of software / Quando a identifica??o de interesses transversais ? feita desde o princ?pio do processo de desenvolvimento de software, ainda nas atividades relacionadas ? Engenharia de Requisitos, muitos s?o os ganhos em termos de qualidade, custo e efici?ncia ao longo do ciclo de vida do software. Esta identifica??o precoce d? suporte ? evolu??o de requisitos, detecta poss?veis falhas na especifica??o de requisitos, melhora a rastreabilidade entre os requisitos, proporciona uma melhor modulariza??o de software e previne poss?veis retrabalhos. Entretanto, apesar de todas estas vantagens, a identifica??o de interesses enfrenta diversas dificuldades, tais como a falta de sistematiza??o e de ferramentas que a ofere?am um bom suporte. Al?m disto, ? dif?cil, muitas vezes, justificar as raz?es pelas quais alguns interesses s?o ou n?o considerados transversais, uma vez que esta identifica??o ?, na maioria das vezes, feita sem qualquer metodologia que a sistematize e a embase. Neste contexto, este trabalho prop?e uma abordagem baseada nos princ?pios da Grounded Theory, chamada GT4CCI, que sistematiza e embasa o processo de identifica??o de interesses transversais nas etapas mais iniciais do processo de desenvolvimento de software, utilizando o documento de requisitos como artefato para a identifica??o. Grounded Theory ? uma renomada metodologia para a an?lise qualitativa de dados. Atrav?s do uso da abordagem GT4CCI ? poss?vel melhor compreender, rastrear e documentar interesses, adicionando assim ganhos em termos de qualidade, confiabilidade e modulariza??o ? todo o ciclo de vida do software

Le présent projet s'applique à problématiser la question des dispositifs par lesquels les politiques d'urbanisation voient le jour en France et dans les pays d'Afrique francophone.cette porte d'entrée permet d'aborder la production des politiques publiques dans les différents acteurs qui interagissent, mais également pose la question de la participation du citoyen dans un contexte marqué par la montée en généralité de l'impératif délibératif au mitan duquel les politiques publiques se légitiment aujourd'hui. en filigrane de ce questionnements, les mécanismes des différents dispositifs sont passés au cribles de la comparaison,à savoir; l'écologie des acteurs, les forces en présence et les fluctuations auxquelles elles sont soumises dans le déroulé de l'action,les médiations que produisent ces politiques ainsi que celles qui fluidifient les dispositifs énonciatifs,et les lieux à travers objets et interactions prennent place. / This thesis of doctorate is about the communication in the urban projects. She is found on the international diffusion of the project logic as norm to make and to arrange the city. Diffusion that drive us to examine the communicational practice that the project allow. The norm project, today shared, does it imply some similarity in terms of communication? In a multipartenarial context, how does he organize the meeting apparatus? Until what point does to make the city imply him the involvement of the inhabitants? What are the issues of the communication that go with project? Two fields have been mobilized in a comparative perspective; the urban shutter of the Contract Getting out of Debt Contract Development (C2D) of Douala and the Big Urban Project (GPU) of Lille. 33 interviews, non participant observation, working papers and a significant corpus of press served to support a conceptual armature resting on the notions of apparatus and communication activity. The main results show a strong salience of communicational dissimilarity in the studied projects. These differences must be put in perspective with specific institutional contexts. Indeed, the communication in the C2D of Douala is minimal, implemented by internal actors to the Urban Community of Douala, but external to the team of project. In the case of the GPU, the implementation of the communication leans on outside operators to the project team, although the communicational activity is drived by the members of the aforesaid team. The place of the inhabitants deal to see a minimal involvement of the Douala casa whereas. In the Big Urban Project of Lille, we see an active continuum of the simple consultation to the coproduction of some facilities. Finally the accompaniment communication includes a strongsymbolic dimension in Lille whereas in Douala, it limits herself to evenementialisation who deserve of the Government Delegate close to the Douala Urban City Council.