This master thesis deals with feminist literary analysis of the works of writer Michal Viewegh, specifically his two prose novels Román pro ženy and Román pro muže using a method called resistant reading with a critical gender analysis and subsequent final comparison. This thesis consists of two parts, from the theoretical - methodological, which outlines the theoretical basis for the next analytical part. The key concepts are in the first part the researches of literary critics on Michal Viewegh, theories of Judith Fetterley, Elaine Showalter and Janice A. Radway. Furthermore, there are the theoretical basis of gender, and how gender stereotypes are constructed. This section is mainly based on the theorists Blanka Knotková - Čapková, Annis Pratt, Claire M. Renzetti and Daniel J. Curran and founder of analytical psychology Carl Gustav Jung. In describing femininity and masculinity are central lines theories of Naomi Wolf, Simone de Beauvoir and Pierre Bourdieu, Michael Kimmel and Robert Bly. The analytical part is the critical uncovering of gender stereotypes and power discourse. The conclusion is made by the final critical comparison of both novels. Key words: resistant reading, literary canon, gender stereotypes, masculinity, femininity, beauty myth, male domination, power

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AI is entering clinical care and the healthcare sector in a big way, at the same time, a growing number of scholars are concerned that this technology cannot adhere to current bioethical principles. In particular, there are increasing concerns that AI poses a threat to the autonomy of patients by being irreconcilable with the practice of informed consent. In this essay, I shall defend the thesis that some applications of AI can be reconciled with a revised version of informed consent – what I call AI Adapted Informed Consent. This solution shall not rest on the idea of making black box AI more transparent or explicable. Instead, I shall argue that black box AI does not necessarily withhold the kind of information necessary for informed consent. Rather, patients can be given epistemic access to the kind of information necessary to make an informed decision, as well as being informed as to how the AI is used in the medical decision-making and in the assessment of their medical situation. Hence, this solution offers a re-interpretation of informed consent as information about contextual functioning and role of AI in medical decision-making. Drawing on republican interpretations of freedom as nondomination, I argue that demands for informed consent can only be restrained if it preserves the voluntariness of our decisions. Hence, I shall conclude that my adapted informed consent thesis allows for the possibility that some applications of black box AI in clinical care can be reconciled with informed consent and due respect for patient autonomy – if three specific conditions can be met.

La notion de ruse est intrinsèquement liée à celle de pouvoir, puisqu’elle implique de subvertir, par la puissance de l’esprit et non par la force physique, le dispositif stratégique des dominants tout en demeurant dans l’espace social que ces derniers contrôlent. Puisque toutes les relations de pouvoir impliquent un dominant et un dominé, « il y a forcément possibilité de résistance ». Celle-ci peut s’accomplir notamment en recourant à la ruse, cette faculté intellectuelle qui permet de tirer son épingle du jeu en identifiant les failles du système et en saisissant les moments opportuns afin d’agir. Elle se présente alors comme une voie à privilégier pour les dominés qui désirent survivre à cet état de domination ou l’outrepasser. En ce sens, la ruse correspond à la tactique – cette capacité qu’a le dominé de « jouer avec le terrain qui lui est imposé » – concept à ne pas confondre avec celui de stratégie, qui sert plutôt aux dominants. Ainsi, la ruse étant l’arme du faible, elle semble se prêter particulièrement aux femmes, souvent exclues de la sphère décisionnelle et soumises aux hommes qui occupent la position de stratèges dans les sociétés patriarcales. Pourtant, la ruse semble être une aptitude généralement associée au masculin dans le domaine littéraire, bien que le concept de ruse découle du terme de la Grèce antique mètis qui tire son origine de déesses, donc des femmes. En effet, dans l’imaginaire collectif occidental, les premiers personnages rusés qui viennent à l’esprit sont Ulysse, Scapin et la figure du renard. En suivant une approche féministe, la présente recherche tentera de réhabiliter la ruse au féminin et de réfléchir aux tactiques adoptées par ces femmes qui doivent composer avec le pouvoir masculin au quotidien. Ainsi, elle portera sur l’héritage de Pénélope et de Shéhérazade – ces femmes rusées qui ont lutté contre les dominants – dans la littérature contemporaine. La recherche étudiera comment les textes littéraires contemporains travaillent le langage afin de représenter les femmes comme des êtres rusés et d’offrir un espace propice aux voix féminines. Les diverses ruses féminines seront analysées à travers des oeuvres mettant en scène des femmes qui usent de tactiques pour tirer profit d’un système qui les désavantage. Pour ce faire, le projet de mémoire reposera sur l’analyse textuelle des oeuvres, en mobilisant la conception de Foucault du pouvoir et la théorie de la tactique par de Certeau. Les théories de l’agentivité (Gardiner et Butler notamment) et la notion d’empowerment permettront de mettre en lumière les iniquités liées au sexe qui forcent les femmes à recourir à la ruse plutôt qu’à la confrontation, ainsi que le pouvoir qu’elles tirent de leur ruse. Cette recherche vise donc à repérer les multiples formes d’agentivité, à expliquer comment les rapports de forces et la ruse se développent dans chaque oeuvre à l’étude, à définir les conjonctures favorables à l’accomplissement d’une tactique au féminin, à démontrer que la ruse est le moyen à prioriser pour les femmes qui désirent changer leur condition et à souligner la vision désormais positive de la ruse féminine dans la littérature contemporaine. Le corpus sera formé du roman canadien La servante écarlate de Margaret Atwood, où June se soumet en apparence pour mieux frapper par la suite; du roman belge Barbe bleue d’Amélie Nothomb, dont la protagoniste Saturnine retourne le piège de son opposant contre lui; du texte dramaturgique québécois Incendies de Wajdi Mouawad, où Nawal se contraint au silence afin de briser le cycle de la douleur; et du roman graphique français Peau d’Homme de Hubert et Zanzim, dans laquelle Bianca se travestit pour espionner son futur époux. La diversité de ces oeuvres permettra d’observer l’étendue du phénomène de la ruse féminine et d’initier une étude sur le sujet. / The notion of cunning is intrinsically related to the concept of power because it involves subverting, by the strength of the mind rather than the physical strength, the strategic mechanism of the dominant individuals, while remaining within the social space they control. Since all power relations involve a dominant person and a dominated person, “there is necessarily possibility of resistance”. This resistance can be achieved by resorting to trickery, this intellectual faculty which makes it possible to get out of a delicate situation by identifying the flaws in the system and seizing the right moments to act. Cunning becomes one of the best paths for the dominated people who desire to survive to their state of domination or overcome it. In this sense, cunning corresponds to the tactic – this capacity that has the dominated individual to “play with the field imposed on him” – concept to not confuse with the strategy, which rather corresponds to the dominant person. Cunning being the weapon of the weak, it seems to be particularly suitable to women, often excluded of the decision making and submitted to men who are in the position of the strategists in the patriarchal society. Yet, cunning is a general aptitude associated to masculinity in the literary field, although the concept of cunning derives from the ancient Greek term “mètis” which comes from goddesses, therefore women. Indeed, in the western collective imagination, the first shrewd characters that come to mind are, among others, Ulysses, Scapin and the fox figure. By following a feminist approach, this research will try to rehabilitate feminine cunning and to think about the tactics adopted by these women who must deal daily with the masculine power. Thus, it will focus on the legacy of Penelope and Scheherazade – these women who fought against the dominant – in the contemporary literature. This study will therefore explore how the contemporary literary texts work the language to represent the women as cunning individuals and to offer a favorable space for female voices. Various feminine tricks will be analysed through works featuring women who use some tactics to take advantage of a system that disadvantages them. To do so, this research lies on the textual analysis of literary texts, by mobilising Foucault’s vision of power and de Certeau’s theory of the tactic. The theories of agency (Gardiner and Butler in particular) and the notion of empowerment will allow to highlight the inequities related to sex that force women to resort to trickery rather than confrontation, and the power they benefit from their cunning. Hence, this essay aims to identify the multiple forms of agency, to explain how power relations and cunning develop in each book under study, to define favorable circumstances to the accomplishment of a feminine tactic, to demonstrate that cunning is the preferred method for women who wish to change their condition, and to highlight the now positive vision of the feminine cunning in the contemporary French literature. The corpus is formed by the Canadian novel The Handmaid’s Tale from Margaret Atwood, in which June seemingly submits herself to strike better afterwards; the Belgian novel Barbe bleue from Amelie Nothomb, whose protagonist Saturnine reverses the trap of her opponent against him; the Quebec playwright Incendies from Wajdi Mouawad, in which Nawal forces herself into silence to break the cycle of pain; and the French graphic novel Peau d’Homme from Hubert and Zanzim, in which Bianca travesties herself to spy on her future husband. The diversity of these books will allow to observe the extend of the phenomenon of female trickery and to initiate a study on this subject.

Ce mémoire s’intéresse au dualisme hiérarchique en philosophie de l’enfance et ses implications dans la crise climatique. L’objectif principal est de démontrer qu’il est nécessaire de repenser le dualisme hiérarchique entre l’enfant et l’adulte afin que l’enfant puisse avoir une agentivité reconnue par la société, en particulier au sujet de la question environnementale. Nous croyons que la philosophie écoféministe est susceptible de contribuer à la réflexion par sa critique du dualisme hiérarchique. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous examinons, dans la première partie, trois conceptions occidentales de l’enfance : deux conceptions dominantes dans lesquelles le dualisme enfant/adulte est présent et une conception opposée sans dualité ni hiérarchie. La seconde partie du mémoire se concentre sur la philosophie écoféministe en exposant un bref historique pour comprendre le problème du dualisme. Puis, nous analysons deux théories écoféministes pour connaitre les structures de domination et du dualisme ainsi qu’une troisième théorie pour envisager les avantages de surpasser le dualisme. Dans la troisième partie, nous présentons les liens possibles entre le dualisme en philosophie de l’enfance et le dualisme en philosophie écoféministe : le système patriarcal et le cadre conceptuel oppressif. Ces liens nous mènent à la conséquence majeure du dualisme hiérarchique, le manque d’agentivité de l’enfant, la femme et la nature; nous démontrons de quelle manière les théories écoféministes peuvent contribuer à rejeter le dualisme hiérarchique enfant/adulte afin de donner une agentivité à l’enfant. Il s’agit alors de proposer une éthique relationnelle écoféministe comme cadre normatif dont nous exposons également les limites. / This master’s thesis focuses on hierarchical dualism through the philosophy of childhood and its implications for the climate crisis. The main objective is to argue that it is necessary to rethink the hierarchical dualism between the child and the adult in order for the child to gain a socially recognised agency, particularly in relation to environmental issues. We believe that ecofeminist philosophy can contribute to this reflection through its critique of hierarchical dualism. To achieve this goal, first, we examine three Western conceptions of childhood: two dominant conceptions in which child/adult dualism is present and an opposing conception without duality or hierarchy. Second, we focus on ecofeminist philosophy by providing a brief history to understand the problem of dualism. Then, we analyse two ecofeminist theories to understand the structures of domination and dualism and a third theory to consider the benefits of overcoming dualism. Third, we present the possible links between dualism in philosophy of childhood and dualism in ecofeminist philosophy: the patriarchal system and the oppressive conceptual framework. These links lead us to the major consequence of hierarchical dualism, the lack of agency of the child, the woman and nature; we demonstrate how ecofeminist theories can contribute to rejecting the hierarchical child/adult dualism in order to restore agency to the child. The aim is to propose an ecofeminist relational ethic as a normative framework, whose limits are also exposed.

AbstractThe study aims to explore how students’ linguistic resources are used for learning in a school in Gambia. The study is a field study and was conducted at a Senior Secondary School during January and February 2023. As a postcolonial country, Gambia is a culturally and linguistically highly diverse country with English as the official language and several native languages, also called local languages. Despite this fact, English is the only language of instruction. The local languages are used as the main means of daily communication, while English is used in communication with the authorities and as a language of instruction. The students, in other words, do not learn to read and write in their first language, which is one of the local languages.The theoretical framework for the study is Janks’ theory of critical literacy (2010) which emphasizes the concepts of domination, access, diversity, and design. The method is a qualitative research method with an ethnographic approach, based on interviews with both students and teachers, as well as participant observation and documentation of lessons in several school subjects. The material consists of audio-recorded interviews and field notes from the lesson observations. The results show that the majority of the study’s participants expressed advantages in using all their common linguistic resources in school. However, one teacher considers that he, as a state school employee, is obliged to use only English as the language of instruction and sees no reason to question it. Also, according to one student’s opinion, it is right to use English as a common language, and not to use the local languages as a support for students’ understanding.The result from the classroom observations shows that there is a gap between the students’ requesting more language support in teaching and the teachers’ use of multilingualism as a resource for learning. Only occasional examples and no systematic use of local languages were observed during lessons for promoting learning and multilingual development. Despite this, there were teachers, who, although they were obliged through the curriculum to only use the English language, chose to include students' linguistic resources, interests, and earlier experiences in the curriculum. One conclusion of the study is that the issue of linguistic and cultural diversity in the classroom) is not easy to solve, due to the complex language situation in Gambia. Another conclusion is that teachers, through their choice of a didactic design based on students’ linguistic resources, interests, and earlier experiences, can support students’ access to the curriculum and contribute to a more equitable education. Keywords: Access to the Curriculum, Didactic Design, First Language, Language of Instruction, Language Domination, Linguistic and Cultural Diversity, Multilingualism

L’équité est un concept large dont la signification et la richesse conceptuelle ont évolué temporellement au sein de la théorie du droit et de la théorie politique. Au travers d’une histoire de l’équité, partant de la conception d’Aristote jusqu’aux juristes réalistes américains, ce mémoire analyse et explique la transformation graduelle de ce concept dans le droit, dont la place fut tantôt au centre des réflexions autour de la justice, tantôt minimisée, voire écartée, mais jamais complètement supprimée. Nous fondant sur cette riche histoire de l’équité, nous reconnectons ce concept phare de la théorie du droit à une réception de celui-ci au sein de la théorie politique. Pour ce faire, nous mobilisons la théorie de la liberté comme non-domination de Philip Pettit comme le cadre d’une pratique contemporaine de l’équité, au travers de la jurisprudence de la Cour suprême du Canada sur l’équité procédurale. / The concept of “equity” is vast, and its meaning and depth have dramatically evolved over time within the political and legal theory fields. This thesis offers a history of the concept of equity, starting from Aristotle’s conception of justice and equity to the American legal realist movement. On that basis, this thesis analyzes and explains the reasons why such a gradual transformation of this concept happened and, therefore, how the role of equity changed from being at the centre of theories of justice and law to being minimized, almost excluded from the sphere of legal theory, but never completely suppressed. Drawing on this rich history of equity, we reconnect this key concept of legal theory with its reception in political theory. In that regard, we offer an account of Philip Pettit’s theory of freedom as non-domination understood as the framework for the contemporary practice of equity, notably through the example of the case law of the Supreme Court of Canada on procedural fairness.

[pt] Embora mais da metade dos refugiados no mundo resida hoje em cidades, o tema ainda ocupa espaço periférico no campo de estudos sobre refúgio. Parcela expressiva das políticas e pesquisas na área tratam refugiados urbanos como uma população distinta cuja vivência nas cidades é moldada majoritariamente ou exclusivamente por sua condição de deslocados forçados. Ao relegar o urbano à segundo plano, oferecem um olhar pasteurizado, incapaz de apreender quais potencialidades e desafios particulares imprime ao refúgio. Neste sentido, a presente tese tem por objetivo central promover a interlocução entre o campo de estudos sobre refúgio e sobre o urbano de modo a ampliar a compreensão acerca de como ambos os fenômenos se articulam e se (res)significam mutuamente. Do vasto corpo teórico disponível, a pesquisa parte da teoria urbana crítica, especialmente das reflexões de Lefebvre sobre a produção do espaço e o direito à cidade, na tentativa de iluminar como a inserção de refugiados na cidade não pode ser dissociada da forma como o espaço urbano é produzido hoje. A partir dessa leitura, discute-se como o refúgio encontra-se articulado com as práticas de regulação, controle e fronteirização materializados nas cidades, bem como com os processos de contestação, resistência e subversão que nelas se processam. / [en] Although over half the number of refugees worldwide currently lives in cities, this subject is still considered peripheral in the field of refuge studies. A large number of policies and research about this issue addresses urban refugees as a distinct population whose lives in cities are shaped mainly or exclusively by their condition as victims of forced migration. When the importance of the urban theme is not acknowledged, the result is often a sterile viewpoint that is incapable of understanding potentialities and particular challenges pertaining to refuge. The main objective of this thesis is to promote the dialogue between the study of refuge and the city in order to enhance the understanding of how both phenomena relate to and give new meaning to each other. Using some of the vast theoretical data that is available, the research stems from the critical urban theory, particularly Lefebvre s thoughts on the production of space and the right to the city, in an attempt to show how the insertion of refugees in the city cannot be dissociated from the way in which urban space is produced today. Based on this, the thesis discusses how refuge is tied to the practices of regulation, control and the creation of boundaries that take place in cities, as well as to the processes of contestation, resistance and subversion that occur within them.

Studiens syfte är att beskriva och förstå fem vuxna kvinnors levda erfarenheter av eftervåld och deras upplevelser av samhällets stöd. Utgångspunkten är kvinnornas berättelser, där deras erfarenheter och upplevelser, tankar och känslor står i centrum. Studiens vetenskapsteoretiska förankring är hermeneutisk och utgår från en kvalitativ metod med abduktiv ansats. Studiens empiriska material består av fem intervjuer som analyserats genom ett hermeneutiskt tolkningsförfarande. Bourdieus teori om den manliga dominansen och Ebaughs exitteori har använts som teoretiska utgångspunkter i tolkningen. Resultatet pekar på att eftervåldet kan utövas på olika sätt och innebära olika konsekvenser. Hot och trakasserier är en vanlig våldsform, liksom att gemensamma barn utnyttjas som maktmedel av våldsutövaren i syfte att fortsätta kontrollera den våldsutsatta kvinnan. Resultatet pekar vidare på att upplevelsen av samhällsstödet kan skilja sig åt samt att förståelse och kunskap om våld och eftervåld är en gemensam faktor för att samhället ska kunna stödja kvinnorna på ett adekvat sätt. Våra främsta forskningsfynd är att de våldsutsatta kvinnornas livskvalitet försämras av eftervåldet och dess konsekvenser, men även att motståndskraften hos dem hela tiden ökar trots barriärerna. / The aim of this study is to describe and understand five adult women’s lived experiences of post separation violence and their experiences of society support. The focus is the women’s own stories. The grounding is hermeneutic and emanates from a qualitative method with an abductive approach. The empirical materials consist of five interviews which has been analyzed by a hermeneutic interpretation procedure. Bourdieu’s theory masculine domination and Ebaugh’s theory the process of role exit has been used as theoretical starting points in the interpretation. The results shows that post separation violence can be exerted in different ways and implicate various consequences. Threats and harassment are a common type of violence, as well as using mutual children as a mean of power for the abuser to continue control the exposed woman. The results also shows that the experiences of society support differ and that understanding and knowledge of domestic violence and post separation violence is a common factor for society to be able to support the women in an adequate way. Our main findings are that the exposed women’s quality of life decreases because of the post separation violence and its consequences, but also that the resilience increases despite the barriers.

Les études portant sur l’agression sexuelle à l’enfance (ASE) n’ont fait que croître au cours des dernières années. Il s’agit d’une problématique grave, dont les conséquences à court et long terme sont considérables et néfastes. D’ailleurs, davantage de conduites sexuelles extradyadiques à l’âge adulte peuvent être l’une de ces séquelles. L’objectif principal du présent projet vise à tester un modèle médiationnel, à l’aide d’analyses acheminatoires, comprenant comme variable prédictrice la sévérité de l’ASE, comme variables médiatrices les motivations sexuelles de domination et de soumission, puis comme variable prédite l’infidélité. L’effet du genre sur l’ensemble du modèle est également examiné. Les résultats démontrent que la sévérité de l’ASE prédit directement les risques d’infidélité, mais aussi indirectement via une augmentation de la motivation sexuelle de domination, et ce, tant chez les hommes que chez les femmes. La probabilité qu’il y ait des conduites infidèles passe de 18% à 31% lorsque la sévérité de l’ASE ainsi que la motivation sexuelle de domination passent de moyennes à élevées. Les résultats mettent en évidence un enjeu de pouvoir chez les victimes d’ASE qui vient teinter leur sexualité et qui se doit d’être approfondi cliniquement.