Après trois décennies des conflits armés, le Cambodge a enfin la capacité d’accélérer sa croissance et l’intégration de son économie dans la région et le monde. Pour cela, le pays doit reconstruire un système financier solide et mettre en place une politique monétaire. Nous proposons une étude de l’efficacité de la politique monétaire de la BNC (Banque Nationale du Cambodge) en tenant compte du fait que le sous-développement du secteur financier amoindrit les effets des canaux de transmission de la politique monétaire.Après avoir abordé les aspects théoriques en mettant en lumière le consensus de la politique monétaire et les différents canaux de transmission, nous passons en revue les travaux empiriques menés sur ce thème tant dans les pays développés, les pays en développement que les pays en transition. Il en ressort que les spécificités des systèmes financiers des différents pays, conditionnent la complexité et les effets des canaux de transmission et que le développement du système financier favorise la conduite de la politique monétaire, ne serait-ce que parce qu’elle étaye la confiance du public. Nous mettons ainsi en évidence l’importance d’une réforme du secteur financier préalable à toute politique monétaire. Par ailleurs, l’évolution du secteur financier est liée au développement économique mais celle-ci est aussi susceptible de créer de l’instabilité financière si le pays ne met pas en place des institutions suffisamment solides. Sa réussite demande que soient préalablement remplies un certain nombre de conditions comme la stabilité macroéconomique, la qualité de la réglementation financière et le développement du marché monétaire. Ce type de stratégie a été mise en place en 2001 (Blueprint [2001]) pour développer un système financier fondé sur les mécanismes du marché ; elle n’a que partiellement abouti. Elle a été revue en 2006 (le FSDS [06-15]) avec pour objectif d’harmoniser le calendrier de la réforme avec les améliorations en matière économiques, politiques, sociales et institutionnelles.Au stade actuel de développement du Cambodge, les canaux de transmission de la politique monétaire ne sont pas tous efficients à cause d’un système financier sous-développé, de globalisation financière et la dollarisation. Nous avons par conséquent mené une étude empirique sur la base de données Cambodgiennes pour évaluer leurs effets. Il en ressort que le canal du crédit n’a pas d’impact sur la croissance économique mais sur le niveau général des prix alors que le canal monétaire a un impact positif à court-terme sur le niveau général des prix. L’agrégat M1 et le crédit sont positivement reliés à court-terme. Notre étude suggère l’existence d’un canal monétaire et l’absence d’un canal du crédit. A la recherche du cadre le plus adapté de la politique monétaire dans le contexte du pays, nous analysons trois stratégies : le ciblage du taux d’inflation, celui du taux de change et celui des agrégats monétaires. Nous prenons aussi en compte les aspects institutionnels de la politique monétaire (l’indépendance, la responsabilité et la transparence de la conduite de la politique monétaire), la stratégie de communication et des mécanismes de décision de la Banque Centrale. Une stratégie basée sur un ciblage des agrégats monétaires semble l’option la plus adaptée. Un ciblage du taux de change paraît être une option secondaire (second-best) pour modérer la volatilité excessive et ancrer les anticipations des agents économiques. / After three decades of the armed conflicts, Cambodia finally has the capacity to accelerate her economic growth and integration into the region and the world. The country must rebuild a sound financial system and put in place an effective monetary policy. We propose to conduct a study on the efficacy of monetary policy of NBC (Central Bank of Cambodia) while taking into account of the underdevelopment of the financial system which weakens the effects of the transmission channels of the monetary policy.Following the literature reviews which highlight the consensus of an effective monetary policy and different channels of transmission, we undertake an empirical review in developed and developing countries. The specificities of financial system of each county condition the complexity and the effects of transmission channels. Moreover, the development of financial system enhances the implementation of monetary policy as long as it enjoys public confidence. We thus emphasize the importance of the reform of financial system prior to conducting an effective monetary policy. Besides, the development of financial system links closely with that of the economy but it is likely to foster financial instability if the country doesn’t have sufficiently sound institutions. The success of the reform requires a number of preconditions such as macroeconomic stability, acceptable quality of regulations, and development of monetary market. The reform was put in place in 2001 (Blueprint [2001]) to develop a sound and efficient financial system based on market mechanisms; it could only partially achieve its objectives. It was revised in 2006 (FSDS [06-15]) to harmonize its objectives with the pace of reform which experienced economic, political, social and institutional improvements.In the current state of development of Cambodia, transmission channels of monetary policy are not fully efficient. We conducted an empirical studies based on Cambodian data to evaluate its effects. It seems that credit channel doesn’t have the impacts on economic growth but on general level of prices while monetary channel has positive and short-term impacts on general level of prices. Our study suggests the existence of a monetary channel and absence of credit channel. In a quest of the suitable monetary policy framework in the current context of the country, we analyze three forms of framework: inflation targeting, exchange rate targeting and monetary aggregate targeting. We also take into account of institutional aspects (independence, accountability, and transparency of the monetary policy implementation), communication strategy, and decision mechanisms of NBC. A monetary policy strategy based on monetary aggregate targeting appears the most suitable option. Exchange rate targeting framework seems to be a second-best option to absorb the excessive volatility and anchor the public expectations.

Les imperfections des marchés financiers et l'incomplétude des contrats financiers compliquent la conclusion d'ententes entre les firmes et les parties prenantes. Plusieurs solutions sont proposées pour réduire ces problèmes et faciliter la conclusion des contrats financiers. Les contrats étant enveloppés par un cadre institutionnel, ils en sont imprégnés et affectés. Les institutions sont donc une des solutions aux imperfections des marchés et à l'incomplétude des contrats. Les résultats de notre étude le prouvent clairement. Cette étude montre que le niveau de développement et la structure du système financier (en particulier la part relative des financements bancaires et de marché), les conditions de régulation du système bancaire (les formes et l’étendue de la supervision) et certaines caractéristiques des systèmes juridiques (la protection des créditeurs), ont un effet significatif sur les contraintes d'investissement. Il apparaît que la bonne qualité des institutions facilite l'accès aux financements et qu'elle renforce les garanties exigées pour l'octroi de la dette. De fait, la piètre qualité des institutions d’un pays constitue une entrave à l'accès au financement par le secteur privé. / The imperfections of financial markets and the incompleteness of financial contracts cause commitments between firms and stakeholders to become more complex. Several solutions are suggested in order to reduce such problems and to facilitate the conclusion of financial contracts. Contracts evolve within an institutional structure, an environment by which they are conditioned. Institutions are one of many solutions to market imperfections and to contract incompleteness. Results bring out relevant effects of the financial system’s development and structure (particularly the amount of banking over market financing), banking regulation (the supervisory methods and their extent) and some characteristics of the legal systems (such as creditor protection) on investment constraints. It appears that sound and healthy institutions facilitate access to funding and strengthen the collateral required to secure bank financing. Consequently, poor quality of a country’s institutions hinders access to financing by the private sector.

O aprofundamento das diferenças entre a contabilidade e as normas tributárias tornou o crescimento do ativo fiscal diferido, resultante da alocação dos efeitos tributários das diferenças temporárias entre os dois sistemas contábeis, um problema a ser enfrentado pelas autoridades monetárias. Entre os principais métodos de alocação de impostos entre períodos, a alocação parcial é o método que produz um ativo fiscal diferido mais condizente com os fundamentos econômicos. As autoridades monetárias têm procurado limitar o crescimento do ativo fiscal diferido nas instituições financeiras por meio de procedimentos extracontábeis, em grande parte porque a alocação utilizada em muitos países, inclusive no Brasil, é a alocação abrangente. Os normativos contábeis sobre o ativo fiscal diferido e as legislações bancárias correlatas dos EUA e do Brasil são analisados e comparados, além de apresentados os números agregados do ativo fiscal diferido no Sistema Financeiro Nacional. A base de dados utilizada foi o Sistema de Informações do Banco Central, o que permitiu que todos os integrantes do Sistema Financeiro Nacional fossem coletivamente pesquisados. Os números obtidos mostram que, a partir do ano de 1997, quando aumentou o fosso entre contabilidade e normas tributárias, sobretudo em virtude da indedutibilidade da maioria das provisões, houve crescimento contínuo do ativo fiscal diferido no conjunto das instituições financeiras brasileiras. Com isso, as normas bancárias relativas à adequação de capital ficaram mais rígidas e afastadas da contabilidade. Este trabalho tem a finalidade de propor um método de alocação baseado na alocação parcial, mas não como usualmente praticada. As instituições financeiras, baseadas em estudos técnicos, determinam, hoje, as diferenças temporárias que originam o ativo fiscal diferido. Pela característica de interdependência com todos os setores econômicos que o sistema financeiro possui, além da baixa qualidade do ativo fiscal diferido quanto à sua liquidez, o Banco Central passa, segundo a proposta, a ter papel pró-ativo na alocação de impostos. O Banco Central passa a determinar as diferenças temporárias que originarão o ativo fiscal diferido, a ser obtido pela alocação parcial especificada pela autarquia. A alocação parcial nesses moldes resultaria não só no reconhecimento contábil do ativo fiscal diferido em bases econômicas, pois as diferenças temporárias consideradas no seu cômputo teriam a chancela da possibilidade de reversão firmada pelo próprio Banco Central, mas também na aproximação entre as normas de adequação de capital e a contabilidade, pois o ativo fiscal diferido no agregado do Sistema Financeiro Nacional possivelmente ficaria em nível naturalmente tolerável para fins de aferição da solvabilidade das instituições financeiras. / The deepening of the differences between accounting and tax rules turned the growing in the deferred tax asset, resulting from the tax allocation of the temporary differences between the two accounting systems, into a problem for monetary authorities. Among the main interperiod tax allocation methods, the partial provision method for deferred taxes yields a more suitable deferred tax asset according to economic fundamentals. Monetary authorities have tried to limit the deferred taxes from growing in the financial institutions through off-balance-sheet procedures, especially because many countries, including Brazil, use the comprehensive (full) method of accounting for deferred taxes. Accounting standards on deferred taxes and American and Brazilian regulatory rules are analyzed and compared and the aggregate numbers of the deferred tax asset in the National Financial System are presented. Data were obtained from the Brazilian Central Bank database, which allowed for a survey of all National Financial System components. The resulting features show that, from fiscal year 1997 onwards, when the gap between accounting and tax rules deepened, especially due to the fact that most of provisions became indeductible for tax purposes, a continuous growth in deferred tax assets has occurred in Brazilian banks. Consequently, the Brazilian regulatory capital rules have become stricter and more distant from accounting. This study aims to propose a method of accounting for income taxes based on the partial provision method, but not like the partial method usually practiced. Nowadays, based on technical studies, banks determine the deferred tax assets arising from deductible temporary differences chosen by the banks themselves. Thanks to the financial market’s interdependency with other economic sectors, besides the low liquidity of deferred tax assets, according to the objective, the Brazilian Central Bank starts to play a pro-active role in the tax allocation process. Based on the partial method, the Central Bank will determine which timing differences will give rise to the deferred tax asset. The partial provision method thus achieved would result not only in a deferred tax record on an economic basis, because the reversal of the considered temporary differences would have the official seal of the Central Bank, but it would also provide for a shorter distance between the regulatory capital treatment of deferred tax assets and accounting principles, since the total deferred tax asset recorded in the National Financial System would possibly stay at a naturally tolerable level for regulatory capital purposes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isalino Antonio Giacomet Junior.pdf: 1126819 bytes, checksum: 32838bbb6682054d64262f508220dd4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-08 / Dealing effectively with economic crimes is a fundamental need for fair and balanced development of society today, given the collective nature of legal interests protected by them and the special features of economic criminality, consisting of one of the most obvious legal limit on the economic power. The success of combating such crimes within which include crimes against the financial system and crimes against the capital market - depends directly on the adoption of specific legislative techniques of criminal law. Constant innovations in the means of transmission of wealth, associated with the evolution of products and services offered to users of the financial market and the necessity to preserve the constitutional economic order, require that the economy criminal law is endowed with mechanisms that would allow flexibility and adaptation to the economic reality of any given time. Therefore, it is crucial that the expertise and the regulatory powers inherent to normative and supervisor agencies of the National Financial System emanating from within their respective regulatory administrative functions - are also translated to economic criminal law. Among the instruments of criminal regulation that allow this administrative influence, are in the characterization of blank criminal laws, the use of normative elements of the crime and objective conditions for punishment. Despite these legislative techniques cause, as a rule, the creation of open criminal types, it is emphasized that these mechanisms of penal norms do not offend the principle of legality. / O enfrentamento eficiente aos delitos econômicos representa uma necessidade fundamental para o desenvolvimento justo e equilibrado da sociedade nos dias atuais, em virtude dos bens jurídicos de índole coletiva por eles tutelados e das características especiais da criminalidade econômica, consistindo em uma das formas mais evidentes de limitação jurídica sobre o poder econômico. O sucesso do combate a tais delitos dentro dos quais se inserem os crimes contra o sistema financeiro e os crimes contra o mercado de capitais depende diretamente da adoção de técnicas legislativas diferenciadas dos tipos penais. As constantes inovações nos meios de transmissão de riquezas, aliadas à evolução dos serviços e produtos oferecidos aos usuários do mercado financeiro e à necessidade de preservação da ordem econômica constitucional, requerem que o direito penal econômico seja dotado de mecanismos que permitam sua maleabilidade e adaptação constante à realidade econômica de determinado momento. Torna-se fundamental, portanto, que os conhecimentos técnicos e os poderes normativos inerentes aos órgãos normativos e supervisores do Sistema Financeiro Nacional exarados no âmbito de suas respectivas atribuições administrativas regulatórias sejam transpostos também para a seara do direito penal econômico. Dentre os instrumentos de normatização penal que permitem essa influência administrativa, situam-se a tipificação de normas penais em branco, a utilização de elementos normativos do tipo e as condições objetivas de punibilidade. Em que pese tais técnicas legislativas ensejarem, em regra, a criação de tipos penais abertos, destaca-se que esses mecanismos de normatização penal não ofendem o princípio da legalidade.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jaime Goncalves Filho.pdf: 863240 bytes, checksum: e960a09eb78ee2841ff94326cf87aa72 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-13 / This dissertation has for object of study the Provisional Measure 168/90 which served as the political and economic instrument for a specific context, namely, the Collor administration. It will analyze, therefore, the legal limits existing at the time of the mentioned Provisional Measure, weighing the economic needs and the legal system in force, and will account for the decisions of the courts that evaluated the constitutionality and legality of the seizure of assets. The Provisional Measure 168/90, put in place to serve economic and political interests during the Collor administration, with the goal of comparing such measures with the existing legal limits in order to come to a conclusion on the illegality of these facts. / A presente dissertação tem por objeto de estudo analisar a Medida Provisória 168/90 que serviu de instrumento político-econômico para um contexto específico, qual seja, o governo Collor. Analisar-se-á, portanto, os limites jurídicos existentes à época da mencionada Medida Provisória, sopesando as necessidades econômicas e a ordem jurídica vigente, fazendo, inclusive, menção às decisões dos Tribunais que apreciaram a constitucionalidade e legalidade do bloqueio de haveres. A Medida Provisória 168/90 foi manejada em razão de interesses econômicos e políticos durante o governo Collor, de modo a cotejar tais medidas com os limites jurídicos existentes, a fim de concluir sobre a ilicitude desses fatos.

RESUME La construction d un systeme financier sain et concurrentiel capable de mobiliser de facon substantielle des hauts niveaux d epargne et l amelioration des normes de supervision bancaire et financier pour assurer la stabilite du systeme sont deux des recommandations souvent faites par les institutions internationales pour permettre aux pays africains de participer pleinement a l expansion de la prosperite mondiale et a beneficier de la globalisation du commerce des services financiers.<p><p>Cette these essaie de trouver les voies et moyens susceptibles de contribuer a l amelioration et au renforcement de la supervision bancaire au Congo, et in fine [le secteur bancaire etant le plus important du systeme financier] permettre l eclosion d un systeme financier moderne et efficace qui rencontre les normes internationales.<p><p>Dans une premiere etape qui consiste en un etat des lieux du systeme financier congolais et en une analyse critique de la gestion bancaire ( chapitre 1 et chapitre 2 ); les analyses :<p>- ressortent les caracteristiques du systeme financier congolais ;<p>- soulignent les contraintes structurelles ayant entrave trois decennies de gestion bancaire ;<p>- evaluent les chances de succes des reformes mises en oeuvre par les autorites;<p>- proposent en des termes generaux, les ameliorations a porter au cadre reglementaire et de supervision du secteur bancaire afin de reduire les imperfections, de renforcer l efficacite et la stabilite du systeme dans son ensemble.<p><p>Dans une seconde etape, un menu plus restreint de propositions faites au terme de l etat des lieux du systeme financier et de l analyse critique de la gestion bancaire est passe en revue. Les contributions de la these dans cette etape consistent :<p>- en la proposition d outils concrets de supervision bancaire pour faire face a la carence d outils de gestion prudentielle preventive ;(chapitre 3)<p>- en recommandations pour ameliorer :la politique de provisionnement des creances et le fonctionnement des institutions de microfinance ;( chapitre 4)<p>- a degager dans une demarche d analyse strategique, les pistes susceptibles de contribuer a l amelioration de la sante et la solidite du systeme financier congolais apres evaluation prealable de sa competitivite (chapitre 5)<p> <p>SUMMARY<p>The construction of an healthy and competitive financial system able to mobilize high levels of saving and the improvement of the standards of banking and financial supervision to ensure the stability of the system are two of the recommendations often made by international institutions to help African countries to take part in the expansion of world prosperity and to profit from the globalization of financial services. <p><p>This thesis tries to find the ways to contribute to the improvement and the reinforcement of the banking supervision in Congo, and in fine [ the banking environment being most significant of the financial system ] to allow the blossoming of a modern and effective financial system which meets international standards. <p><p>In a first stage which consists in an overview of the Congolese financial system and in a critical analysis of the banking management ( chapter 1 & chapter 2) ;our analyses :<p>- release the characteristics of the Congolese financial system ;<p>- underline the structural constraints having blocked three decades of banking management ;<p>- evaluate the chances of success of the reforms implemented by the authorities ;<p>- propose in general terms, the improvements to be carried in order to reduce the imperfections of the banking supervision, to reinforce the effectiveness and the stability of the banking system. <p><p>In the second stage, a more restricted menu of proposals made at the end of the first stage is reviewed. The contributions of the thesis in this stage consist:<p>- in the proposal of concrete tools for banking supervision to face the deficiency of preventive prudential management tools; ( chapter 3)<p>- in recommendations to improve :the policy of provisioning bad debts and the management of Microfinance institutions; (chapter 4)<p>- in an evaluation of the competitiveness of the Congolese financial system and in the identification of ways which can contribute to the improvement of its safety and solidity by using a strategic analysis approach. ( chapter 5)<p><p><p><p><p> / Doctorat en sciences de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La liberté contractuelle du banquier est une liberté parmi d’autres. Cependant, elle est la plus sensible dans lamesure où elle peut avoir des répercussions sur son activité. A priori sans limites aujourd’hui, cette liberté auraitmême des conséquences indéniables sur la sécurité du système financier en facilitant le phénomène des« bulles ». Le contrat, situé au coeur de l’activité bancaire et financière, serait ainsi la cause de cette réalité. Leschocs récents, telles les crises financières, imposent l´examen détaillé des opérations bancaires nationales maisaussi internationales, notamment celles les plus dangereuses. Encore méconnue, la mesure de la libertécontractuelle du banquier s’avère nécessaire pour en proposer une relecture. L’objectif n’est donc pas d’excluretoute liberté au banquier mais de définir le degré de liberté contractuelle à lui accorder pour chaque opération.L´idée étant de lui octroyer un niveau satisfaisant de liberté tout en assurant la sécurité du système financier.L’enjeu repose finalement sur la conciliation de l’impératif contractuel, résultant de la liberté contractuelle dubanquier, avec l’impératif de sécurité du système financier, nécessaire à la pérennité des banques et del’économie mondiale. / The contractual freedom of the banker is a freedom among the others. However, it is the most sensitive in so faras it can affect on his activity. Apparently unlimited today, this freedom would have even undeniableconsequences on the safety of the financial system by facilitating the phenomenon of “speculative bubbles”. Thecontract, situated in the heart of the banking and financial activity, would be thus the cause of this reality. Therecent shocks, such as financial crises, require the detailed examination of the national but also internationalbank transactions, especially the most dangerous. Still ignored, the measurement of the contractual freedom ofthe banker proves to be necessary to propose a review. The aim is not thus to rule any banker’s freedom out butto define the degree of contractual freedom to grant to him for each transaction. The idea being to grant him asatisfactory level of freedom while ensuring the safety of financial system. The stake rests finally on theconciliation of the contractual requirement, resulting from the contractual freedom of the banker, with the safetyrequirement of the financial system, necessary for the sustainability of banks and worldwide economy.