Det här är en uppsats som behandlar demokratisynen hos deltagare vid European Social Forum 2008 i Malmö. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om det finns samband mellan erfarenheter av politiska handlingar, identifiering med den globala rättviserörelsen och synen på hur demokratiska beslut i allmänhet bör fattas. Individer inom den globala rättviserörelsen kan ses som handlande subjekt inom utvecklingen av demokratiska system, då rörelsen formulerar en kritik mot globalisering och odemokratiska beslutsformer och strävar efter att möjliggöra en annan form av globalisering och en annan form av demokrati. Teoretiskt tar undersökningen avstamp i tre idealtypiska demokratiformer: deltagardemokrati, deliberativ demokrati och representativ demokrati, som har tre skilda utgångspunkter när det gäller former för beslutsprocesser. Även politiskt handlande går att skilja åt teoretiskt, i form av kollektivt och individuellt politiskt handlande. Genom en statistisk analys i form av faktoranalys och regression i verktyget SPSS har jag visat att erfarenheter påverkar synen på demokrati. En deltagardemokratisk syn främjas bland annat av en stark identifiering med den globala rättviserörelsen, erfarenhet av konfrontativa politiska handlingar och erfarenhet av deltagardemokratiska mötesformer. En deliberativ demokratisyn främjas bland annat av en stark identifiering med den globala rättviserörelsen, erfarenhet av konfrontativa politiska handlingar och erfarenhet av deliberativt demokratiska mötesformer. En representativ demokratisyn främjas av erfarenhet av rörelse- och föreningsaktivitet på europeisk nivå och erfarenhet av representativt och informativt politiskt handlande. Resultaten visar också att individers demokratisyn är komplex och ofta innehåller element från flera olika idealtypiska demokratimodeller. / This is a thesis about views on democracy among participants at the European Social Forum in Malmö 2008. The aim is to study if there are any statistical connections between experience of political actions, identification with the global justice movement and the view on democracy. The theoretical frames of the thesis are twofold: theories on democracy and theories on political actions. Democracy is divided into three different systems: participatory democracy, deliberative democracy and representative democracy. Political actions are divided into collective and individual political actions. By carrying out a statistical analysis through regression and factor analysis am I able to confirm that an experience of political actions have a statistical influence on an individual view on democracy. A participatory view is influenced by a strong identification with the global justice movement, experiences of confrontation as political method and experiences of participatory ways of making political decisions. A deliberative view is influenced by a strong identification with the global justice movement, experiences of confrontation as political method and experiences of deliberative ways of making decisions. A representative view on democracy is influenced by experiences of European movement- or association activity and experiences of representative and informative political actions. The results show that individual’s view on democracy is a question of great complexity and is often containing elements from different democratic ideals.

Thesis (doctoral)--University of Linz, Austria, 1999.

L’un des buts de l’apprentissage des mathématiques est le développement du raisonnement et celui-ci participe à la compréhension des mathématiques. Très liée au raisonnement, la notion de preuve est aussi fondamentale à l’apprentissage des mathématiques, car elle permet d’établir la validité d’arguments mathématiques et de conférer un sens à différents concepts à travers l’explication de l’organisation logique du travail effectué. Toutefois, malgré l’importance accordée au développement de différents types de raisonnements, plusieurs élèves éprouvent des difficultés lorsqu’ils sont appelés à concevoir ou à évaluer des preuves. Dans le cadre de cette recherche, nous avons étudié l’impact de l’utilisation d’un forum électronique sur le développement d’habiletés de validation algébrique ainsi que sur le développement d’habiletés en lien avec l’évaluation de preuves en algèbre chez des élèves de 13 et 14 ans du Nouveau-Brunswick et du Québec. Les résultats laissent supposer que l’utilisation du forum électronique encourage le passage des preuves pragmatiques aux preuves intellectuelles, en plus de favoriser une utilisation adéquate des règles du débat mathématique. / One of the goals of learning mathematics is the development of reasoning, because it is essential to understand mathematics. Closely related to reasoning, the notion of proof is also fundamental in the learning of mathematics, because it allows students to establish the validity of mathematical arguments and put a sense on various concepts through logical explanation of their work. However, in spite of the importance placed on the development of the capacity to reason mathematically, several students are confronted with difficulties during the development or the evaluation of proofs. This study examined the impact of the use of a discussion forum on the development of algebraic validation skills as well as on the development of skills linked with the evaluation of the proof process in algebra with 13 and 14 year old students from New Brunswick and Quebec (Canada). The results lead us to believe that the use of the electronic forum encourages the passage from pragmatic proofs to intellectual proofs. It also seems to facilitate an adequate use of the rules of the mathematical debate.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Central to this dissertation is a discourse in contemporary Swedish planning practice referred to as the ‘new reality’. The name of this discourse reflects the notion that planning practice interprets the conditions of today as differing from those which occurred previously. The urban landscape is perceived as increasingly complex, dynamic, and competitive, where strategic alliances must be built between municipalities and private and public actors at different levels. Both the influence of private actors and such factors as climate effects contribute to that much of what may happen in the future being experienced as uncertain and unpredictable. In this context of complexity, uncertainty, and governance, municipalities must find a way to manage planning tasks connected to the social, environmental, and economic dimensions of sustainability, tasks that may be at the same time interdependent and contradictory. The social and environmental dimensions of sustainability provide the municipality with a spectrum of tasks that range from local welfare tasks to national and global environmental and climate concerns, the time span ranges between short-term and long-term, and the degree of concreteness ranges from the specific to the vague. Furthermore, tasks connected to the wellbeing and safety concern not only the own citizens but also humankind in general, and both today and in the future. Tasks of economic sustainability are, in the ‘new reality’ discourse, closely connected to growth. As growth is regarded as desirable, the assumed situation of competition between cities, municipalities, regions and nations means that it is considered important to find ways to be attractive to both the market and to new potential citizens. That notwithstanding, municipalities must also handle the effects from growth. The starting point of the dissertation is that it is easier to make good decisions (short-term, emergent) based on previous decisions (long-term, structure), in order to make gains in terms of social, environmental and economic sustainability, but also to bring efficiency gains in development decisions. Legislation assumes that the comprehensive plan serves such a function – it should both constitute political decisions for future development, and a planning data that allows holistic assessments. However, today, in many municipalities, it does not function as such. With reference to recently revised planning legislation’s intention to strengthen the strategic role of the comprehensive plan, this dissertation elaborates upon a development of the comprehensive plan based on a strategic perspective. The dissertation contributes to knowledge by outlining a way in which comprehensive planning could be developed based on a strategic perspective, that could provide municipalities with a possibility for an active role in development within the conditions of the ‘new reality’ discourse. It does so by visualising the use of strategic elements and approaches in Swedish municipalities’ work with planning and development; the application of elements such as strategic contextual awareness, strategic selectiveness, strategic responsiveness, and strategic governance. Furthermore, as the design of the comprehensive planning process is discussed from the perspective of forums-arenas-courts (Healey, 1997; Bryson 2004), the view of what in fact is planning is expanded, thereby including formal as well as informal, visible as well as invisible, processes and decisions on different levels and with difference degrees of concreteness, that influence development. Comprehensive planning concerns a variety of processes that take place not in the planning game, but in the development game. / QC 20111020

Les accidents de transport aérien international de passagers sont sources de contentieux complexes, notamment parce qu’il s’agit d’affaires souvent multipartites, engendrant parfois une constellation de procédures pour un même fait générateur en raison de la pluralité de nationalités des demandeurs et défendeurs ainsi que de règles de compétence divergentes selon la qualité des défendeurs. Même si le transport aérien reste le moyen de transport le plus sûr, sa massification a conduit à la multiplication de ce contentieux, d'autant plus que la volonté de protéger les passagers a conduit les juges nationaux à une appréhension large de la notion d'accident au sens des conventions internationales. Le mouvement d'uniformisation en droit aérien n'a pas pour autant suffi à résoudre la complexité de ce contentieux. Ces conventions ne constituent pas un ensemble de règles autonomes. Elles ne règlent pas nombre de questions de droit et accordent un rôle central à la lex fori. Ainsi, malgré l'existence de ces conventions, les accidents de transport aérien international de passagers sont fortement propices au forum shopping. Plus encore, la Convention de Varsovie de 1929 et la Convention de Montréal de 1999 institutionnalisent le forum shopping en prévoyant une multiplicité de fors compétents au bénéfice du demandeur. De plus, le forum shopping est parfois exercé par le défendeur. L'absence de juridiction internationale compétente en la matière conduit inévitablement à des divergences de solutions, aucun juge ne pouvant revendiquer le monopole de l'interprétation. Cette thèse se concentrera essentiellement sur la comparaison des solutions juridiques françaises et états-uniennes. / International passenger air transport accidents often give rise to complex litigation, as they involve a diversity of parties, with a myriad of proceedings triggered by the same causing event as plaintiffs and defendants may have different nationalities and be governed by different jurisdictional rules according to their personal status. Although air transport is the safest means of transport, its massification has led to a sharp rise in litigation, as domestic courts, seeking to secure passengers’ utmost protection tend to give an extensive meaning of the term “accident”, as used in international treaty law. Although air transport law has become more uniform, these remain highly complex litigations as relevant conventions do not offer self-contained regimes. They leave many legal issues unsolved, leaving a pivotal role for lex fori, and do little to discourage forum shopping. Both the 1929 Warsaw Convention and the 1999 Montreal Convention enshrine the doctrine forum shopping as they offer plaintiffs a diversity of convenient fora. Defenders too may avail themselves of a diversity of fora. The absence of an internationally competent court leads to inconsistent outcomes as no court may lay claim to the only valid construction of a particular case. This focus of this thesis is a comparative analysis of French and U.S. legal solutions.

Cette étude s’inscrit dans le champ des spécificités de la communication médiée par ordinateur et présente la diversité des pratiques écrivantes dans les forums de discussion grand public sur Internet. Les variations graphiques et visuelles s’appuient sur l’analyse d’un corpus de deux cents messages issus de quarante cinq forums proposant des thématiques variées, ainsi que sur l’étude particulière des variations individuelles dans les écrits de six scripteurs. Les différentes stratégies d’écriture sont d’abord présentées du point de vue de la structuration des messages: six profils graphiques reflètent les tendances compositionnelles des forumeurs. Puis les recherches s’étendent à l’ensemble des variations graphiques au sein des messages en soulignant les aspects expressifs et visuographiques de ces écrits de proximité originaux. Enfin, la thèse met l’accent sur l’usage et le rôle de l’image à côté d’un écrit plutôt normé qui s’ouvre à une communication visuelle plus attractive. / This study explores the specific characteristics of computer mediated communication and investigates the wealth of writing tactics to be found on online discussion forums open to the general public. Graphical and visual variants are brought to light through the analysis of a corpus of two hundred messages originating from forty five forums dealing with various issues, as well as through a particular study of individual variation in the production of six participants.In a first stage, different writing strategies are presented from the point of view of the way messages are structured: six graphical profiles show how forum users tend to organize their content. Then the range of our research is extended to embrace the whole of graphical variants within messages, bringing out the expressive and visuographical features typical of such umediated original writings. Finally, our study emphasizes the use and function of visual tools next to rule-bound writing, allowing for a more attractive visual type of communication.

Le projet urbanistique et architectural lié à la construction du forum de Trajan à Rome (106 et 113 ap. J.-C) s’inscrit dans la tradition de ceux qui l’ont précédé. Pourtant ses dimensions et les travaux colossaux nécessaires à son établissement en font un projet particulièrement exceptionnel qui a entraîné la transformation totale de l’ensemble de la zone située entre les collines du Capitole et du Quirinal. Cette étude porte sur les modalités de ce réaménagement et ses conséquences non seulement sur la zone du forum, mais également sur l’ensemble du tissu urbain de la ville. Il s’agit d’analyser ce grand programme architectural en soulignant, comment, au-delà de la réalisation de la place publique, a été conçu, autour du complexe impérial, tout un ensemble urbanistique cohérent et surtout entièrement structuré par un nouveau système de circulation complexe. Le contexte urbain avant et après la réalisation du forum sont successivement étudiés et une attention particulière est accordée aux solutions architecturales adoptées afin d’intégrer les nouvelles constructions dans le tissu urbain préexistant. L’objectif est de reconstruire chronologiquement toute l’organisation urbanistique de la zone et de déterminer dans quelle mesure la construction du forum de Trajan a conditionnée le développement de l’Urbs dans son ensemble. / The urban and architectural project related to the construction of the Trajan Forum in Rome (106-113 AD) joins the tradition of its predecessors. However, its dimensions and the colossal work needed for its creation make it a one-of-a-kind project, which caused the transformation of the whole area between the Campidoglio and Quirinale hills. This study focuses on the methods of this transformation and on its impact on the proper Forum area, and on the rest of the city’s urban texture. It is an analysis of this big architectural project, beyond the public square, with particular attention to the collection of architectural solutions and to the complicated system of paths created around the imperial complex. The urban context was analysed in parallel, before and after the completion of the Forum, in order to understand better the architectural solutions adopted, and to integrate the new buildings in the pre-existing urban context. The objective is to chronologically reconstruct the whole urban setup of the area, and to determine to which extent the construction of the Trajan Forum conditioned the development of this part of the empire-period Urbs.

In popular culture, the integration of mankind and technology is often a tale of experiments gone wrong. For a biohacker, however, “going wrong” is an integral part of the project to update the human body. This study takes aim at the subculture of biohacking through the lens of technology and gender. More specifically, the intersection of gender and class in masculinist and queer constructions of identity. Additionally the study examines the entanglement of risk, gender and the body in grinder practice. Transcripts from the internet forum biohack.me were downloaded and relevant parts were selected. Through discourse analysis, articulations were read in relation to gender, class and the corporeal. The reader is provided with an outline of a “grinder subject”. This is identified as the a product of an cyber culture built on an ideology of DIY and freedom of information. It presumes an essence of humanity, uninformed by gender and body politics, just waiting to be hacked. Masculinist constructions of such a discourse includes an underdog “man-of-action hero” as a rebellion against established elites, and a technological martyrdom. The study informs the reader on an ongoing identification process regarding the integration of body and technology, beyond traditional spaces such as the research hospital. The study confirms well-established feminist views on discourses about the body and technology as implicitly gender marked as masculine. Additionally, a reluctance to discuss politics of the body as well as a indifferent or negative view of queer voices in such a situation. A rebellion against institutionalised bio-power might theoretically blend well with a corporeal feminist critique on gender, but is instead trumped by fear of ridicule and ambitions of mainstream acceptance. However, the study observes a a glimmer of traditionally marginalised and queer folk speaking up about their experiences within a context of grinding. This also questions the notion that discussions of the body and technology assert a binary gender system. A feminist theoretical view on grinder practices requires a analysis of the body open to scrutiny, modification and harm. In discussing “aftercare”, a collective/individual management of risk emerges as a gendered cyborg concept, and the body as an essential agent in the grinder project. This is articulated through encouragement and concern when presented with failed grinder projects.This further supports the entangling of the body and the biohacker subject as a corporeal and gendered agent.

Cette recherche relève de la didactique des langues et des TIC, de la formation à distance en langues et du FLE. Un cadre épistémologique socioconstructiviste et énonciativiste a été choisi puis situé par rapport à la perspective actionnelle. Cette réflexion théorique sert de fondement au scénario pédagogique Fictif, une formation à distance en FLE de neuf semaines, destinée aux étudiants vietnamiens de l’Institut de la Francophonie pour l’informatique à Hanoi. Le forum de discussion y occupe une place importante. Fictif peut être considéré comme une mise en œuvre de la perspective actionnelle, enrichie de concepts énonciatifs. Suite aux expérimentations de Fictif en 2008 et 2009, nous montrons dans un premier temps l’adéquation du scénario au cadre théorique. Dans un deuxième temps, nous montrons que les diverses collaborations et l’activité réflexive auquel le scénario pédagogique invite (réflexion interculturelle, réflexion sur le fonctionnement de la langue), permettent, d’une part, grâce à l’effet mobilisateur du scénario, de maintenir, voire de faire évoluer les compétences langagières des apprenants, de développer, entre autres, des connaissances relatives aux cultures et aux langues et, d’autre part, que certaines activités permettent d’améliorer les compétences à collaborer des petits groupes. C’est, en particulier, le cas de l’activité de résolution d’énigmes linguistiques de façon collaborative, par groupe de quatre et à distance, qui permet de marier pratique langagière, réflexion métalinguistique et développement de la compétence à collaborer. / This research deals with instructional science for language learning and ICT (Information and Communication Technologies), with e-learning in French as a foreign language in particular. Socioconstructivism and the linguistic theory of enunciation are the theoretical basis of this research, which is placed in relation to the action-oriented approach for languages. In accordance with this theoretical framework, a nine-week distance-training course in French (Fictif), in which the main form of communication is through forums, intended for the Vietnamese students of the French-speaking Computer Science Institute in Hanoi, has been imagined. Fictif is a distance-training course that could be considered as a practical implementation of the action-oriented approach enriched with linguistic concepts of enunciation.Following experimentations of Fictif in 2008 and 2009, the appropriateness of the pedagogical scenario with the theoretical framework is first examined. Then, thanks to the activities of the pedagogical scenario which rouses students to action by developing different types of collaboration, as well as introspective thinking (e.g. intercultural thinking, thinking about how the language functions), the students maintained and even improved their skills in French and developed their knowledge of French culture and language. Moreover, for some activities of the pedagogical scenario, an improvement of the students' collaborative learning skills in small groups was observed. It was especially the case for one activity in which the students had to solve linguistic riddles in groups of four as a way of developing their foreign language skills, metalinguistic thinking and collaborative learning skills.