本研究之研究對象為「聽障網路使用者」。探討之主題為：一、聽障網路使用者之傳播工具使用偏好概況；二、聽障網路使用者使用網路獲取資訊之情形；三、聽障網路使用者以網路與他人互動溝通之情形；四、網路傳播對聽障者社會參與之影響。 研究設計方面，先以質化的參與觀察及深度訪談法進行前導性研究，再以量化的網頁及書面問卷進行調查研究。最後共回收307份有效樣本，進行統計分析。 綜合質化及量化研究的結果，對目前聽障傳播政策有以下建議： （一）考量不同的聽障特質，選擇適合的傳播方式 （二）電視節目加設字幕 （三）補助聽障者之簡訊及寬頻費用 （四）善用網路服務聽障市民 （五）加強社會教育、宣導「聽障傳播權」概念 （六）落實聽障傳播權法規之執行 關鍵字：聽障、聾、重聽、傳播、網路、手語、社會參與、電視字幕 / This research is to investigate communicational behavior and preference of the people with hearing-impairment, and to investigate how the people with hearing-impairment use Internet to communicate with others and to access information. This research also aims at finding out how the Internet affects social participation of people with hearing-impairment. In order to gather excessive amount of data, participant observation and in-depth interviews were used as pilot study in this research. After pilot study, a sample data about 307 people with hearing-impairment was collected via web survey and general survey. Based on the findings of this research, there are the following suggestions: 1.In order to achieve better communication effect, the government should use different communication channels when communicating to different type of people with hearing-impairment. 2.Add captions to all television programs. 3.Grant people with hearing-impairment subsidy to purchase SMS services from mobile phone companies and to purchase broadband network services. 4.0ffer services via Internet to people with hearing-impairment. 5.Propagate the communication rights of people with hearing-impairment by social education. 6.Enforce correlative rules to assure the communication rights of people with hearing-impairment. Key words: hearing-impairment, deaf, hard of hearing, communication. Internet, sign language, social participation, captions

Ce travail de mémoire porte sur le processus d’insertion sociale et économique des personnes vivant des problèmes de santé mentale. Le travail est devenu un important véhicule d’intégration sociale. En effet, on prétend que la pratique d’un métier serait pour les personnes souffrant de problèmes de santé un outil de rétablissement et de mieux-être, car elle permet de réduire les symptômes et l’incidence des hospitalisations. Le travail permet, également, d’augmenter les interactions sociales et de contribuer activement à la société. Il existe, toutefois, d’autres véhicules d’intégration qui semblent, sous certains angles, apporter les mêmes avantages. Les activités bénévoles améliorent la qualité de vie, favorisent les interactions sociales et donnent, à l’individu, l’occasion de contribuer à sa communauté. Par ailleurs, le retrait social peut être un moyen de s’éloigner des pressions sociales et de s’accorder une pause bénéfique. On soutient que les personnes ayant un problème de santé mentale qui ont une lecture positive de leur situation de marginalité tendent à être moins hospitalisées. S’appuyant sur une démarche qualitative, ce travail de recherche a tenté de cerner les perspectives, les questionnements et les perceptions des personnes ayant un trouble mental à l’égard d’un processus d’intégration socioprofessionnelle, de participation sociale et de retrait social. Des entrevues semi-dirigées ont été menées auprès de onze personnes, et grâce à ces entretiens, un portrait au regard de leurs parcours social et professionnel a pu être brossé. Les entretiens ont permis d’explorer l’impact des problèmes de santé mentale sur leur réalité et sur leur identité, leurs représentations du marché de l’emploi et les motifs qui justifient le choix de s’engager ou de renoncer à un processus d’intégration socioprofessionnelle. Les résultats de cette recherche ont permis d'identifier cinq facteurs qui peuvent influencer la décision des personnes qui sont le rapport à l'environnement social, l'identité, le rapport aux institutions de l'État, les discours de légitimation et les perspectives d'avenir. Les résultats démontrent que l'on ne peut isoler les notions de vulnérabilité, d'autonomie, de bien-être ou de stabilité dans une phase spécifique. La vulnérabilité, l'autonomie, le bien-être et la stabilité sont des états que l’on peut vivre en situation de retrait social, de participation sociale et d’intégration socioprofessionnelle. Selon les circonstances et l’état émotif, ils peuvent être des modes adaptés ou inadaptés. / This theisis explores the social and economic integration of people with mental health problems in regard to paid work. Work has become an important vehicle for social integration. Indeed, it is argued that having an occupation could be a tool to recovery and wellness in that it can reduce symptoms and prevent hospitalisation. Work also allows for increased social interactions and active participation in society. There are however, other vehicles for social integration that have the possibility of providing the same advantages as work. Volunteer activities improve the quality of life, promote social interaction and provide opportunities to contribute to community life. Moreover, social withdrawal can be viewed as a way to attain a sense of distance from social pressures and thus provide a beneficial break. It is argued that persons with mental health problems who have a positive perception of their marginal situation have a lower tendency for hospitalisation. Based on a qualitative approach, this research has attempted to identify the reasons why people with a mental disorder engage in a process of socio-professional integration, social participation and social withdrawal. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 people, and through these interviews, a portrait of their social and professional process has been presented. The interviews explored the impact of mental health problems on their reality and their identity, what the labour market represents, and the reasons that justify the decision to commit or to abandon a process of socio-professional integration. This research has demonstrated that there are five factors that can influence people’s decisions: the relationship to the social environment, identity, the relationship to state institutions, legitimizing discourses and future perspectives. The results show that we can isolate the notions of vulnerability, autonomy, well-being or stability in a specific phase. Vulnerability, autonomy, well-being and stability are states that can be lived in a situation of social withdrawal, social participation and professional integration. Depending on the circumstances and the emotional state of the person, they may be considered adaptive or inadequate modes of adaptation.

<p>Svetska&nbsp; zdravstvena&nbsp; organizacija&nbsp; defini&scaron;e kvalitet&nbsp; života kao&nbsp; percepciju&nbsp; pojedinca&nbsp; o sopstvenom&nbsp; položaju&nbsp; u&nbsp; životu&nbsp; u&nbsp; kontekstu kulture i sistema vrednosti u kojima živi kao i prema&nbsp;&nbsp; svojim&nbsp;&nbsp; ciljevima,&nbsp;&nbsp; očekivanjima, standardima&nbsp; i&nbsp; interesovanjima.<br />To&nbsp; je&nbsp; &scaron;irok koncept&nbsp; koga&nbsp; čine:&nbsp; fizičko&nbsp; zdravlje&nbsp; pojedinca, psiholo&scaron;ki&nbsp;&nbsp; status,&nbsp;&nbsp; materijalna&nbsp;&nbsp; nezavisnost, socijalni&nbsp; odnosi&nbsp; i&nbsp; njihovi&nbsp; odnosi&nbsp; prema značajnim karakteristikama spolja&scaron;nje sredine. Procenjuje&nbsp; se&nbsp; da&nbsp; preko&nbsp; bilion&nbsp; ljudi&nbsp; živi&nbsp; sa<br />nekim&nbsp; oblikom&nbsp; invaliditeta,&nbsp; &scaron;to čini oko 15% svetske&nbsp; populacije. Prisustvo bilo&nbsp; kakvog telesnog invaliditeta kod osobe može&nbsp; značajno da utiče na njen psihofizički i socijalni razvoj. Procenjivanje&nbsp; uticaja&nbsp; fizičkog&nbsp; invaliditeta&nbsp; na svakodnevni&nbsp;&nbsp; život&nbsp;&nbsp; odslikava&nbsp;&nbsp; kakvo je funkcionisanje i blagostanje te osobe iz dana u dan i u različitim domenima života, &scaron;to&nbsp; zapravo predstavlja procenu kvaliteta života. Istraživanje&nbsp; predstavlja&nbsp; studiju&nbsp; preseka&nbsp; na uzorku&nbsp; od&nbsp; 227&nbsp; odraslih&nbsp; osoba&nbsp; sa&nbsp; motornim invaliditetom&nbsp; u&nbsp; Vojvodini,&nbsp; koji&nbsp; su&nbsp; članovi udruženja osoba sa invaliditetom. Kao instrument istraživanja kori&scaron;ćen je posebno kreiran&nbsp; upitnik&nbsp; za&nbsp; procenu&nbsp; kvaliteta&nbsp; života osoba sa invaliditetom. Osnovni cilj istraživanja je bio da se proceni kvalitet života osoba sa invaliditetom u odnosu na fizičko, socijalno i emocionalno funkcionisanje kod odraslih osoba sa motornim invaliditetom na teritoriji Vojvodine, kao i da se utvrdi postojanje&nbsp; razlike&nbsp; u&nbsp; kvalitetu&nbsp; života u odnosu na nivo obrazovanja,&nbsp; zaposlenost&nbsp; i bračno stanje. Podaci prikupljeni tokom ankete su kontrolisani&nbsp; na validnost, kodirani&nbsp; i&nbsp; uno&scaron;eni&nbsp; u posebno&nbsp; kreiranu&nbsp; bazu&nbsp; podataka.&nbsp; Odabrana&nbsp; su pitanja&nbsp; i&nbsp; formirani&nbsp; domeni/skale&nbsp; (fizičkog, emocionalnog i&nbsp; socijalnog&nbsp; funkcionisanja&nbsp; i samoprocene&nbsp; zdravlja)&nbsp; na&nbsp; osnovu matrica korelacija,&nbsp; ICC&nbsp; i&nbsp; vrednosti Kronbah&nbsp; alfa. Aritmetička&nbsp; vrednost,&nbsp; mediana,&nbsp; standardna devijacija,&nbsp; minimalna&nbsp; i&nbsp; maksimalna&nbsp; vrednost&nbsp; i 95%&nbsp; interval poverenja&nbsp; su&nbsp; izračunate&nbsp; za&nbsp; svaki domen kvaliteta života. Dobijene vrednosti domena i sumarnih skala su komparirane u odnosu na pol i bračno stanje ispitanika,&nbsp; (t-test, Mann-Whitney&nbsp; test),&nbsp; a ANOVA&nbsp; metodom&nbsp; i&nbsp; Kruskal -Wallis&nbsp; testom&nbsp; je vr&scaron;ena komparacija srednjih vrednosti u odnosu na&nbsp; nivo&nbsp;&nbsp; obrazovanja&nbsp; i status zaposlenosti ispitanika. Za&nbsp; sve&nbsp; testove&nbsp; su&nbsp; navedeni&nbsp; nivoi statističke značajnosti (p vrednosti). Studija je uključila 227 osoba sa motornim invaliditetom&nbsp; u&nbsp; Vojvodini,&nbsp; 120&nbsp; mu&scaron;karaca (52,9%) i 107 žena (47,1%). Prosečna&nbsp; starost ispitanika je bila<br />47 godina. U najvećem broju slučajeva uzrok invaliditeta je povreda (33,0%),<br />zatim&nbsp; neurolo&scaron;ko &nbsp; oboljenje&nbsp; (26,0%), urođena bolest&nbsp; (20,7%), te&scaron;ko&nbsp; reumatsko&nbsp; oboljenje (13,7%),&nbsp; cerebrovaskularni&nbsp; inzult &nbsp; (2,6%) i ostala&nbsp; stanja &nbsp; (4%). U pogledu ortopedskih pomagala,&nbsp; invalidska&nbsp; kolica&nbsp; koristi 30,4% ispitanika, &scaron;tap 37, 0%, &scaron;etalicu 3,1%, aparat za podizanje&nbsp; stopala &nbsp; 3,5%,&nbsp; dok&nbsp; ostatak&nbsp; navodi ostalo (&scaron;take, antidekubitusni krevet...). Psihometrijska analiza je pokazala da je za definisanje domena fizičkog funkcionisanja bilo moguće uključiti 5 pitanja iz upitnika, za domen emocionalnog&nbsp; funkcionisanja 10 pitanja&nbsp; a&nbsp; za domen&nbsp; socijalnog&nbsp; funkcionisanja&nbsp; 3&nbsp; pitanja. Skala za svaki domen se kretala u intervalu od 0 do 100. Set od 5 pitanja uključenih u skalu fizičkog funkcionisanja&nbsp; definisali&nbsp; su&nbsp; kapacitet&nbsp; fizičkih sposobnosti. Prosečna vrednost domena fizičkog&nbsp; funkcionisanja&nbsp; za&nbsp; sve&nbsp; ispitanike&nbsp; je iznosila 85, 0&nbsp; (SD=18.9) sa 95%&nbsp; CI u&nbsp; rasponu od 82,6 do 87,5. Utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika za ovaj domen u odnosu na zaposlenost (p=0.067) dok u odnosu na nivo obrazovanja&nbsp; i bračno stanje nema statistički značajne razlike. Set&nbsp; od 10 pitanja&nbsp;&nbsp; uključenih u skalu emocionalnog funkcionisanja definisali su emocionalni&nbsp;&nbsp; status ispitanika. Prosečna vrednost&nbsp; domena emocionalnog &nbsp; funkcionisanja za sve ispitanike je iznosila 62,5 (SD=20,0) sa 95% CI u rasponu od 59,9 do 65,1. Utvrđena je statistički&nbsp; značajna&nbsp; razlika&nbsp; za&nbsp; ovaj&nbsp; domen&nbsp; u odnosu&nbsp; na nivo&nbsp; obrazovanja (p=0.048) dok&nbsp; u odnosu&nbsp; na&nbsp; zaposlenost&nbsp; i&nbsp; bračno&nbsp; stanje nemastatistički značajne razlike. Set od 3&nbsp; pitanja&nbsp; uključenih u skalu socijalnog funkcionisanja definisali su kapacitet socijalnih aktivnosti. Prosečna vrednost domena socijalnog funkcionisanja&nbsp; za&nbsp; sve&nbsp; ispitanike&nbsp; je iznosila 72,0 &nbsp; (SD=27,6)&nbsp; sa&nbsp; 95% CI u&nbsp; rasponu od 68,4 do 75,6. Utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika za ovaj&nbsp; domen&nbsp; u&nbsp; odnosu na nivo obrazovanja (p=0.067)&nbsp; dok u odnosu na zaposlenost i bračno stanje nema statistički značajne razlike.</p> / <p>The&nbsp; World&nbsp; Health&nbsp; Organization&nbsp; defines quality&nbsp; of&nbsp; life&nbsp; (QoL)&nbsp; as&nbsp; &ldquo;an&nbsp; individual&#39;s<br />perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems where they live and&nbsp; in&nbsp; relation&nbsp; to&nbsp; their&nbsp; goals,&nbsp; expectations,&nbsp;standards&nbsp; and concerns.&nbsp; It&nbsp; is&nbsp; a&nbsp; broad&nbsp; concept affected in a complex way by a person&#39;s physical health, &nbsp;psychological&nbsp; state,&nbsp; personal&nbsp; beliefs, social&nbsp; relationships&nbsp; and&nbsp; their&nbsp; relationship&nbsp; to salient features of their environment.&rdquo;<br />Over&nbsp; a&nbsp; billion&nbsp; people&nbsp; are&nbsp; estimated&nbsp; to&nbsp; live with&nbsp; some&nbsp; form&nbsp; of&nbsp; disability.&nbsp; This&nbsp; corresponds to&nbsp; about&nbsp; 15%&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; world&#39;s&nbsp; population.&nbsp; The presence&nbsp; of&nbsp; any&nbsp; sort&nbsp; of&nbsp; physical&nbsp; disability&nbsp; in person can significantly influence their physical,<br />mental and social development. The assessment of&nbsp; the&nbsp; effects&nbsp; of&nbsp;a&nbsp; disability&nbsp; on&nbsp; every&nbsp; day,&nbsp; life reflects&nbsp; on&nbsp; the&nbsp; functioning&nbsp; and&nbsp; wealth&nbsp; of&nbsp; a&nbsp;person on daily basis and in various segments of life,&nbsp; that&nbsp; actually&nbsp; represents&nbsp; the&nbsp; assessment&nbsp; of their quality of life. The&nbsp; research&nbsp; represents&nbsp; a&nbsp; cross-sectional&nbsp;study of the sample of 227 adults with motoric disability&nbsp; in&nbsp; Vojvodina,&nbsp; who&nbsp; are&nbsp; registered&nbsp; in associations of people with disability. Especially created questionnaire was used to assess quality of life. The&nbsp; aim&nbsp; of&nbsp; this&nbsp; study&nbsp; was&nbsp; to&nbsp; investigate&nbsp; the&nbsp;relationship&nbsp; between&nbsp; physical&nbsp; (PF),&nbsp; emotional (EF) and social functioning&nbsp;(SF) domain of QoL and education level, employment and having life&nbsp;partner of disabled persons.<br />The&nbsp; data&nbsp; collected&nbsp; during&nbsp; the&nbsp; survey&nbsp; were checked for validity, then coded and entered into a specially created database. Тhe questions were&nbsp;selected,&nbsp; four&nbsp; scales&nbsp; / domains&nbsp; (physical, emotional,&nbsp;&nbsp; social&nbsp;&nbsp; functioning&nbsp;&nbsp; and&nbsp;&nbsp; self assessment of health) were formed based on the correlation&nbsp; matrices,&nbsp; intercorrelation&nbsp; cofficient (ICC) and Crombach alpha values. Mean value,&nbsp;median,&nbsp; standard&nbsp; deviation,&nbsp; minimum&nbsp; and maximum values and 95% of confidence interval wаs calculated for all domain of QoL. The values obtained in the field of physical, emotional and social functioning were compared as&nbsp; per&nbsp; gender&nbsp; and&nbsp; marital&nbsp; status&nbsp; of&nbsp; the participants,&nbsp; using&nbsp; t-test,&nbsp; Mann-Whitney&nbsp; test, ANOVA&nbsp; method&nbsp; and&nbsp; Kruskal&nbsp; Wallis&nbsp; test&nbsp; were used&nbsp; to&nbsp; compare&nbsp; the&nbsp; mean&nbsp; values&nbsp; in&nbsp; respect&nbsp; to level of education and employment status of the respondents.&nbsp; For&nbsp; all&nbsp; the&nbsp; tests,&nbsp; the&nbsp; levels&nbsp; of statistical significance (p) were provided. The study involved 227 adults with motoric disability&nbsp; in&nbsp; Vojvodina,&nbsp; 120&nbsp; men&nbsp; (52.9%)&nbsp; and 107&nbsp; women&nbsp; (47.1%).&nbsp; Average&nbsp; age&nbsp; of&nbsp; the participants&nbsp; was&nbsp; 47&nbsp; years&nbsp; of&nbsp; age.&nbsp; The&nbsp; cause&nbsp; of disability&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; largest&nbsp; number&nbsp; of&nbsp; the interviewees&nbsp; were&nbsp; the&nbsp; injury&nbsp; (33.0%),&nbsp; then neurological&nbsp;&nbsp; conditions&nbsp;&nbsp; (26.0%),&nbsp;&nbsp; inborn condition&nbsp; (20.7%),&nbsp; serious&nbsp; rheumatic&nbsp; disease (13.7%), cerebrovascular insult (2.6%) and other (4%).&nbsp; As&nbsp; for&nbsp; the&nbsp; orthopedic&nbsp; tools,&nbsp; wheelchairs are&nbsp; used&nbsp; by&nbsp; 30.4%&nbsp; participants,&nbsp; stick&nbsp; 37.0%, walker&nbsp; is&nbsp; used&nbsp; by&nbsp; 3.1% &nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp; orthoses&nbsp; for elevating&nbsp; feet&nbsp; 3.5%,&nbsp; whereas&nbsp; the&nbsp; rest&nbsp; of&nbsp; the interviewees&nbsp; state&nbsp; other&nbsp; (different&nbsp; orthopedic tools such as crutches, anti decubitus mattresses etc). Psychometric&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; showed&nbsp; that&nbsp; in&nbsp; order to&nbsp; define&nbsp; the&nbsp; domain&nbsp; on&nbsp; physical&nbsp; functioning from the questionnaire applied it was possible to include&nbsp;&nbsp; the&nbsp;&nbsp; 5&nbsp;&nbsp; questions,&nbsp;&nbsp; for&nbsp;&nbsp; emotional functioning domain 10 questions and for domain on social functioning 3 questions. The sum of all selected questions&nbsp; for&nbsp; every&nbsp; domain&nbsp; forms&nbsp; the scale in the range from 0 to 100. The set of five questions stated for the scale of physical&nbsp;&nbsp; functioning&nbsp; indicate the capacity of physical&nbsp; functioning. The&nbsp; average&nbsp; value&nbsp; of PF domain&nbsp; for&nbsp; all&nbsp; the&nbsp; interviewees&nbsp; is 85.0 (SD=18.9) with 95% CI in the range of 82. 6 to 87.5. The&nbsp; difference&nbsp; in&nbsp; regard&nbsp; to employment status (p=0.067) is&nbsp; statistically&nbsp; significant&nbsp; but there&nbsp; is&nbsp; not&nbsp; satisticlly&nbsp; significant&nbsp; difference&nbsp; in regard level of education and marital status. The set of ten questions stated for the scale of emotional&nbsp; functioning. The average&nbsp; value of EF&nbsp; domain&nbsp; for&nbsp; all&nbsp; the&nbsp; interviewees&nbsp; is 62.5 (SD=20.0) with 95% CI in the range of 59.9 to 65.1.&nbsp; The&nbsp; difference&nbsp; in&nbsp; regard&nbsp; to level&nbsp; of education (p=0.048)&nbsp; is&nbsp; statistically&nbsp; significant but there&nbsp; is&nbsp; not satisticlly&nbsp; significant difference in&nbsp; regard&nbsp; to employment&nbsp; status and&nbsp; marital status. The set of three questions stated for the scale of&nbsp; social&nbsp; functioning&nbsp; indicate&nbsp; the&nbsp; capacity&nbsp; of social&nbsp; interaction.&nbsp; The&nbsp; average&nbsp; value&nbsp; of&nbsp; SF domain&nbsp; for&nbsp; all&nbsp; the&nbsp; interviewees&nbsp; is&nbsp; 72.0 (SD=27.6) with 95% CI in the range of 68.4 to 75.6. The&nbsp;&nbsp; difference&nbsp; in&nbsp; regard&nbsp; to the&nbsp; level&nbsp; of education&nbsp; is&nbsp; statistically&nbsp; significant&nbsp; (p&lt;&nbsp; 0.001) but there&nbsp; is&nbsp; not satisticlly&nbsp; significant difference in&nbsp; regard&nbsp; to&nbsp; employment&nbsp; status&nbsp; and marital status.</p>

La réadaptation des personnes âgées ayant subi un accident vasculaire cérébral vise à améliorer les capacités et l’indépendance dans les activités de la vie courante. Les personnes âgées reprennent leurs rôles sociaux lorsqu’elles retournent vivre dans la communauté. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de clarifier la relation entre l’indépendance dans les activités de la vie courante au congé de la réadaptation intensive et la reprise des rôles sociaux six mois plus tard. L’échantillon se compose de 111 participants recrutés au congé et réévalués 6 mois plus tard. L’indépendance dans les activités de la vie courante est mesurée avec les sections pertinentes du Système de Mesure de l’Autonomie Fonctionnelle (SMAF). Les rôles sociaux sont mesurés avec la Mesure des Habitudes de Vie (MHAVIE); un score total ainsi que 4 sous-scores pour les responsabilités civiles, la vie communautaire, les relations interpersonnelles et les loisirs sont générés. Des analyses de régression hiérarchique sont utilisées pour vérifier l’association entre les activités de la vie courantes (variable indépendante) et les rôles sociaux (variables dépendante) tout en contrôlant pour les capacités (variables de contrôle). Les résultats suggèrent des associations significatives (p < .001) entre les activités de la vie courante et les rôles sociaux (score total de la MHAVIE), les sous scores des responsabilités civiles et de la vie communautaire, mais aucune association avec les relations interpersonnelles et les loisirs. Les scores les plus faibles sont obtenus pour les loisirs. Une deuxième phase de réadaptation après le retour à domicile pourrait permettre le développement des loisirs. / Stroke rehabilitation emphasizes the remediation of capabilities and independence in daily activities during intensive rehabilitation. Older adults thereafter return to live in the community to pursue their social roles. The purpose of this work was to clarify the relationship between the level of independence in daily activities at rehabilitation discharge and the return to social roles 6 months later in older adults with stroke. A total of 111 participants were followed over a 6 month period following intensive rehabilitation. Daily activities were measured using portions of the Functional Measurement of Autonomy System (SMAF). Social roles were measured using the Life-H (social roles subsection) which provides a total score and 4 subscale scores for civic responsibilities, community life, interpersonal relationships and leisure. Hierarchical statistical regression models were used to verify the association between daily activities (independent variable) and social roles (dependent variables) by controlling for the effect of capabilities (control variables). Significant (p < .001) associations between daily activities and social roles (Life–H total score), civic responsibilities, and community life subscale scores were found, but none for interpersonal relationships nor for leisure. Leisure had the poorest performance score on the Life-H. Results suggest that a “second phase” of rehabilitation may be warranted upon return home to ensure the maintenance of daily activities and more specifically for accomplishment of leisure activities.

Este trabalho apresenta uma pequena amostra do cotidiano da experiência viva da participação social desenvolvida no Conselho Municipal de Saúde de Belo Horizonte - espaço público legalmente instituído e vinculado ao SUS-BH. O objetivo geral do estudo é descrever e analisar as representações sociais dos conselheiros de saúde sobre a temática da vigilância sanitária. A pesquisa qualitativa de representação social foi adotada como metodologia, sendo utilizadas principalmente as técnicas de entrevista e de observação participante. Os dados obtidos com a realização das entrevistas foram analisados pela técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. O estudo apresenta e analisa os obstáculos que se interpõem ao bom funcionamento desse fórum, além de expor uma convivência conflituosa entre os representantes dos segmentos usuário, trabalhador e gestor. Através dos discursos, os conselheiros de saúde demonstram conhecer a vigilância sanitária e a reconhecer sua importância para as práticas de Saúde Pública. E, assim, demonstram também estarem aptos para participarem do processo de formulação da Política Municipal de Vigilância Sanitária. O estudo reafirma a necessidade de se assegurar o direito constitucional da participação da sociedade na gestão pública, pois somente o exercício pleno da cidadania, realizado através da participação dos cidadãos no ciclo das políticas públicas, garantirá a finalidade precípua de que essas políticas atendam ao interesse público / This study presents a small sample of the daily living experience of social participation developed in the City Health Council of Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil a public forum officially created and linked to SUS-BH. The general purpose of the study is to describe and analyze the social representations of the Health Counselors about the Sanitary Surveillance theme. The qualitative research of social representation was the adopted methodology, and the techniques of interviews and participant observation were mostly used. The data obtained from interviews were analyzed by the Discourse of Collective Subject method. The study presents and analyzes the obstacles that stands for the proper functioning of this forum, and besides exposes a conflicted relationship between the users, workers and managerial segments. Using verbal communication, the Health Counselors demonstrated their knowledge about the Sanitary Surveillance work and their recognition of its importance for the Public Health practices. This way the Counselors demonstrated their aptitude to participate in the process of developing the Citys Sanitary Survaillance Policy. The study reinforces the necessity of assurance of the constitutional rights of societys participation in the public management, since only with the full exercise of citizenship, by the means of the participation of the citizen in the public policies cycle, will guarantee the main objective that these policies are in accordance to public interest

O objeto deste estudo são as práticas que favorecem a participação social, realizadas por enfermeiros na Atenção Básica, em Unidade de Saúde da Família (USF). As práticas dos enfermeiros na Atenção Básica têm sido orientadas pelas diretrizes das políticas públicas de saúde, por isso devem adotar a concepção do processo-saúde doença sancionada no Sistema de Saúde brasileiro, a de que esse processo tem determinantes e condicionantes associados às formas de vida dos indivíduos e grupos sociais. Portanto, as práticas devem ser planejadas para responder necessidades de saúde ampliadas. Contudo, os protocolos que orientam práticas de enfermeiros privilegiam o enfoque da clínica médica, limitando o objeto dessas práticas a agravos e doenças. A literatura registra a descrição de práticas preponderantemente ancoradas nos saberes da clínica médica, centradas em agravos, doenças, processos característicos de determinadas fases da vida; ou seja, práticas que respondem principalmente necessidades de preservação da vida. Defende-se que a inclusão da participação social como uma das finalidades das práticas de saúde permite respostas a necessidades de saúde ampliadas, considerando-se que essa participação está nas raízes das necessidades de saúde, na medida em que possibilita o aprimoramento das condições de reprodução social. Referencial teórico: necessidades de saúde são reconhecidas como necessidades de reprodução social, portanto, determinadas pela inserção social dos indivíduos e grupos sociais, e se conformarão de forma distinta nas diferentes classes sociais. Portanto, necessidades de saúde não são respondidas apenas em serviços de saúde. Para respondê-las é necessário que se considere as necessidades de reprodução social - originadas nas formas de trabalhar e de viver, que estão na base dos processos saúde-doença; a necessidade da presença do Estado, que garante direitos para viabilizar respostas a necessidades de reprodução social e as necessidades de participação social, que possibilitam colocar em jogo necessidades acima de interesses, possibilitando o aprimoramento das necessidades de reprodução social. Participação neste estudo é compreendida como processos de lutas sociais voltadas para a transformação de condições da realidade social, de carência econômica e/ou opressão sociopolítica e cultural. Objetivo geral: apreender características das práticas operacionalizadas por enfermeiros, na AB, que tenham como uma das finalidades o estímulo à participação social de usuários do serviço e de grupos sociais. Objetivos específicos: identificar as práticas realizadas por enfermeiros de uma USF; identificar e analisar as práticas realizadas por enfermeiros que favorecem mobilização e participação social; analisar as práticas que efetivam a participação social, realizadas por enfermeiros. Finalidade: subsidiar as práticas de saúde na AB, com ênfase nas do enfermeiro, para que sejam operacionalizadas como respostas a necessidades de saúde ampliadas. Procedimentos metodológicos: estudo qualitativo, do tipo estudo de caso, realizado em uma USF da Supervisão de Saúde do Butantã com todos os enfermeiros que atuavam na Estratégia de Saúde da Família. Primeiro foram realizadas entrevistas e depois observação participante de práticas que favoreciam a participação social. Necessidades de saúde e participação social foram as categorias analíticas. O projeto foi aprovado por Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa e respeitou os preceitos éticos recomendados. Resultados: Foram identificadas, nos processos de trabalho de enfermeiras da USF, práticas pautadas na concepção dos determinantes sociais do processo saúde-doença; portanto, práticas ampliadas, tanto voltadas a atendimento individual ao usuário quanto ao coletivo, a grupos sociais. Essas práticas incorporavam a associação entre condições de reprodução social e processos saúde-doença; ou seja, respondiam a necessidades de saúde ampliadas, para além daquelas concretizadas no corpo bio-psíquico. Ao construir com os sujeitos do cuidado a compreensão desse nexo, essas práticas possibilitavam a mobilização, inerente à participação social, com vistas ao aprimoramento das condições de trabalho e vida e, consequentemente, de saúde. Portanto, os espaços de respostas a necessidades de saúde ampliadas não eram restritos ao cuidado individual e os de mobilização para a participação social não eram restritos, nem exclusivos do Conselho Gestor. Essas práticas participativas estavam incorporadas nos processos de trabalho das enfermeiras da USF; portanto, legitimadas pela gerente da USF, também enfermeira, em sintonia com características de gestão democrática dessa USF. Considerações finais: para que as práticas de saúde respondam a necessidades de saúde, a participação social deve ser incorporada às finalidades dos processos de trabalho de todos os trabalhadores de saúde. Acredita-se que essa é a forma de garantir que as necessidades de saúde dos moradores sejam reconhecidas e possam ser tomadas como objeto, não só dos processos de trabalho da USF, mas também dos processos de participação social, uma vez que essa participação possibilita a modificação da realidade concreta dos grupos sociais, pela via do aprimoramento das condições de reprodução social que estão, por sua vez, nas raízes das necessidades de saúde. No entanto, esse processo deve ser reconhecido pelos trabalhadores, a começar pela gerência dos serviços, para não serem esporádicos, eventuais. / The objects of the present study are the practices that favor social participation, performed by primary health care nurses working in Family Health Units (FHU). Primary health nurses practices have been guided by public health policies, and should, therefore, adopt the concept of the health-diseases process as sanctioned by the national health system, which states that there are determining and conditioning factors associated with the life styles of individuals and social groups. For this reason, nurses must plan their practices aiming to meet broader health needs. However, the protocols guiding nurses practices focus mainly on clinical medicine, thus limiting the objects of these practices to illness and disease. Literature records the description of practices based predominantly on clinical medicine knowledge, centered on illness, disease, and processes characteristic of specific life phases; i.e., practices that meet mainly the needs for the preservation of life. It is believed that including social participation as one of the goals of health care would allow achieving responses for the broader health needs, since that participation stands in the roots of health needs, as it permits to enhance the conditions of social reproduction. Theoretical framework: health needs are recognized as the needs of social reproduction, hence, they are determined by the social insertion of individuals and social groups, and will emerge in different ways in the different social classes. Therefore, health needs are not met exclusively at health services. In order to meet health needs, it is necessary to consider the needs of social reproduction which originate in the different ways of working and living, and stand at the basis of health-diseases processes; the need for the presence of the State, which assures the rights to meeting the needs of social reproduction and of social participation, which permit to attend to needs before interests, thus allowing an enhancement of the social reproduction needs. Participating in this study is understood as the processes of social battles aimed at transforming the conditions of social reality, economic needs and/or sociopolitical and cultural oppression. Overall objective: to identify the characteristics of the practices conducted by primary health care nurses, which aim to encourage the social participations of patients and social groups. Specific objectives: to identify the practices conducted by the nurses of a FHU; identify and analyze the nurses practices that benefit mobilization and social participation; analyze the nurses practices that make social participation effective. Purpose: to support primary health care practices, focused on nurses practices, so they are conducted as responded to broader health needs. Methodological procedures: qualitative case study, performed with all nurses working with Family Health Strategy at the FHU of the Butantã Health Division. First, interviews were conducted. After, were made the participant observation of practices that favor social participation. Health needs and social participation were the analytical categories. The project was approved by Research Ethics Committees and complied with all ethical principles. Results: It was identified, in the FHU nurses working processes, practices based on the concept of the social determinants of the health-disease process; hence, broader practices, aiming at the health care to individuals as well as to social groups. Those practices incorporated the association between the conditions of social reproduction and health-disease processes; in other words, they answered broader health needs, beyond those of the bio-psyche-body. By achieving an understanding of that nexus with the subjects of care, those practices allowed for mobilization, inherent to social participation, with a view to improving ones work, life, and, thus, health conditions. Therefore, the spaces for answering broader health needs were not restricted to individual care, and those of mobilization for social participation were not restricted nor exclusive of the Administration Committee. These participative practices were incorporated in the working processes of FHU nurses; however, legitimated by the FHU manager, who was also a nurse, in harmony with the characteristics of the democratic administration of the referred FHU. Final remarks: in order for health practices to meet health needs, social participation must be incorporated to the purposes of the working processes of all health care workers. This is the way of assuring that the health needs of the local population will be recognized and made the object not only of the work at the FHU, but also of processes of social participation, as the latter allows making a change in the concrete reality of the social groups, by improving the conditions of social reproduction, which, on their hand, stand within the roots of the health needs. Nevertheless, workers, particularly and firstly the management, must acknowledge that process, so it does not become periodic, sporadic.

RESUMO Diante do quadro de grandes transformações das duas últimas décadas e suas repercussões nos padrões de produção e consumo de alimentos, fortalece-se no Brasil a temática da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN), fazendo referência às questões alimentares que dizem respeito ao conjunto da população, e não apenas aos segmentos mais vulneráveis, ao incluir, ao mesmo tempo, a dimensão nutricional, a disponibilidade (food security) e a segurança (food safety) dos alimentos: - Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) é a realização do direito de todos ao acesso regular e permanente a alimentos de qualidade, em quantidade suficiente, sem comprometer o acesso a outras necessidades essenciais, tendo como base práticas alimentares promotoras de saúde, que respeitem a diversidade cultural e que sejam social, econômica e ambientalmente sustentáveis. - (II Conferência de SAN, Olinda/PE, 2004). Tem sido possível verificar uma crescente incorporação da noção de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional pela área da Saúde, devido à sua interface com a temática da Saúde Pública, em documentos que mencionam explicitamente o tema da alimentação e nutrição, a saber: a) Política Nacional de Promoção da Saúde; b) Política Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição; c) Estratégia Global da Organização Mundial da Saúde; d) Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira; e) Documentos do Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional. Dado que a construção da institucionalidade desta temática no país, por meio da aprovação da Lei Orgânica de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (LOSAN 11.346/06) instituindo o Sistema de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SISAN) é resultado da interação entre Estado e Sociedade, a identificação dos significados da incorporação da noção de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional nos documentos do governo requer, como contraponto, outra reflexão sobre os sentidos da apropriação deste enfoque por parte de entidades e movimentos sociais relacionados à temática. Os marcos históricos, relacionados à construção de uma agenda de segurança alimentar e nutricional no Brasil, nas duas últimas décadas, demonstram o vigor da participação social, não só no controle e monitoramento das ações do governo como na elaboração de propostas e execução de projetos e iniciativas locais /regionais. A fim de aprofundar esta reflexão, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar e analisar os diferentes significados da incorporação do enfoque de segurança alimentar e nutricional por parte dos movimentos e organizações da sociedade civil participante do Conselho de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional Nacional na gestão 2004/2007. Com a intenção de apreender a realidade dos sujeitos pesquisados, o estudo, de caráter exploratório e com base no método de pesquisa qualitativa, foi realizado por meio de questionário semi-estruturado e entrevistas em profundidade. Como resultado, verificou-se a apropriação do enfoque de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional nas seguintes direções: a) favorecimento da interação entre campos temáticos das esferas da produção e do consumo; b) impulso à visão do alimento e da alimentação como um direito humano; c) objetivo ético do desenvolvimento e conseqüente construção de entornos físicos e sociais saudáveis; d) aquisição de perspectiva intra e intersetorial e e) processo educativo dialógico e emancipatório. Considerando-se que a criação de programas educativos combinada com a implantação do SISAN para a execução de políticas públicas constitui um dos grandes desafios para o país na atualidade, os significados identificados permitemnos apontar a relevância de se elaborar uma proposta pedagógica que contenha diretrizes para a abordagem de segurança alimentar e nutricional em programas educativos, promovendo a aquisição de uma aprendizagem mais cidadã da alimentação e que favoreça não só o direito de comer como também o direito de se informar e de se educar, numa perspectiva de empoderamento, condição essencial para a realização de escolhas positivas, saudáveis e conscientes. / By overlooking the major transformations of the past two decades and their impacts in the standards of production and consumption of food, in Brazil the theme over Food and Nutrition Safety has become stronger and stronger especially in regards to foodstuff matters involving the whole of population and not only the most vulnerable segments when it takes into account, at the same time, the nutritional dimwnaion and the availability of both Food Safety and Security. - Food and Nutritional Safety (SAN) happens to be the fulfilment of everyone´s right to the regular and permanent access to quality foodstuff, in sufficient amounts, without blocking the access to other essential needs, by taking as pratical feeding basis to foster health and to look up to the cultural diversity and that be socially, economically and environmentally sustainable. - (II SAN Conference, Olinda, Pe , 2004 ). It has been possible to check up on a growing incorporation of the Food an Nutrition Safety in the health area, owing to its interface with the Public Health Theme, in papers where they explictly mention the Food and Nutrition Safety theme, namely: a)National Policy on Health Promotion ; b) National Policy for Food and Nutrition Safety: c) Worldwide Strategy by the World Health Organization (WHO); d)Feeding Guidelines for the Brazilian Population; e) Papers by the National Council for Food and Nutrition Safety. The construction of this theme tilts towards non constitutional aspects, especially now after the approval of the Organic Law for Food and Nutritional Safety (LOSAN - 11.346/06), whereby the SISAN ( System of Food and Nutritional Safety ) is established, on the other hand, this approach is the result of the interaction between State and Society and the identification of the meanings of the incorporation of this notion on Food and Nutrition Safety in government papers calls for, as a counterpoint, another reflection over the appropriation of this focus by entities and social movements related to the theme. The historical backgrounds related to the construction of an agenda on Food and Nutritional Safety in Brazil in the last two decades demonstrate the strength of the social participation not only in the control and monitoring of government actions but also in the formulation of proposals and execution of projects and local and regional initiatives. In order to go deeper into this reflection, the current survey has been aimed at identifying and looking over different meanings of the incorporation of the focus on Food and Nutrition Safety by the movements and organizations of civil society who partook in the in the National Food and Nutrition Safety during the administrative period of 1004/2007. So as to learn about the reality of the individuals who have been interviewed, this survey was an exploratory tool based on quality research, and was carried out by means of a semi-structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews. As a result, one has come across the appropriation of the focus on Food and Nutritional Safety in the following directions: a) Favoring the interaction between the theme fields in the spheres of both production and consumption: b) Boosting the vision of both food and feeding as a human right; c)While an ethical goal on development and consequent construction of healthy physical and social vanities; d)As an acqusition of an intra and inter sector perspective and; e) As an educational and dialogic and emancipated process. So, by considering that the establishment of educational programs coupled with the implementation of SISAN for the execution of public policies has truned into a major challenge for the country today, the results achieved allow us to point out to the relevance of formulating a pedagogical proposal containing the guidelines for the approach on Food and Nutrition Safety in educational programs, paving the way for an acquisition of a citizen like learning on feeding and not only encourages the right to eat but also the right to be informed and educated in an empowerment outlook which is an essential condition for the achievement of positive, healty and concious choices.

Os povos indígenas vivem há mais de 500 anos na luta pela superação do colonialismo interno. Com a homogeneização das formas de vida, estes povos são sistematicamente produzidos como não existentes nas políticas integracionistas. A Constituição Federal de 1988 rompe com esta prática garantindo o direito do reconhecimento de suas identidades e modos de vida, expressos pela sua cultura, e o direito à saúde. O direito dos povos originários à saúde pautou três Conferências de Saúde Indígena que estabeleceram as diretrizes para a criação do Subsistema de Atenção à Saúde Indígena em 1999. Desde o início de sua estruturação nos 34 Distritos Sanitários Especiais Indígenas (DSEI), foram organizados os Conselhos Distritais de Saúde Indígena (CONDISI) e o Fórum de Presidentes de CONDISI no nível central. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a participação e o protagonismo dos povos indígenas no processo de construção e implementação da Política Nacional de Saúde Indígena, após a Constituição Federal de 1988, a partir das Epistemologias do Sul. Foi utilizada a metodologia qualitativa com diversas fontes e materiais: análise documental das atas de reuniões, legislações, relatórios das cinco Conferências Nacionais de Saúde Indígena e 24 entrevistas em profundidade com indígenas, gestores, indigenistas e representante do MPF. A análise das legislações reconhecidas como pertinentes ao tema indicam uma grande quantidade e diversidade de normas que tratam de forma segregada as temáticas indígenas e as normas do Sistema Único de Saúde. Demonstram, para além da fragmentação legal e normativa, algumas iniciativas que avançam na integralidade da assistência, bastante pontuais, como a criação de incentivos financeiros específicos. Destaca-se a complexidade e a fragilidade da articulação interfederativa, que se torna mais complexa com a gestão federal e a territorialização dos DSEI, que não coincidem com os territórios de estados e municípios. No que tange à participação, pode-se afirmar que a maioria dos entrevistados reconhecem o CONDISI como espaço legítimo de diálogo entre indígenas e governo para debater a política de saúde e sua execução nas aldeias indígenas. Contudo, é evidente o predomínio das pautas de interesse da gestão e a repercussão nas reuniões de CONDISI de temas já discutidos no Fórum de Presidentes. Nas pautas do CONDISI Litoral Sul, que foram objeto deste estudo, por exemplo, a discussão da divisão territorial do DSEI, de interesse dos indígenas, não ganhou espaço e reconhecimento pela gestão. Chama a atenção à ausência de discussão nos espaços formais de temas que predominam nas entrevistas com os indígenas, como a valorização da medicina tradicional e a atenção diferenciada. Esta última é a justificativa central para existência do Subsistema e pauta-se nas desigualdades em saúde, na necessidade de modos de produção de cuidado que articulem as medicinas indígenas e a biomedicina e na diversidade cultural dos mais de 300 povos. O predomínio da biomedicina como forma científica e legítima do saber sobre a saúde acaba por interditar as pautas referentes às medicinas indígenas. Esta lógica perpetua a relação colonial do governo com os povos originários, principalmente sobre o saber, comprometendo a efetivação da atenção diferenciada, e, por consequência, do direito à saúde. Esta política, para ser efetiva, deveria se organizar na perspectiva da Ecologia de Saberes, considerando os modos de existência destes povos, principalmente sua relação com a terra, e sua construção como sujeitos coletivos. / Indigenous Peoples have been living for more than 500 years in the struggle to overcome internal colonialism. With the homogenization of the way of life, these peoples are systematically considered as non-existent in integrationist policies. The Federal Constitution of 1988 breaks with this logic assuring them the right to their identities and their ways of life, expressed by their culture, and also their right to health. The Indigenous Peoples\' right to health established three Indigenous Health Conferences that set the guidelines for the creation of the Indigenous Health Care Subsystem, in 1999. Since its beginning, along with the establishiment of the 34 Special Indigenous Sanitary Districts (DSEI), participatory Councils were organized (CONDISI), and also the CONDISI Presidents\' Forum at the central level. Based on Epistemologies of the South, this study aims to analyze the participation and the protagonism of Indigenous Peoples in the construction and implementation processes of the National Indigenous Health Policy, after the Federal Constitution of 1988. The qualitative methodology used with several sources and materials: documenta analysis of minutes of meetings, legislations, reports of the five National Indigenous Health Conferences and 24 in-depth interviews with Indigenous Peoples, managers, indigenists and Federal Prosecution Service. Relevant legislation analyzed showed great quantity and diversity of norms that separate the indigenous themes and the norms of the Unified Health System. They demonstrate, in addition to legal and normative fragmentation, some initiatives towards care integrality quite specific ones, such as the creation of financial incentives. We highlight the complexity and fragility of the interfederative articulation, which becomes more complex with federal management and territorialisation of the DSEI, which do not match with the limits of states and municipalities territories. Regarding participation, it can be said that most interviewees recognize the CONDISI as a legitimate space for dialogue between Indigenous Peoples and the government to discuss the health policy and its implementation in indigenous communities. However, there is a clear predominance of agendas in the interest of the management representatives and the repercussions on the CONDISI meetings of topics already discussed in the Presidents\' Forum. For example, on the agenda of the CONDISI Litoral Sul, object of this study, the discussion of the territorial division of the DSEI, on the interest of the indigenous representatives, did not gain space and recognition by the management representatives. What also draws attention is the absence of discussions of topics that were predominant on the interviews with Indigenous Peoples on formal spaces, such as traditional medicine and differentiated care. This last one is central to the existence of the Subsystem and it is based on inequalities in health, the need for care production methods that articulate traditional indigenous medicine and biomedicine, and the cultural diversity of more than 300 tribes. The predominance of biomedicine as a scientific and legitimate way of health knowledge inhibits the agenda related to traditional indigenous medicine. This logic perpetuates the colonial relationship of the government upon the Indigenous Peoples, especially regarding knowledge, compromising the effectiveness of differentiated care and, consequently, the right to health. This policy, in order to be effective, should be organized in the perspective of the Ecology of Knowledges, considering the ways of existence of these peoples, especially their relationship with the land, and their construction as collective subjects.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:21:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paula Marques Braga.pdf: 5602223 bytes, checksum: 0604aab43034801beb4ecb0ebe25149f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-27 / This thesis analyzed urban-renewal projects in historic central areas, taking as a case study the interventions initiated in 1991 in the Historical Center of Salvador. The study of this theme, was developed along two lines. First, a theoretical-conceptual survey was carried out on subjects related to intervention projects in historic central areas, seeking to understand not only the intervention projects nature, but also the circumstances that warranted them. The first part treats aspects of the processes of decay and increase in value of city historic centers, which are similar in many localities, primarily through their economic potential from tourist activity. Not foreseen aspects associated with the increase in value, such as the process of gentrification impact in these areas and the effects concerning the population, the local culture and the immaterial patrimony, are also analyzed. Aspects of the social function and the ways to manage of the historic areas are discussed. The second line of investigation treats the Historic Center of Salvador specifically, considering the historical data of the founding and development of the area, the process of decay and the later increase in value when this part of Salvador was recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage site. The accomplishment of this study focalize its objectives, and the actions carried out during the different phases of the Salvador Historical Center Recovery Project intervention. The debate about the results of this intervention in the initial phase of the Recovery Projetc implementation as a subsidy for research of key issues and relevant aspects that emerged later in the series of changes in the areas is also included. Considerations include regarding the future of interventions of this nature, based on the study of the Historic Center of Salvador the research of seeks viable alternatives for comprehensive and effective intervention plan in historic centers that require a positive and overcome the contradictions and difficulties inherent in these processes. / A disserta??o aborda aspectos relacionados a projetos de reabilita??o urbana em ?reas centrais hist?ricas tendo como estudo de caso as interven??es iniciadas em 1991 no Centro Hist?rico de Salvador. O estudo deste tema, desenvolvido em duas vertentes, apoiou-se inicialmente no levantamento te?rico-conceitual a respeito dos temas relacionados aos projetos de interven??o em ?reas centrais hist?ricas, buscando-se entender n?o apenas a natureza dos projetos de interven??o, mas tamb?m os caminhos que os justificam. Dessa forma, s?o apresentados, em um primeiro momento, aspectos relacionados ao processo de decad?ncia e posterior valoriza??o dos centros hist?ricos das cidades, similares em muitas localidades, sobretudo como potencial econ?mico atrav?s da atividade tur?stica. S?o analisados ainda os aspectos n?o previstos associados, como os impactos do processo de gentrification nessas ?reas e suas repercuss?es sobre a popula??o, a cultura local e o patrim?nio imaterial. Discute-se tamb?m a quest?o da fun??o social e as formas de gest?o das ?reas hist?ricas. A segunda vertente da disserta??o trata especificamente do Centro Hist?rico de Salvador, considerando os dados hist?ricos de funda??o e desenvolvimento da ?rea, o processo de decad?ncia e posterior valoriza??o, ao ser reconhecido como Patrim?nio da Humanidade pela Unesco. A aproxima??o com o objeto de estudo foca os objetivos e as a??es promovidas nas diferentes fases de interven??o do Projeto de Recupera??o do Centro Hist?rico de Salvador. Circunscreve o debate acerca dos resultados obtidos na fase inicial de implanta??o do Projeto de Recupera??o como subs?dio para a investiga??o das principais quest?es e aspectos relevantes que emergiram posteriormente no conjunto das transforma??es ocorridas na ?rea. Agrega, por fim, considera??es a respeito do futuro das interven??es dessa natureza, a partir do estudo do Centro Hist?rico de Salvador como a busca de alternativas para planos abrangentes e efetivos de interven??o em Centros Hist?ricos que pressuponham e superem positivamente as contradi??es e dificuldades inerentes a esses processos.

The aim of this thesis is to explore how young adults from ethnic minority backgrounds experience social citizenship and social participation. How do they understand their social rights and duties? What are the possibilities and obstacles for their social participation? Based on the background of different studies in Sweden, that usually focus on conditions in bigger cities, this study discusses social citizenship among ethnic minority youth in the context of a middle-sized Swedish town. In contrast to research on ethnicity and youth in Sweden, that discuss social problems and social exclusion in terms of the deficient cultural, linguistic and social competence of the individuals, this study focuses on different kinds of resources and experiences of agency among young people from migrant backgrounds. Their experiences of active social citizenship and social participation fill also a gap in the contemporary research from the perspective of social inclusion. The theoretical framework is based on the concept of social citizenship as discussed by T. H. Marshall (1950), T. Bottomore (1992) and inspired by research on the subjective dimension of social citizenship conducted by R. Lister (1997, 2003, 2007). In order to grasp the subjective dimension of social citizenship, this thesis deals with differentiated expressions of universal social citizenship in terms of agency and participation in different areas of social life. Using a qualitative approach, seventeen people have been interviewed. The interviews have been analysed from an intersectional perspective where gender, age, marital status and longevity in Sweden appear to be concurrent categories. The results point towards tendencies of enclavisation among these young adults usually articulating experience of weak social bonding in relation to the Swedish majority population. Some informants refer to their expectations of living in bigger cities or a third country, and have plans to move as a strategy for better, more integrated and less discriminated conditions of future life. In sum, the central expectations of the interviewees on the improvement of their social citizenship conditions are the following: They want to be active citizens and are willing to contribute to the development of a more inclusive Swedish society. This thesis contributes to our current understanding of how young adults from ethnic minority backgrounds, experience social citizenship and social participation within the areas of: housing, education, labour-market, leisure and policy. / Denna rapport handlar om hur unga kvinnor och män med utländsk bakgrund i en medelstor svensk stad upplever social delaktighet. I fokus står vardagslivets sociala medborgarskap och hur människor förstår sina sociala rättigheter och skyldigheter och på vilket sätt detta påverkar deras medverkan i samhällslivet. Rapporten visar att de unga kvinnorna och männen har engagemang och uttrycker ansvarskänsla och vilja till social delaktighet i det svenska samhället. Samtidig upplever de inte alltid ett fullvärdigt socialt medborgarskap på grund av etnisk diskriminering. Helene Jacobson Pettersson är doktorand i socialt arbete vid Institutionen för vårdvetenskap och socialt arbete, Växjö universitet. Hon är anställd som universitetsadjunkt i socialt arbete vid Högskolan i Kalmar. Detta är hennes licentiatavhandling.