1 Abstract Trademarks and their territorial limits The purpose of my thesis is to analyze the ways that are used for overcoming territorial limits of trademarks, to point out the pros and cons of these methods. Likewise, I'd like to point out the fact that the various systems of trademarks - national and international systems and system of Community trade mark are interconnected and they complete each other. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on the quality of national legislation, to match the European Union standards and international standards, as well. I chose this topic, because the issue of trademarks is in my opinion very interesting, I like the fact that they can connect designers and businessmen, I am fascinated by their overlap into the art sphere, too. The topic of marks is very broad and quite specific, for understandable reasons it cannot be given so much time within the subjects taught at the Faculty. Also this was one of the reasons I chose this topic. My work is divided into six major thematic units, together there are 25 chapters, some of them are further divided into subchapters and sections. In the first part, which corresponds to the first and the second chapter, I try to out the trademarks as an institution in a wider context of intellectual property rights and industrial property...

La mondialisation de l’économie, le développement des moyens de transport et de communication et l’émergence des paradis fiscaux rendent la connaissance de la fiscalité d’autres pays indispensable, tant par le fiscaliste praticien que par le chercheur.La France et la Belgique ont une communauté de langue et de culture en plus de la proximité géographique. Connaître sa fiscalité et la comparer à la fiscalité française est utile à tout fiscaliste qui pourra alors se faire sa propre idée sur le statut de paradis fiscal qu’on lui attribue. Nous avons choisi de comparer l’imposition des revenus étrangers car, ceux qui changent de pays pour éviter la pression fiscale, sont souvent des personnes ayant une forte activité internationale. En l’absence de convention préventive de double imposition, l’imposition de tels revenus est plus favorable en France, quand ils sont encaissés par des personnes morales. En revanche, lorsqu’ils sont encaissés par des personnes physiques, l’imposition est plus avantageuse en Belgique.Mais les deux pays ont conclu beaucoup de conventions préventives de double imposition de sorte qu’il est difficile de trouver un pays qui ne leur est pas lié par une convention fiscale. Or, il s’avère que la Belgique, à travers ses conventions, adopte des mesures fiscales nettement plus favorables que la France et ce, afin de favoriser l’expansion économique de ses résidents et attirer aussi des capitaux étrangers.A cette situation, s’ajoute le fait que ce pays autorise des montages fiscaux qui seraient sanctionnés en France sous l’angle de l’abus de droit.On comprend alors pourquoi certains hommes d’affaires n’hésitent pas à s’y domicilier. / According to several factors such as the economy globalization, the development of transportation and communication supplies and the rising of tax heavens, tax lawyers have to reach a high expertise and knowledge of foreign tax systems.Belgium and France share common roots of language and culture in addition to the geographical proximity. To be especially aware of the Belgium tax law scheme is absolutely necessary for every tax lawyer in particular in a view to compare and have an opinion about the heaven nature of the Belgian system.As far as it is impossible to compare every point of the two systems, we decided to focus only on the taxation of foreign income, because of the international activity of the taxpayers willing to lower the tax pressure. Without an international tax treaty, foreign incomes are less taxed in France when they are received by a company but the situation is different when the receiver is a person. However it has to be noticed that Belgium and France have developed a huge international tax treaty network. The Belgium one is analyzed as being more attractive for foreign investments and national economic expansion. Besides, Belgium has a tax system which authorizes tax schemes seen sometimes as an abuse of right in France. As a consequence the exile of business men can be understood.

In the late 1980s the endangered Chatham Island oystercatcher (Haematopus chathamensis) (CIO) was estimated at less than 110 individuals. Endemic to the Chatham Islands, New Zealand, it was feared to be declining and, based on existing productivity estimates, in danger of extinction within 50-70 years. These declines were thought to be caused by numerous changes since the arrival of humans, including the introduction of several terrestrial predators, the establishment of marram grass (Ammophila arenaria) which changes dune profiles, and increased disturbance along the coastline. The New Zealand Department of Conservation has undertaken recovery planning and conservation management to increase CIO numbers since the late 1980s. Recovery planning raised some key research questions concerning the population dynamics, habitat selection, and breeding biology of Chatham Island oystercatcher (CIO), and the critical factors currently limiting the population. The objectives of this study were to collect and interpret data on: 1) population size, trends, and distribution across the Chathams, 2) basic breeding parameters, 3) recruitment and mortality rates, 4) habitat selection at the general, territorial and nest-site levels, 5) habitat factors that are correlated with territory quality, and 6) cues that elicit territorial behaviour in CIO.

Abstract Between October 1999 and October 2003, 30 adult and 48 young (< 1 year) raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) were monitored using radio-telemetry in an area of Germany which has been occupied by this invasive alien species since the early 1990s. Additionally, three pairs of raccoon dogs were observed by continuous radio-tracking during the first six weeks after parturition in 2003. Furthermore 136 raccoon dog pubs were ear-tagged between June 1999 and August 2006. No adult animals dispersed from the area during the study period and home ranges tended to be used for several years, probably for life. The average annual home range size, calculated using 95% fixed kernel, was 382.2 ha ± 297.4 SD for females (n = 30 seasonal home ranges) and 352.4 ha ± 313.3 SD for males (n = 32 seasonal home ranges). Paired raccoon dogs had home ranges of similar size, with pair sharing the same area all year round. Raccoon dogs occupied large core areas (85% kernel) covering 81.2% of their home ranges. The home ranges were at their smallest during the mating season. The slightly larger size of home ranges in winter suggests that, due to the temperate climate, raccoon dogs do not hibernate in Germany. Males and females formed a long-term (probably lifelong) pair bond. Same-sex neighbours ignored each other and even adjacent males/females showed neither preference nor avoidance. Thus, it can be assumed that the raccoon dog in Central Europe is monogamous without exclusive territories, based on the results of home range overlap analysis and interaction estimations. Habitat composition within home ranges and within the whole study area was almost equal. Although, percentage shares of farmland and meadow was 16.35% smaller and 12.06% higher within the home ranges, respectively. All nine habitat types (farmland, forest, settlement, water, meadows, maize fields, small woods, reeds and hedges) were used opportunistically by raccoon dogs. No significant, recognisable difference for habitat preferences between seasons was detected. Male and female raccoon dog showed equal habitat preference pattern. A comparison of active and inactive locations in different habitats found no remarkable differences. Habitat composition of individual home ranges was used to classify animals. If the percentage of forest within a home range exceeded 50% the individual was classified as a ‘forest type’ raccoon dog. If the percentage of forest habitats within a home range was less than 5%, the share of pastureland was mean 81.82% ± 16.92 SD. Consequently the individual was classified as a ‘agrarian type’ raccoon dog. Neither habitat preference nor habitat selection process differed between the two ‘types’. Habitat use and preference is discussed with relation to the ability of the raccoon dog to expand its range towards Western Europe. Males spent noticeably more time (40.5% of the time ±11.7 SD) alone with the pups than females (16.4% of the time ±8.5 SD). Females had noticeably larger 95% kernel home ranges (98.24 ha ±51.71 SD) than males (14.73 ha ±8.16 SD) and moved much longer daily distances (7,368 m ±2,015 SD) than males (4,094 m ±2,886 SD) in six weeks postpartum. The raccoon dogs being studied left the breeding den in the 6th week after the birth of the pups. In situ video observation showed that the male carried prey to the den to provide the female and the litter with food. A clear division of labour took place among parents during the period in which the pups were nursed: males guarded the litter in the den or in close vicinity of it, while the females foraged to satisfy their increased energy requirements. There were relocations of 59 (43.4%) ear-tagged young racoon dogs and mean distance from marking point was 13.5 km ±20.1 SD. Dispersal mortality rate was 69.5% among young raccoon dogs. Most animals (55.9%) were recovered nearer than 5 km from the marking point, whereas only 8.5% relocations were recorded further than 50 km from the marking point. There was no difference in the distances of relocations between sexes. Most (53.7%) relocations of ear-tagged young raccoon dogs were in August and September and, only 34.1% were recorded from October to April. Hunting (55 %) and traffic (27 %) were the major mortality factors. Radio-collared young raccoon dogs generally dispersed between July and September. The mean natal home range size (MCP 100%) with and without excursions was 502.6 ha ±66.4 SD (n = 9) and 92.1 ha ±66.4 SD (n = 17), respectively. There were no differences between sexes in the month of dispersal. The direction of travel for dispersing animals appeared to be random, with distances from 0.5 km to 91.2 km. A highly flexible dispersing behaviour is certainly one of the reasons which contribute to the high expansion success of the species.

Between October 1999 and October 2003, 30 adult and 48 young (< 1 year) raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) were monitored using radio-telemetry in an area of North-East Germany which has been occupied by this invasive alien species since the early 1990s. Additionally, three pairs of raccoon dogs were observed by continuous radio-tracking during the first six weeks after parturition in 2003. Furthermore 136 raccoon dog pubs were ear-tagged between June 1999 and August 2006. No adult animals dispersed from the area during the study period and home ranges tended to be used for several years, probably for life. The average annual home range size, calculated using 95% fixed kernel, was 382.2 ha ± 297.4 SD for females (n = 30 seasonal home ranges) and 352.4 ha ± 313.3 SD for males (n = 32 seasonal home ranges). Paired raccoon dogs had home ranges of similar size, with pair mates sharing the same area all year round. Raccoon dogs occupied large core areas (85% kernel) covering 81.2% of their home ranges. The home ranges were at their smallest during the mating season. The slightly larger size of home ranges in winter suggests that, due to the temperate climate, raccoon dogs do not hibernate in Germany. Males and females formed a long-term (probably lifelong) pair bond. Same-sex neighbours ignored each other and even adjacent males/females showed neither preference nor avoidance. Thus, it can be assumed that the raccoon dog in Central Europe is monogamous without exclusive territories, based on the results of home range overlap analysis and interaction estimations. Habitat composition within home ranges and within the whole study area was almost equal. Although, percentage shares of farmland and meadow was 16.35% smaller and 12.06% higher within the home ranges, respectively. All nine habitat types (farmland, forest, settlement, water, meadows, maize fields, small woods, reeds and hedges) were used opportunistically by raccoon dogs. No significant, recognisable difference for habitat preferences between seasons was detected. Male and female raccoon dog showed equal habitat preference pattern. A comparison of active and inactive locations in different habitats found no remarkable differences. Habitat composition of individual home ranges was used to classify animals. If the percentage of forest within a home range exceeded 50% the individual was classified as a ‘forest type’ raccoon dog. If the percentage of forest habitats within a home range was less than 5%, the share of pastureland was mean 81.82% ± 16.92 SD. Consequently the individual was classified as a ‘agrarian type’ raccoon dog. Neither habitat preference nor habitat selection process differed between the two ‘types’. Habitat use and preference is discussed with relation to the ability of the raccoon dog to expand its range towards Western Europe. Males spent noticeably more time (40.5% of the time ±11.7 SD) alone with the pups than females (16.4% of the time ±8.5 SD). Females had noticeably larger 95% kernel home ranges (98.24 ha ±51.71 SD) than males (14.73 ha ±8.16 SD) and moved much longer daily distances (7,368 m ±2,015 SD) than males (4,094 m ±2,886 SD) in six weeks postpartum. The raccoon dogs being studied left the breeding den in the 6th week after the birth of the pups. In situ video observation showed that the male carried prey to the den to provide the female and the litter with food. A clear division of labour took place among parents during the period in which the pups were nursed: males guarded the litter in the den or in close vicinity of it, while the females foraged to satisfy their increased energy requirements. There were relocations of 59 (43.4%) ear-tagged young raccoon dogs and mean distance from marking point was 13.5 km ±20.1 SD. Dispersal mortality rate was 69.5% among young raccoon dogs. Most animals (55.9%) were recovered nearer than 5 km from the marking point, whereas only 8.5% relocations were recorded further than 50 km from the marking point. There was no difference in the distances of relocations between sexes. Most (53.7%) relocations of ear-tagged young raccoon dogs were in August and September and, only 34.1% were recorded from October to April. Hunting (55 %) and traffic (27 %) were the major mortality factors. Radiocollared young raccoon dogs generally dispersed between July and September. The mean natal home range size (MCP 100%) with and without excursions was 502.6 ha ±66.4 SD (n = 9) and 92.1 ha ±66.4 SD (n = 17), respectively. There were no differences between sexes in the month of dispersal. The direction of travel for dispersing animals appeared to be random, with distances from 0.5 km to 91.2 km. A highly flexible dispersing behaviour is certainly one of the reasons which contribute to the high expansion success of the species.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-02T19:43:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WALLACE FERREIRA DE SOUZA - TESE PPGCS 2014..pdf: 6966791 bytes, checksum: 8df4c062f94a784ca0974e58827df8b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-02T19:43:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WALLACE FERREIRA DE SOUZA - TESE PPGCS 2014..pdf: 6966791 bytes, checksum: 8df4c062f94a784ca0974e58827df8b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-15 / Capes / As conquistas políticas dos grupos rotulados como minorias, que representam a emergência de novos sujeitos sociais, vêm ganhando a cena acadêmica das Ciências Sociais nestes últimos 40 anos, evidenciando a inquietação destas ciências com o novo. É a partir desse prisma das lutas por direitos que o movimento quilombola aparece impulsionado pela conquista constitucional em 1988, uma vez que, o pressuposto legal indicado no Art. 68 - Ato das Disposições Constitucionais Transitórias (ADCT) se refere a um conjunto possível de novos sujeitos sociais designados pelo termo remanescente de quilombo. Foi exatamente o enfrentamento desse novo que impulsionou a escolha do campo de pesquisa, qual seja uma comunidade quilombola da zona rural do brejo paraibano – Caiana dos Crioulos, área rural localizada a 12 km do município de Alagoa Grande-PB. A pesquisa, com sua modelagem, é erguida a partir de uma relação entre a etnografia - a prática de descrever/negociar/experimentar a “sociedade do outro” - e a cartografia cujo objetivo é definir as fronteiras, os traçados, os pontos de referência e as depressões, portanto, criar uma semântica espacial que, no caso específico dessa pesquisa, vai sendo construída por uma teia de relações tecida no cotidiano. Neste contexto etnográfico, eu me propus a pensar como problemática de pesquisa: quais dimensões podemos considerar como fundadoras do sentimento de grupo e do fluxo da vida comunitária e que, portanto, seriam definidoras da experiência desses sujeitos como comunidade remanescente de quilombolas? A partir daí, surge uma teia de relações a qual me proponho etnocartografar, entrando em cena o território, as relações de parentescos e, sobretudo, o sentimento de grupo e as experiências espirituais dos moradores de Caiana dos Crioulos. Para enfrentar esta problemática, propõe-se a delimitação de três panoramas: panorama étnico territorial, panorama espiritual e panorama familiar como dimensões que se conjugam no cotidiano, dando forma e dinâmica ao que denominei de fluxo da vida comunitária. / The political achievements of the groups labeled as minorities, which represent the emergence of new social individuals, have been gaining the academic scenario of the Social Sciences in the last forty years, highlighting the uneasiness of these sciences with the new. It is from this perspective of struggles for rights that the quilombola movement appears boosted by the constitutional conquest in 1988, once the legal assumption stated in the Art.68 – Temporary Constitutional Provisions Act (ADCT) refers to a possible set of new social individuals designated by the remaining term called quilombola. It was exactly this new confrontation that led studying to a quilombola community in the Brejo rural area of Paraíba - Caiana dos Crioulos – rural area located 12km far from Alagoa Grande-PB municipality. The piece of research, with its modeling, is based on a harmonious relationship between ethnography – the practice of describing/negotiating/experimenting “the other´s society” - and cartography whose objective is to define the boundaries, the outlines, the reference points and the depressions, thus creating a spatial semantics that, in the specific case of this study, is being constructed by a web of relations woven in the daily activities. In this ethnographic context, the research problem was focused on: which dimensions can we consider as the founders of the group´s feeling and flow of community life and that, however, would define these individuals´ experience as a remaining quilombola community? From this, a web of relations, which I propose to carry out ethnocartography, then, the territory, the relations about the relatives and, especially, the feeling of group and the spiritual experiences of those dwellers from Caiana dos Crioulos arise. In order to face this problem, the delimitation of three perspectives is proposed: territorial ethnic perspective, spiritual perspective and familiar perspective as dimensions which are articulated in the daily routine by providing form and dynamics to what I have named the flow of community life. / Les conquêtes politiques des groupes dits minoritaires, qui représentent l’émergence de nouveaux sujets sociaux, ont occupé le devant de la scène académique dans le domaine des Sciences Sociales, dans ces derniers 40 ans, en rendant évident l’intérêt de ces sciences par le nouveau. C’est à partir de ce prisme des luttes pour des droits que le mouvement des habitants des quilombes se développe, poussé par la conquête de la Constitution de 1988, dont un supposé juridique, présent dans l’Article 68 (Acte des dispositions constitutionnelles transitoires – ADCT), indique un ensemble possible de nouveaux sujets sociaux, désignés par le nom subsistant de quilombe. C’est justement le défi posé par ce nouveau qui m’a mené à changer l’objet de ma thèse, en abandonnant le thème des représentations de la nature dans les religions afro-brésiliennes dans l’espace urbain de Joao Pessoa au profit d’une investigation sur une communauté de quilombe dans la zone rurale de la région du Brejo de l’État de Paraiba (PB) – Caiana dos Crioulos, à 12 km de la ville de Alagoa Grande, PB. La recherche et ses paramètres sont dressés à partir d’une relation harmonieuse entre l’ethnographie, cette pratique de décrire/négocier/éprouver la société de l’autre, et la cartographie, dont l’objectif est de définir les frontières, les tracés, les points de référence et les dépressions, et donc de créer une sémantique spatiale que, dans le cas spécifique de cette recherche, va se construire à travers une toile de relations tissue dans le quotidien. Dans ce contexte ethnographique, je me suis proposé la problématique de recherche suivante : quelles dimensions nous pourrions considérer comme fondatrices du sentiment de groupe et le flux de la vie communautaire, et responsables de la définition de l’expérience de ces sujets en tant que communauté subsistante d’habitants de quilombe ? À partir de cette question, une toile de relations apparaît et devient l’objet de notre ethnocartographie, qui prend en compte le territoire, les relations de famille et surtout le sentiment de groupe et les vécus spirituels des habitants de Caiana dos Crioulos. Pour faire face à cette problématique, nous proposons la délimitation de trois panoramas : le panorama ethnicoterritorial, le panorama spirituel et le panorama familial, en tant que dimensions qui s’articulent dans le quotidien, en donnant une forme et une dynamique à ce que nous avons appelé le flux de la vie communautaire.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:49:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese_Heidtmann_Neto.pdf.jpg: 19506 bytes, checksum: 7a7f3d2bebf1623cb7e22950de96d491 (MD5) Tese_Heidtmann_Neto.pdf.txt: 378075 bytes, checksum: fc91081115a56f528ae30074230f516a (MD5) Tese_Heidtmann_Neto.pdf: 4638422 bytes, checksum: 68e19a668f52429d49914f1c312153d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-29T00:00:00Z / Este trabalho compõe-se de um estudo das comunidades de Suruacá, localizada no município de Santarém, e de Baixinha, localizada no município de Baião, ambos no estado do Pará, na parte oriental da Amazônia brasileira. O problema geral de pesquisa é até que ponto a territorialização da política pública considera a territorialidade dos lugares onde elas incidem. Em seu objetivo geral, esta pesquisa visou contribuir para essa discussão a partir da análise in loco do processo de políticas públicas para povos ribeirinhos em comunidades amazônicas. Esta é uma territorialidade específica e menos visível que a territorialidade de outros lugares. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório que busca conhecer até que ponto as políticas públicas são capazes de promover ações adequadas às realidades das comunidades ribeirinhas amazônicas, e como isso é realizado. Das duas comunidades estudadas, a de Suruacá é considerada por outras comunidades e por atores sociais da região como uma comunidade modelo em termos de organização comunitária e qualidade de vida, com forte presença de atuação da ONG Projeto Saúde e Alegria, mais a atuação do Estado. Já a comunidade de Baixinha possui outro tipo de organização e não conta com a interferência direta de uma ONG com legitimidade comunitária, como na primeira. A metodologia aplicada ao estudo das duas comunidades é parte de um estudo comparado para se observar o contraste entre ambas e se verificar como as políticas públicas incidem nas comunidades, procurando observar a participação da ONG em uma e a sua ausência em outra. A postura adotada no terreno de pesquisa foi a noção da Observação Participante e, para análise dos resultados, adotou-se a Análise de Interface Centrada no Ator. O estudo contou com um suporte conceitual baseado na interdisciplinaridade para trabalhar os resultados da pesquisa. Utilizou-se a noção de política pública como sendo o governo em ação e de ação pública como sendo a política pública mais a ação social. As noções de espaço e territorialidade foram encontradas em Henry Lefebvre (2000) e Milton Santos (2001), somando-se à noção de lugar de Peter Spink (2001). Utiliza as noções de intervenção, poder e conhecimento de Norman Long (2001) para compor o quadro analítico dos resultados da pesquisa. Os resultados da pesquisa propõem que uma política pública só é efetiva se ela se territorializar e se capilarizar. São condições essenciais para isso a presença de agentes capilares, internos ou externos à comunidade, a ação em rede entre eles e a conexão e a interface que deve haver entre as políticas públicas. A pesquisa procura contribuir com o debate sobre territorialização de políticas púbicas em comunidades ribeirinhas da Amazônia, propondo que quanto maior o número de agentes capilares melhor será a territorialização e capilarização das políticas. Também contribui do ponto de vista metodológico, na medida em que propõe que a análise microssocial pode ser de grande valia para trabalhos sobre políticas públicas. / This work is a study of the communities of Suruacá, located at the city of Santarém, and of Baixinha, located at the city of Baião, both in the state of Pará, in the eastern part of the Brazilian Amazon. The underlying research question is: to what extent the localization (territorialização) of the public policy considers the territoriality of the places upon which they act? The general goal of the research was to contribute to this discussion with the in loco analysis of the public policy process in the ribeirinho peoples in Amazon communities. This is a specific and less visible territoriality than that of other places. It is an exploratory study that aims to understand to that extent are the public policies capable of promoting actions that are adequate to the realities of the Amazon ribeirinho communities, and how this is carried on. Of the two communities studied, that of Suruacá is considered by other communities and by local stakeholders to be a model community in terms of community organization and quality of life, with a strong presence and work of the NGO Projeto Saúde e Alegria (Health and Joy Project), plus the State participation. The Baixinha community, in its turn, has a different kind of organization and does not have the direct interference of a NGO with community legitimacy, as the former. The methodology applied to the study of the two communities is part of a comparative study to observe the contrast between both and to verify how the public policies act upon the communities, seeking to account for the participation of the NGO in one and the lack of it in the other. The posture adopted in the researched territory was the notion of Participant Observation, and for the analysis of the results the Personcentered Interface Analysis was used. The study relied upon a interdisciplinary conceptual support to interpret the results of the research. The notion of public policy was used, it being the government in action, and of public action as being the public policy plus the social action. The notions of space and territoriality were drawn from Henry Lefebvre (2000) and from Milton Santos (2001), in addition to the notion of place from Peter Spink (2001). The notions of intervention, power and knowledge by Norman Long (2001) were used to compose the analytical framework of the results of the research. The results of the research suggest that a public policy can only be effective if it is able to localize and ingrain itself. Essential conditions for it are the presence of grassroots agents, internal or external to the community, their networking, and the connection and the interface that should exist among the public policies. This work aims to contribute to the debate regarding localization (territorialização) of public policies in ribeirinho communities of the Amazon, suggesting that the greater the number of grassroots agents, the better the localization and the capillarity of the public policies will be. It also contributes from the methodological viewpoint, in the sense that it suggests that the microssocial analysis can be of great value to public policy studies.

Esta tese se debruça sobre as concepções de espaço e tempo na metrópole contemporânea, a partir do estudo etnográfico de processos de territorialização e desterritorialização de populações negras nas cidades de Caxias do Sul e Porto Alegre. Trata-se de uma investigação acerca das tramas simbólicas produzidas pelos moradores ao habitar a cidade, enfocando, nos processos de transformação urbana, a forma como se articulam identidades étnicas e como estas definem territorialidades. Em Porto Alegre, capital do Rio Grande do Sul, metrópole heterogênea de grande fragmentação identitária, são enfocadas duas comunidades remanescentes de quilombos, o Quilombo do Areal e a Família Fidelix, bem como a apropriação simbólica do Mercado Público Central pelos adeptos das religiões de matriz africana, na chamada tradição Bará do Mercado. Em Caxias do Sul, cidade marcada pela colonização italiana, o processo de crescimento urbano evidencia a presença da alteridade, através da emergência de outras identidades e distintas narrativas, trazendo à tona grupos sociais até então invisíveis. A partir da ideia da existência de uma geopolítica das populações urbanas, enfatiza-se a disputa simbólica entre grupos étnicos, em que se inserem aspectos como invisibilidade, estigmatização, afirmação e positivação de identidades. Assim, busca-se compreender como entram em jogo as identidades e memórias dos grupos afrobrasileiros em tais cidades. Nesse contexto, cabe uma preocupação com distintas escalas de análise: desde os arranjos cotidianos e sociabilidades dos grupos em suas formas de ocupação do espaço urbano aos cenários políticoinstitucionais que definem políticas de proteção à diversidade e ao patrimônio cultural do país, em que emergem temas como cidadania, nação, patrimônio, raça, etnia e classe social. / This thesis debates over the conceptions of space and time in contemporary metropolis, starting from the ethnographic research of processes of territorialization and deterritorialization within afro-descendant population’s in south Brazil, in the cities of Caxias do Sul and Porto Alegre. This is an investigation about the symbolical plots produced by the residents while inhabitants of the city, focusing, in the processes of urban renewal, the way trought which ethnic identities emerge and how it defines territorialities. In Porto Alegre - capital of Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state in Brazil - heterogeneous metropolis with great cultural fragmentation, two communities of remainders of quilombos are focused, Quilombo do Areal and Família Fidelix, as well as the symbolical appropriation of the Central Public Market by the followers of the Afro-brasillian religions, in the so-called Bará do Mercado Tradition. In Caxias do Sul, a city bounded by the Italian colonization, the process of urban transformation turns evident the presence of the alterity, through the emergence of other identities and narratives, bringing up social groups invisible until then. From the idea of the existence of a geopolitics of urban population, we look into the symbolical struggle between ethnic groups, in which invisibility, stigmatization, affirmation and positivation of identities are important aspects. In this way, we seek to understand the role that afro-brazilian group’s identities and memories plays in these cities. In this context, we are concerned with different scales of analysis: from the quotidian arranges and sociabilities of social groups in their way of occupying urban space, to the political-institutional scenario that defines politics for the protection of the nation’s diversity and cultural patrimony, in wich emerge themes as citizenship, nation, patrimony, ethnic groups, race and social class.

La question de la mobilité des sociétés met principalement en cause deux ensembles normatifs étatiques. Tout d’abord, la société mobile rencontre en permanence la question des conflits de lois. Ainsi, la mobilité implique le passage par la question fondamentale de la reconnaissance, la mise en jeu des règles de conflit sur la loi applicable aux sociétés ainsi que, plus généralement, la nécessité de consulter en permanence toutes les règles délimitant la compétence normative de l’Etat en matière sociétaire, telles les règles de conflit (jurisprudentielles ou du droit positif) ou les lois de police susceptibles d’être mises en œuvre dans une opération de restructuration transfrontalière d’un groupe de sociétés ou dans une opération transfrontalière d’acquisition ou de prise de contrôle. Dans un second lieu, la mobilité met inéluctablement en jeu les règles formant les systèmes nationaux de fiscalité internationale des sociétés, à savoir les règles fiscales nationales ou internationales (émanant du droit fiscal interne ou des traités d’évitement de double imposition) applicables à des situations relevant des activités internationales des sociétés. Ces deux aspects de la question de la mobilité intra-communautaire des sociétés ne peuvent pas être traités indépendamment l'une de l'autre, puisque les deux corps de règles (règles de conflit et règles de compétence fiscale) obéissent plus ou moins aux mêmes impératifs hiérarchiquement supérieurs de nature politique, économique et sociale et, par conséquent, ils sont interdépendants. En outre, l’étude de leur évolution historique durant la période qui s’étend du début du XIXe siècle jusqu’à nos jours au sein des ordres juridiques analysés (français, anglais, allemand, belge) démontre qu'ils se sont réciproquement influencées pour atteindre leur état actuel. Au travers d’une analyse interdisciplinaire, nous mettons l'accent, dans une première partie, sur les points d'intersection des deux corps de règles afin d'exposer la mécanique complexe de la mobilité internationale des sociétés et afin de mettre en exergue les considérations juridiques et fiscales qui dominent la matière. Cela dit, les systèmes nationaux de fiscalité internationale et les systèmes nationaux de droit international des sociétés sont aujourd’hui en pleine transformation sous l’emprise du droit communautaire qui se veut un méta-ordre d’organisation des comportements des gouvernements nationaux et des agents économiques selon et vers un modèle nouveau de régulation du marché de nature à rendre la création d’un Marché unique au sein de l’UE possible. Dans la seconde partie de notre étude, nous explorons l’impact du droit dérivé et de la jurisprudence de la CJUE -qui agissent conjointement afin d’atteindre cet objectif- sur ces deux ensembles normatifs nationaux, afin de conclure que toutes les évolutions récentes et anticipées en matière de mobilité des sociétés, tant au niveau national qu’au niveau communautaire, s’inscrivent dans le contexte de l’évolution globale du processus de transition des ordres juridiques nationaux d’un modèle capitaliste traditionnel de régulation du marché inspiré par les travaux de M. Keynes à un modèle néo-libéral, accélérée par la pression de la vague contemporaine de la mondialisation économique. En se situant dans une perspective historique et interdisciplinaire de la question de la mobilité intra-communautaire des sociétés, nous nous efforçons d’en cerner les tendances et les configurations ainsi que d’en faire l’état des lieux des progrès effectués depuis le XIXe siècle. / Cross-border company mobility principally involves two main sets of State norms. Firstly, mobile companies continuously encounter conflict of laws questions. Therefore, mobility implies a necessary passage from the fundamental question of recognition of foreign companies, the application of conflict of laws rules determining the lex societatis and, more generally, the consultation of all the rules delineating the normative jurisdiction of the State in corporate matters, namely the conflict of laws rules (whether they stem from positive law or from judicial precedents) or the mandatory rules (lois de police) likely to be implemented in cross-border M&As, reorganizations and take-overs. Secondly, company mobility brings inevitably into play the national or international tax rules which constitute the national systems of international taxation of companies, namely tax rules emanating either from national tax legislation or from international treaties on avoidance of double taxation. These two aspects of the matter of company cross-border mobility shall not be examined separately, given that the formation of conflict of laws rules and tax jurisdiction rules that delineate a state’s tax jurisdiction depends on each State’s hierarchically superior imperatives of a political, economic and social nature, these two body of rules being, therefore, interdependent. The study of their historical evolution within the legal systems examined in our thesis (French, English, German and Belgian) from the early 19th century to date, demonstrates that their current state constitutes the result of their mutual influence. Through an interdisciplinary analysis, we emphasize, in the first part of our thesis, on the crossing points of these two sets of rules in order to explain the complex mechanics of cross-border mobility of companies and point out the legal and tax considerations that dominate the matter. We further explore their transformation by EU law which is intended as a meta-order aimed at orchestrating national government and economic agents’ behaviors according to and towards a new model of market regulation susceptible to the creation of a European single market. The second part of our thesis is dedicated to the study of the impact of secondary EU legislation and European Court of Justice jurisprudence –that act jointly to achieve the European single market objective- on the aforementioned bodies of national rules, that leads to the conclusion that the recent and anticipated developments on the mobility of companies within the EU both on national and European level, fall within the broader framework of the overall development of the transition process of national legal orders from a traditional capitalist model of market regulation inspired by the theories of M. Keynes towards a neo-liberal model which is accelerated by the pressure of the contemporary trend of economic globalization. Addressing the subject of cross-border mobility of companies within the EU both from a historical and an interdisciplinary perspective, we endeavor to identify trends and patterns and to assess the progress achieved since the early 19th century.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study deals with the issues of territoriality and everyday life of the Caiçara Community of Puruba Beach, located in the city of Ubatuba, in the North coast of São Paulo State. The community lives in the middle of the Atlantic Forest and in the last 40 years this region has undergone an urbanization process by the State. As a result, each one of the communities of the area had different outcomes. This fact constitutes the topic of this study. This work looks at the consequences of a historical foray and analyzes the target community from an updated perspective up to the breaking point that happened in the 70s, when the caiçara traditional lifestyle started to be compromised. The first questions came from the observation of the characteristics of the caiçara lifestyle at the Puruba Beach village. However, in face of so many influences from the urban world, it would be necessary to characterize this social group in the first place. The second step was the identification of the social relations and the institutions that formed and gave life to the community. In this step it was important to understand that culture and lifestyle are not static, that changes are social and lead to very peculiar characteristics. Such information yielded some questions and the problem of this study: how can this social group adept itself to the new conditions imposed by the urbanization of the space and by the severe environmental laws? The reproduction of the caiçara lifestyle depends on geographical isolation and subsistence exploitation of the nature, among other factors. These conditions were taken from the caiçara people; what is left for them so that they can (re)exist as caiçaras is still unknown. In order to shed some light to this problem this study will describe the everyday life of the caiçaras and how the social and cultural dynamic of the group happens by showing aspects of their gastronomy, festivals, religiosity, community relations, and work. Geographical concepts such as territory, space, landscape and place helped in the analysis of the topic of this study. It was found that despite the processes of territory loss to which they were submitted, the caiçaras could find other territorialities. This process was only possible because these people are caiçara in their knowledge and social practices. Therefore, their caiçara essence is what makes them go through several disagreements, contradictions and difficulties while defending their territory. / Este trabalho é o resultado de um estudo que aborda as questões do cotidiano e da territorialidade da Comunidade Caiçara do Puruba, localizada no município de Ubatuba, no litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo. A comunidade vive em meio à Mata Atlântica e, nos últimos 40 anos, essa região tem sido submetida, pelo Estado, a processos de urbanização do espaço. Cada uma das comunidades do entorno teve destinos diferentes e essa característica despertou o interesse por este estudo, que contempla descobertas que aconteceram após uma incursão histórica e analisa os dias atuais, até o momento de ruptura, na década de 1970, quando o modo de vida tradicional caiçara começa a ser comprometido. As primeiras indagações surgiram após a observação, na vila do Puruba, de características do modo de vida caiçara. Porém, diante de tantas influências do mundo urbano, seria necessário, primeiro, que esse grupo social fosse caracterizado. O segundo passo foi a identificação das relações sociais e das instituições que formavam e davam vida à comunidade. Nessa etapa, foi importante entender que a cultura e o modo de vida não são estáticos, que as mudanças são sociais e que levam a características bem peculiares. Dessas informações resultaram alguns questionamentos e o problema da dissertação: como esse grupo social pode viver a condição de caiçara, mesmo tendo que se adequar às novas condições impostas pela urbanização do espaço e de leis ambientais severas? A reprodução do seu modo de vida baseia-se em fatores que dependem, entre outras coisas, de isolamento geográfico e de exploração de subsistência da natureza. Essas condições lhes foram retiradas; resta saber o que sobrou para que consigam (re)existir como caiçaras. Para isso, fez-se um estudo sobre o cotidiano e como acontece a dinâmica social e cultural do grupo, abordando-se aspectos da gastronomia, da festa, da religiosidade, das relações comunitárias e do trabalho, incluindo a atividade turística. A análise foi feita por meio de conceitos da Geografia, como território, espaço, paisagem e lugar; descobriu-se que, mesmo com os processos de perda do território a que foram submetidos, os caiçaras conseguiram encontrar outras territorialidades. Esse processo foi possível porque são caiçaras em seus saberes, conhecimentos e práticas sociais. Portanto, sua essência é que faz com que suportem vários desencontros, contradições e dificuldades na defesa de seu território. / Mestre em Geografia