蘇聯解體後，中亞地區出現哈薩克斯坦、烏茲別克斯坦、吉爾吉斯坦、塔吉克斯坦與土庫曼斯坦五個新興國家。中亞不但擁有豐富的自然資源及重要的地緣戰略位置，傳統上屬於俄羅斯勢力範圍的地區，並與中國這個崛起中的國際強權為鄰，這樣一個特殊的地區，自然吸引各種國際勢力競相進入。911事件後，美國軍事力量正式進駐中亞，使其得以牽制俄羅斯與中國，中亞地區再次成為國際政治中的焦點。 上海合作組織是一個成立於2001年新興的國際組織，成員國涵括中國、俄羅斯、哈薩克、烏茲別克、吉爾吉、塔吉克。本文透過「地緣政治研究途徑」，來觀察上海合作組織的發展過程與前景；911事件後中亞地區情勢的變化，以及美國駐軍中亞對於上海合作組織發展的影響。 首先，本文說明上海合作組織的發展過程，以觀察各成員國為解決共同問題的實際運作情形，以及介紹上海合作組織的組織結構。同時，探討上海合作組織的合作基礎，說明上海合作組織的成立是各國間基於共同利益與解決共同問題所形成的結果，並進一步分析各成員國自身加入上海合作組織的地緣政治考量。 其次，本文討論極端主義在中亞發展的情形，藉此探討上海合作組織中亞地區成員國之間的內部關係，以及對上海合作組織發展的影響。上海合作組織成立的首要目標是要打擊中亞的極端主義，以維護中亞地區的穩定。 最後，本文說明美國中亞政策的演變，討論911事件後美國駐軍中亞的地緣戰略意涵，及其對中國和俄羅斯的衝擊，最後探討911事件對上海合作組織的發展及中亞情勢的影響。 本文認為：冷戰後，中亞地區在全球地緣戰略格局中的地位顯著上升，成為國際強權爭奪的場域，中國與俄羅斯成立上海合作組織的目的，是為追求在中亞地區中取得優勢地位，911事件後美國駐軍中亞，影響了上海合作組織的發展。911事件後，俄羅斯、中國和美國以中亞地區為場景的地緣政治大競賽中，美國暫時取得優勢地位，俄羅斯是後來居上，中國則必須繼續藉由上海合作組織將強與中亞國家的經濟與軍事合作，以維持在中亞地區的影響力。 / After the collapse of the Soviet Union, in Central Asia emerged five states: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. These countries are not only have the rich natural resources, but also take the important role of the global geostrategic patterns. Traditionally, Central Asia was viewed as a part of Russian’s influence and is adjacent to China. Beyond question, such an unusual area lures the international powers to engage the affairs of it. Since the 911 event, the U.S. acquired the opportunity to deploy their military in Central Asia. By means of military presence, the U.S. found the way to counteract the influence of Russia and China in Central Asia. Consequently, the Central Asia became the focus in international politics. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) was established by China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan in 2001. This dissertation examines the origins and prospects of the SCO, analyzes the variation of geostrategic situation in Central Asia, and discusses how the U.S. military presence in Central Asia influenced the development of SCO. Since the end of the Cold War, the Central Asia has played a significant role in global geostrategic patterns. The motive of China and Russia to promote the establishment of SCO in 2001 is to seek the predominance in the Central Asia. After the 911 event, the U.S. military presence appeared in Central Asia. And this fact indeed affected the development of SCO. China, Russia and U.S. as the three main actors of the ongoing New Great Game, which is occurring in Central Asia. The results of the New Great Game are as follow, U.S. temporarily stands on a vantage point in the present days. As for Russia, it takes the second place by controlling the CIS Collective Security Treaty Organization. As regards China, by exerting the SCO to enhance the economic and political ties with Central Asia countries, it still strives to maintain the influence in Central Asia.

摘要 本研究探討民國九十一年開始實施之企業營運總部政策對股市之影響，分為三部分。第一部份採用法令分析及文獻探討方式，分析我國與鄰近國家關於營運總部政策及其租稅優惠之異同，並佐以各界對此項政策之評論，以得出我國營運總部政策優劣之處；第二部份以敘述性統計檢視各產業符合營運總部申請要件比率及各要件達成之難易程度，以做為建立迴歸模型之基礎；第三部分則利用事件研究法與迴歸分析探討股市於營運總部政策演變期間股價異常報酬情形，並檢測股價異常報酬率與各要件間的關連性。 在我國營運總部申請要件方面，實質控制海外關係企業、員工人數和學歷、國內年營收淨額、國內年營業費用及國外關係企業年營收淨額等均較新加坡、上海和馬來西亞嚴格，『實質控股』、『員工學歷』和『國外關係企業年營收淨額』更為他國所無之要件。而雖然我國之租稅優惠較此三國優渥，但如無相關配套措施，優惠效果也會大減。在符合要件分析方面，本文針對458家上市公司進行分析，整體符合要件比率為29.85％。在各申請要件中，以國內年營收淨額、年營業費用和員工人數為企業較易達成之要件。但就國外關係企業佈局國家數及其年營收淨額而言則較不易達成，可謂企業欲獲得此項租稅優惠之最大障礙。而就各產業別觀之，以塑膠、電子和水泥業之符合比率最高，機電、電線電纜、塑膠、百貨、玻璃和造紙業次之。而紡織、化學和食品業則因無法達到國外關係企業佈局國家數與其年營收淨額此兩項要件導致符合比率相當低。另外汽車、營建、運輸、觀光與金融保險業中無一家公司達到符合營運總部設立要件。此結果顯示傳統產業在獲取營運總部租稅優惠上仍趨於劣勢，可能造成產業別租稅不公平之現象。 營運總部政策演變過程中，股市普遍給予其正面評價，包括在經濟部起草規劃、經發會通過、經濟部與行政院增訂促產條例，以及立法院三讀通過等六個事件日，皆出現顯著為正之股票異常報酬。而在分析企業申請營運總部獲准日之股市反應方面，在通過日之次一交易日也有顯著之正值異常報酬。 以迴歸模型檢視影響股價異常報酬之因素，在全體上市公司樣本方面，股市對電子業仍給予最高的顯著股價異常報酬，不過，實證上並無發現設立要件有顯著影響股價異常報酬之結果。就73家核准公司樣本分析則顯示遞延所得稅負債科目金額之大小對累積股價異常報酬率有顯著之正值影響。 / Abstract In January 30, 2002, the legislative Yuan passed the Chapter VI-1 of the Statute for Upgrading Industries to encourage companies to utilize worldwide resources and set up the operational headquarters in Taiwan by providing preferential tax interests. Using 2001 corporate financial statement data and regression analysis, this study explores the influence of the Operational -Headquarter policy on the reactions of the stock market. The results of this study are as follows: 1. Regarding the qualification requirements, Taiwan has a more strict qualification than those of Singapore, Shanghai and Malaysia, especially in the specification of “control over the foreign affiliates,” “the net revenues and expenses of the operational headquarter,” “the quantity and quality of employees,” and “the net revenues of the affiliates abroad.” 2. The statistical analyses show that there is 29.85% companies meet of requirements of operational headquarters. Among the qualifications, the requirements of “foreign affiliates” are the most difficult criteria to achieve than others, causing the traditional industries cannot qualify for applying the approval. 3. During the event period of this study, the stock market reacts to the proposal by significant positive stock abcdrmal returns. It shows the stock market favors the new policy. The regression results indicate that investors give the Electrical industry higher evaluation than other industries.

以機率或頻率方式呈現訊息對風險知覺評估的影響，過去的研究有不一致的結果，原因可能來自於判斷事件與受試者的自我相關程度不同，而引發捷思或系統性的訊息處理歷程。實驗一發現當事件的自我相關程度高，受試者會採用系統性的認知處理，而事件的自我相關程度低時，受試者會採用捷思性的認知處理。實驗二詢問受試者認為以機率或頻率方式呈現訊息何者較清楚明確，結果發現有77.5％的受試者認為以頻率方式呈現訊息較以機率方式呈現訊息清楚明確。實驗三操弄「事件自我相關程度」與「機率或頻率方式呈現訊息」，結果發現當事件為高自我相關時，機率或頻率方式呈現訊息在風險知覺的判斷上沒有差異；而當事件為低自我相關時，則頻率方式呈現訊息的「風險知覺」與「事件聯想負向詞數量」均大於機率方式呈現訊息。另外，當事件為低自我相關時，訊息明確度與事件聯想負向詞數量對風險知覺有顯著的預測力。以上的結果支持不同事件自我相關程度會引發捷思或系統性訊息處理，而頻率方式呈現訊息較機率方式呈現訊息清楚明確的原因，與Slovic等人(2000)提出頻率較具體，容易想像的推論符合，但不支持Gigerenzer和Edwards (2003)認為機率的參照類別不清楚的假設。此外，自我相關程度與可得性捷思為影響頻率或機率方式呈現訊息對風險知覺判斷結果不一致的重要變項。

This thesis surveys the method of extending Cox proportional hazard models (1972) and the general class of semiparametric model (2004) in the upgrades or downgrades of credit ratings by S&P. The two kinds of models can be used to modify the relationship of covariates to a recurrent event data of upgrades or downgrades. The benchmark credit-scoring model with a quintet of financial ratios which is inspired by the Z-Score model is employed. These financial ratios include measures of short-term liquidity, leverage, sales efficiency, historical profitability and productivity. The evidences of empirical results show that the financial ratios of historical profitability, leverage, and sales efficiency are significant factors on the rating transitions of upgrades. For the downgrades data setting, the financial ratios of short-term liquidity, productivity, and leverage are significant factors in the extending Cox models, whereas only the historical profitability is significant in the general class of semiparametric model. The empirical analysis of S&P credit ratings provide evidence supporting that the transitions of credit ratings are related to some determined financial ratios under these new econometrics methods.

在經濟全球化、自由化與網路事業發達的趨勢影響之下，近年來金融國際化亦加速發展，各先進國家之銀行產業無不積極擴展海外事業版圖，同時世界各國亦逐步開放其國內金融市場，吸引外國金融機構直接投資，以增加其金融產業競爭力。在因應二十一世紀全球化競爭快速發展之際，歐洲銀行業紛紛藉由國內併購及跨國併購方式以增強其競爭能力。為因應全球金融風暴衝擊或區域性金融風險波及，世界各國金融業者也藉由私募方式趁機在亞洲、拉丁美洲與俄羅斯收購投資標的，藉以低價取得價值被低估資產，擴大其區域營運規模，進而強化客戶網絡關係。 / 本論文研究主題為歐洲銀行業併購後經營績效之探討，採用財務比率、併購動機及經營績效分析其成功的因素。本論文個案研究為英國蘇格蘭皇家銀行(Royal Bank of Scotland)併購國民西敏寺銀行(National Westminster Bank)之案例，此案例為『以小併大』的案例（併購時國民西敏寺銀行約為蘇格蘭皇家銀行的三倍規模大），且創下當時英國銀行史上金額最大的併購案。 本論文案例以併購活動對股價之影響、併購前後三年之財務績效及併購後的營運績效，予以比較分析。本案例研究結果，就國民西敏寺銀行股東而言，雖然蘇格蘭皇家銀行付出併購溢價(PremIum)但因併購綜效的發揮，得以有效增加其股東之財富；蘇格蘭皇也由名不見經傳的小銀行，擠身為英國第二大銀行，並為其後各項鉅額之併購案，建立堅實的基礎與經驗。 / This research investigates the motivations and consequences of a banking merger case - the 1999 merger between Royal Bank of Scotland and National Westminster Bank in the UK, an apparently successful case. Accounting financial ratios and post-merger stock price trends are used to evaluate post-merger performance and we also investigate the sources of synergies by comparing the ratios of pre-merger and post-merger time windows of 3 years. We conclude that the case is successful both in terms of providing a significant bid premium to National Westminster Bank’s shareholders and in terms of the excess returns and improved financial performance of Royal Bank of Scotland /National Westminster Bank over the post-merger period. In addition, the success of this M&A deal can be attributed to Royal Bank of Scotland’ insightful business strategies including focus merger, the strategic goals in line with the takeover motives, accurate estimates of the gains and costs of acquacquisition and, fully exploiting the synergies from the merger, and brand awareness strategy.

本文透過操弄雙字詞詞首的語意(sense)多寡和左右視野，試圖探討中文雙字詞的語意表徵和左右大腦對於多意詞(polysemy)的處理機制。實驗一顯示的左右腦結果和Pylkkänen等人在2006年的MEG研究相似，也就是左腦的多意詞促進效果，支持多意詞單一表徵的型態；然而，右腦卻呈現多意詞抑制的效果。這樣的現象產生兩者可能解釋：(1) 右腦還是屬於單一語意表徵，但由於右半腦處理語意的特性，導致和左腦得到不同的結果；(2)右腦的結果是來自於右腦屬於語意多重表徵(separate entries)的因素。為了要釐清這些說法，實驗二進一步的改變作業深度，讓受試者做詞類判斷作業，企圖讓受試者進行比較深層的語意處理。實驗二結果顯示，在改變作業深度之後，我們的確得到右腦語意促進效果，所以證明右腦的語意屬於單一表徵，在比較深層作業處理階段，因為左右腦處理語意的特性，使得右腦有機會呈現實驗預期的結果。另外，在動詞、名詞事後分析的結果中，我們也發現動詞、名詞的語意效果在大腦有不同的分布區位。名詞的語意效果分布在大腦中間偏後的位置；動詞則是主要分布在大腦前額一帶 總結以上發現，本研究的發現支持過去學者所提出的多意詞單一表徵的說法；第二、本研究對左右半腦處理語意特性，也符合過去的假設，也就是左腦擅長主要、細微的辨識，右腦則擅長維持次要、普遍語意。第三、本研究額外的發現是，動詞、名詞的語意效果在大腦有不同的分布，意味著不同的詞類在大腦可能有不同的表徵。 / Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………iv Tables…………….……………………………………………………………ix Figures …………………………………………………………………………x Chinese Abstract …………………………………………………………xii English Abstract ………………………………………………………xiii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………..……1 1.1 What are senses? Homonymy vs. Polysemy …………………….1 1.2 English words vs. Chinese compounds ………………………….3 1.3 Hemispheric processing of semantic ambiguity ……………4 2. REVIEW OF RELATED PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH ………………6 2.1 Neighborhood size effect in English …………………………6 2.2 Neighborhood frequency effect …………………………….……9 2.3 Event-related potentials (ERPs) vs. neighborhood size effect....11 2.3.1 Event-related potentials ………………………………….11 2.3.2 The advantages of electrophysiological techniques …12 2.3.3 Language-related ERP components ……………………….…12 2.3.4 The neighborhood size effect and. ERPs ……………..14 2.4 Neighborhood size effect in Chinese ……………………….16 2.5 Lexical ambiguity in English—homonymy vs. polysemy……… 22 2.5.1 Mixed results of ambiguity effects ………………………23 2.5.2 Polysemy—separate entries or single entry? …………25 2.5.3Some evidence for single entry hypothesis of senses…27 2.6 Lexical ambiguity in Chinese …………………….……………26 2.7 Hemispheric asymmetry in lexicon processing ……………33 3. EXPERIMENT 1 ………………………………………………………………38 3.1 Experiment 1... ..……………………………………….….....39 3.1.1 Participants …………………………………………………………39 3.1.2 Materials ……………………………………………………………39 3.1.3 Procedure ……………………………………………………………40 3.2 EEG recording parameters …………………………………………41 3.3 EEG data analysis procedure …………………………….....42 3.4 Results ……………………………………………………………………43 3.4.1 Behavioral data of sense effect ……………………………43 3.4.2 Behavioral data of lexicality effect ……………………44 3.4.3 Event-related potentials ………………………………….…45 N170 (150- 180 ms) …………………………………………………46 Frontal P200 (220-260 ms) …………………………………….……47 N400 …………………………………………………………………48 3.5 Discussion ……………………………………………………………51 4. EXPERIMENT 2 ……………………………………………………………57 4.1 Experiment 2 …………………………………………………………58 4.1.1 Participants ………………………………………………………58 4.1.2 Materials …………………………………………………………58 4.1.3 Procedure ……………………………………………………………59 4.2 Results …………………………………………………………………60 4.2.1 Behavioral data ……………………………………………………60 4.2.2 ERP data ……………………………………………………………61 N170 (150-180 ms) ………………………………………………....62 Frontal P200 (220-260 ms) …………………………………………63 N400 (350-500 ms) …………………………………………………63 4.3 Discussion …………………………………………………………………….65 Nouns and verbs ………………………………………………………67 4.4 Re-analyses …………………………………………………………69 4.4.1 Behavioral data ……………………………………………………69 4.4.2 ERP data ……………………………………………………………....71 Nouns …………………………………………………………………71 Verbs …………………………………………………………………74 4.5 Discussion 2 ………………………………………………………77 5. GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ………………………81 5.1 Separate entries or single entry? …………………………81 5.2 Hemispheric processing of polysemy in different depth of tasks ………....82 5.3 Nouns and verbs ………………………………………………………84 5.4 Conclusions …………………………………………………………….85 References ……………………………………………….……………………86 Appendixes ………………………………………………………….…….94 / The current study used the manipulation of visual field and the number of senses of the first character in Chinese disyllabic compounds to investigate the representation of senses and the hemispheric processing of semantic polysemy. The ERP results in experiment 1 revealed crossover patterns in the LH and RH, which resembled the MEG data in Pylkkänen et al.’s study (2006). The sense facilitation in the LH was in favor of the assumption of single entry representation for senses. However, the inhibition in the RH yielded two possible interpretations: (1) the nature of hemispheric processing in dealing with semantic ambiguity; (2) the semantic activation from the separate-entry representation for senses. To clarify these possibilities, the depth of the task was changed. Experiment 2 was designed to push subjects to a deeper level of lexical processing through the word class judgment task. The results revealed the sense facilitation effect in the RH and suggested that in a deeper level, the RH had more possibility to observe the sense facilitation due to different efficiency of cerebral hemispheres in dealing with ambiguity. By chance, planned comparisons of the sense effect in different word classes suggested different distributions of the sense effects for nouns and verbs. For nouns, the sense effects were located in central-to-parietal areas while for verbs, the sense effects mainly were from the frontal area. In sum, the current study was in support of the account of single entry representation for senses, which was consistent with previous findings proposed by Beretta et al. (2005), Pylkkänen et al. (2006), and Rodd et al. (2002). Second, the research demonstrated that cerebral hemispheres played a role in semantic activation in a complementary way in which the LH was engaged in fine and focused semantic coding while the RH was more sophisticated in coarse coding and maintaining alternate meanings (e. g. Beeman & Chiarello, 1998; Burgess and Simpson, 1988). When the depth of tasks was changed, the RH advantage for the processing of semantically related senses was observed. Third, different distributions of the sense effects for nouns and verbs implied the distinct representations for different parts of speech in the brain.

冷戰結束後，超級大國的對抗不復存在，而呈現「一超多強」的情勢，加上「中國威脅論」的興起，綜合國力日漸提升的中共認知到國際社會（尤其是美國）大有圍堵「中國崛起」之意。為維護周邊環境的穩定，中共提出「新安全觀」作為因應，宣揚有別於冷戰安全觀的思維，並以雙邊、多邊外交政策進行實踐，強調以「和平共處五原則」與各國共處，經由協商解決衝突。 筆者擬藉由本論文之研究，檢視中共提出「新安全觀」之目的性及策略性，從中瞭解中共「新安全觀」指導下之大國外交，與美國的亞太戰略的相互影響關係，並且從911事件後，分析中共「新安全觀」指導下的對美關係的發展變化，以瞭解中共「新安全觀」下之對美關係模式。 本論文已完成幾項基礎工作：（一）詮釋中共「新安全觀」的背景、意涵及在外交上的實踐；（二）探討中共「新安全觀」視角下的美國角色，中共「新安全觀」及美國對於「中國崛起」的立場與其相應之亞太安全戰略；（三）分析911事件發生後，國際格局的轉變與美國國家安全戰略及其對中關係的調整；（四）分別就反恐議題、朝核問題、飛彈防禦系統問題、台灣議題及中美戰略經濟對話等安全議題中，分析中共在「新安全觀」思維下與美國之互動關係。 筆者認為，就上揭各層面等議題而言，中共基於「新安全觀」拓展與美國合作的雙邊關係，並藉此滿足國家利益。雖然中美兩國在大國關係、區域安全問題等方面有共識及分歧，但總的來說，是積極爭取良性互動和防止正面衝突。中美兩國抓住改善關係的歷史性機遇，強調外交合作，關注雙方的核心議題與重大利益。筆者認為，中共「新安全觀」在中美關係上已得到初步體現，但仍有許多挑戰等待克服，未來仍須以「新安全觀」理念為基礎與美國及他國促進關係發展，以維護其國家利益。 關鍵詞：新安全觀、中國崛起、911事件、中美關係、反恐合作、朝核問題、中美戰略經濟對話 / There exists no further superpower confrontation since the end of the Cold War. Nonetheless the global situation has turned out to be a realm of “one superpower and many other powers.” As the plausible China’s threat emerges, China with its rising synthesizing strength recognizes that the international community, especially the United States, is forging a strategy of “containing China.” To stabilize its adjacent environment, the PRC initiates a “New Security Concept,” proclaiming a unique security concept, to implement bilateral and multilateral diplomatic ties with other nations. China emphasizes its “Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence,” solving disputes with others by way of coordination and cooperation. In this thesis, the author reviews the purpose and strategy based on China’s “New Security Concept,” and explore “Big Power” diplomacy and the consequent effect of U.S.’s Asia-Pacific strategy. In addition, the author analyzes the evolving changes of Sino-U.S. relationship under the “New Security Concept” so as to realize China’s very motive in manipulating foreign policy. This thesis does the following fundamental research: 1. Illustrate the background, means, and diplomatic practice based on China’s “New Security Concept.” 2. Confer the U.S.’s role in China’s “New Security Concept” policy, the U.S. reaction to China’s “New Security Concept,” and U.S.’s viewpoint to the “China Rise.” 3. Analyze the shift of international strategy, the adjustment of U.S. national security strategy and the Sino-U.S. relationship after the 911 Incident. 4. On the issues like antiterrorism, North Korea’s nuclear program, missile defense system, Taiwan issue, Sino-U.S. economic talks, the author also tries to analyze the Sino-U.S. interaction within China’s mentality of “New Security Concept.” After studying the above issues, the author contends that China assures her national interest by means of “New Security Concept” and the U.S. cooperation. Though there still are concurrences and opposite opinions on issues of “Big Power” relationship and regional security between U.S. and China, China’s comprehensive policy is striving for proactive interaction and preventing it from having direct conflict with the U.S. China and U.S. take this historic chance of improving relationship, stress their diplomatic cooperation, and mind the core issues and critical benefits. The author believes China’s “New Security Concept” has initially reached the objective on Sino-U.S. relationship. Nevertheless there are challenges to be overcome. China will expand the relationship with U.S. and other states with “New Security Concept” so as to promote its national interest. Keywords: New Security Concept, China Rise, 911 Incident, Sino-U.S. relationship, North Korea nuclear program, Sino-U.S. strategic & Economic talks

過去研究雖然發現團隊情感氛圍 (group affective tone)能有效預測團隊成員的助人行為、團隊創造力、團隊缺席率與離職等重要變數，但在概念上或是理論上仍有許多未釐清之處。因此，本研究擬針對下列的文獻缺口加以探討：(1) 探討影響正/負向團隊情感氛圍形成的前因變數，釐清有哪些變數會影響團隊情感氛圍的形成；(2) 探討不同時間點正/負向團隊情感氛圍的動態改變及情感事件的干擾效果；(3) 探討正/負向團隊情感氛圍與團隊績效的因果關係；由於單一研究不易同時兼顧上述三個研究目的，因此本研究將以三個研究分別針對上述目的加以探討。 在研究一，本研究以101個學生團隊做為樣本 (523位成員)，路徑分析的結果發現，團隊成員的年齡、教育背景多元化，會透過負向影響群體認同、進而強化負向團隊情感氛圍。此外，知覺團隊間競爭、成員的迎合、自我表現印象管理策略，則會透過正向影響群體認同、進而強化正向團隊情感氛圍。在研究二，本研究則以44個大學部、碩士班學生組成的團隊做為樣本 (和研究一的樣本獨立，成員為215人)，階層線性模式分析的結果指出，正、負向團隊情感氛圍在跨時間點確實會產生動態改變，且前期的正/負向團隊情感氛圍均能顯著影響後期的正/負向團隊情感氛圍。且前後期間發生的負向情感事件，亦會減弱前、後期正向團隊情感氛圍之間的正向關係。最後，在研究三，本研究以81個高科技產業研發團隊做為樣本 (包括259位團隊成員及81位主管)，交叉延遲貫時性分析 (cross-lagged panel analysis, CLPA)的結果指出，前期的正向團隊情感氛圍對後期團隊績效有顯著正向影響，而前期團隊績效對於後期正向團隊情感氛圍，也有顯著的正向影響。整體而言，本研究之假設大多符合理論預期，而研究結果對團隊情感氛圍、團隊多元化、以及印象管理研究的理論意涵與實務貢獻，亦在文中一併加以討論。 / Extending previous research on group affective tone (GAT), three studies were conducted to examine the antecedents, dynamics, and consequences of GAT. In study 1, 101 student teams (523 members) were chosen as the sample. The results of path-analysis showed that team age and educational background diversity decrease group identification, which in turn increases negative group affective tone (NGAT). In addition, perceived intergroup competition, members’ self-promotion and ingratiation impression management tactics increase group identification, which in turn increases positive group affective tone (PGAT). In study 2, 44 student teams (215 members) were selected as the sample, and the experience-sampling method was used to capture the dynamics of GAT (i.e., 6-time repeated measure). The results of hierarchical linear modeling analysis revealed that the T-1 PGAT positively predict T0 PGAT over time; while T-1 NGAT positively predict T0 NGAT over time. Moreover, the negative affective event occurred during T-1 and T0 attenuates the positive relationship between T-1 PGAT and T0 PGAT. In study 3, 81 research and develop teams (259 members and 81 supervisors) were chosen as the sample, and the cross-lagged panel analysis (CLPA) was used to examine the causal association between GAT and team performance. The results of CLPA showed that T1 PGAT has a positive effect on T2 team performance. Additionally, T1 team performance has a positive effect on T2 PGAT. These result suggest that the presence of a reciprocal relationship between PGAT and team performance. All three studies support the proposed theoretical framework.

習得年齡對語言處理有相當影響，但其成因及作用階段至今仍無定案，根據以知的行為研究成果及假說，結合事件相關電位技術，及雙重選擇按鍵與否典範，我們將嘗試找出習得年齡在言語產出中的作用階段。假定不欲按鍵則無側化動作準備電位，且側化準備電位起始時間取決於，何時取得用以決定反應手的訊息，我們請受試者根據圖片刺激的兩種語言屬性做出正確反應。 在實驗一中，語意屬性（人造或非人造）決定反應手，圖片名稱第一音節的語音屬性(一、三聲或二、四聲)決定按鍵與否。若習得年齡影響語意處理，我們預期在按鍵情形下，習得年齡早晚兩組的側化準備電位起始時間將有所不同；而不按鍵情形下的側化準備電位持續時間，將反映習得年齡對語音處理的影響。實驗二中，圖片經更嚴格挑選，以控制所有變項，且語言屬性與反應類別間的兩種對應都被測試。 實驗一和實驗二都發現不按鍵時，若反應手非由語意屬性決定，則側化準備電位不會出現。這個結果符合文獻記載，並暗示語意處理早於語音處理。實驗一中，早習得圖片的唸名反應時間、圖片分類反應時間、及側化準備電位起始時間都較短，支持習得年齡越早，語意提取速度越快。但實驗二中，習得年齡對側化準備電位起始時間沒有顯著影響，儘管前測顯示早習得圖片的唸名反應時間較短，其分類反應時間卻較長，。實驗三進一步肯定，習得年齡對唸名及圖片分類作業有相反效果，以及習得年齡對圖片分類作業的效果不因重複練習而喪失。 根據完整語音理論 (Brown & Watson, 1987)，我們認為當作業要求完整的語音訊息，則習得年齡越早，提取速度越快，唸名作業如是；當作業要求片段的語音訊息，則習得年齡越早，提取速度越慢，額外時間用於解構完整語音訊息，我們的圖片判斷作業如是。實驗二中因少數圖片重複出現，習得年齡對語意處理的正面作用減少，習得年齡對片段語音處理的負面作用卻維持，使得習得年齡組別間，側化準備電位沒有顯著差異，且早習得組圖片分類反應時間反而較長。 總而言之，本研究支持概念/詞目競爭理論的說法，亦即習得年齡越早，語意提取速度越快。我們的資料也間接反映，習得年齡越早，語音提取速度越慢，但此推論仍需未來研究進一步支持。 / Age-of-acquisition (AoA) is one of the most robust variables for language processing. But its cause and locus during the processing are still under debate. Based on previous behavioral studies and established hypotheses, this study aims to find electrophysiological evidence for the locus of AoA effect during speech production. The continuous measure of speech production is approached by event-related potential (ERP) in conjunction with a manual, dual choice Go/Nogo paradigm. In this paradigm, participants need to choose the correct response according to two linguistic attributes of the target picture. The presumption of this paradigm is that the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), a motor preparation related component, would be absent once the Nogo decision has been made, and its onset marks the time point at which critical information for hand selection is available. In Experiment 1, which hand to respond depends on the target picture’s semantic attribute (artifact or non-artifact), to respond or not relies on its phonological attribute (the tone value of its first syllable). It is expected that if AoA influences lexical/semantic processing, LRP onset latency would be different under early and late AoA condition. AoA effect on phonological stage would be reflected on the duration of Nogo LRP. In Experiment 2 the reverse mapping between linguistic attribute and response types was also tested and variables other than AoA were more strictly controlled. Both experiments replicate previous finding in that Nogo LRP only occurs when response hand is contingent on semantic information, which indicates that semantic stage precedes phonological stage. In Experiment 1, naming latency, picture classification RT (reaction time), and LRP onset latency were shorter for the early AoA group, indicating accelerated lexical/semantic retrieval. However, in Experiment 2, AoA effect on LRP onset latency was not found. And for items with early AoA, picture classification RT is significantly longer, despite that their naming latency is shorter in the pretest. Experiment 3 further validates the coexistence of the positive AoA effect on naming and negative AoA effect on tone classification and the resistance of the negative AoA effect to repetition. Following the phonological completeness hypothesis (Brown & Watson, 1987), we suggest that when the unitary phonological form is demanded, as in the naming task, the early learned words has advantage. When a fraction of the unitary form is demanded, as in the tone classification task, extra time is needed to decompose the retrieved unitary form. The positive AoA effect on semantic stage is larger in Experiment 1 due to material selection and number of repetition. Thus in Experiment 1, the positive AoA effect on semantic stage remains, but in Experiment 2, it is overpowered by the negative AoA effect on fractional phonological extraction, resulting in the absence of AoA effect on LRP pattern and longer picture classification RT under early AoA condition. In sum, results of this study indicate that semantic feature can be retrieved faster under early AoA condition, which is in line with concept/lemma competition hypothesis. Our results also imply slower tone retrieval under early AoA condition, which need to be further testified by future studies.

本論文主要採用Jackendoff (2002)之平行結構(parallel architecture)來展現客語潛能補語各次構式在音韻、句法以及語意結構的共性與殊性，並據此呈現此構式於抽象性連續體(continuum of schematicity)上由「完全能產性」(fully productive)、「半能產性」(semi-productive)至「完全獨特性」(fully idiomatic)各區段之分佈狀態，進一步歸納出此構式家族之構式基模(constructional schema)以及繼承階層體系(inheritance hierarchy)。在構式語法精神下，每個構式皆是「形式-功能」之組合，Jackendoff (2002)之平行結構極為精細且縝密地描繪構式之「形式」面向。而為了檢視論元角色如何體現於客語潛能補語構式，認知語法中對事件概念之處理方式是不容忽視的，因此，為了補強平行結構在呈現構式「認知功能」面向之不足，本論文將Langacker (1991)認知模型中「行為鏈」(action chain)、「撞球模型」(billiard ball model)、「舞台模型」(stage model)等認知概念整合至平行結構中，用以顯示說話者對事件之概念化如何影響客語潛能構式之論元體現，進一步檢視此構式形式與功能之象徵性關係在連續體上之展現。藉由構式理論與認知模型之整合，本研究為語言形式與功能之對應提供一縝密之分析模式，並得以反思構式語法之應用性與發展性。 / Adhering to the constructional view claiming that every construction is a form-function pairing, this dissertation provides a detailed analysis of the correspondence between linguistic manifestations and speaker's construal of events. The main focus of this study is on the interactions between argument realizations and event conception in Hakka potential complement constructions. In order to show more vividly the subtle interfacing relationships among phonological, syntactic and semantic structures, this study adopts Jackendoff's (2002) parallel architecture to present clearly the degree of schematicity of Hakka PC constructions. On the other hand, further integrating the cognitive representations such as action chains and stage model from Langacker's (1991) Cognitive Grammar into the parallel architecture crystallizes the symbolic relations between the constructional form and function. Members of Hakka PC constructions are shown to be distributed on a continuum of schematicity, from fully productive cases, to semi-productive cases, and finally to fully substantive cases. Moreover, all subconstructions form a family, organized in an inheritance hierarchy in which the one at the lower level inherits general qualities from its inheritor, and at the same time possess its own uniqueness. Integrating the cognitive and the constructional models, this dissertation proposes a fine-grained and full-fledged analysis of both the regularities and the idiosyncrasies of Hakka PC constructions.