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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

美國企業購併、股價及工業生產指數之共積與因果關係檢定 / Cointegration and Causality Test among Mergers, Stock Price and Index of Industrial Production in the United States of America

張秀雲, Hsiu-Yun Chang Unknown Date (has links)
本文使用共積檢定以及因果關係檢定方法,針對美國第三波購併風潮前後時期,檢定購併家數、股價及工業生產指數三個變數間的可預測性。不同以往的是,本文除了將購併風潮分段進行研究外,並以晚近由Hoornik 及Hendry(1997)以Johansen(1988)為基礎所發展的一套共積檢定法來檢定變數間的長期均衡關係,再以Toda and Phillips(1994)的因果關係檢定流程與SSW的因果關係檢定分別檢定出變數間的可預測性。 經由本文實證結果發現: (1)購併、股價及工業生產指數三個變數,在ADF單根檢定結果三變數皆呈I(1)非恆定時間數列。並進一步以共積檢定檢測出不論參變數或購併和股價兩變數模型,1967年第四季以前變數間皆有一共積關係存在,1968年以後則無任何共積關係。 (2)從因果關係檢定結果發現,三變數體系中,股價與工業生產指數兩變數間可能存在極高的線性重合現象,且子期間礙於無法取夠長的遞延期數,使得工業生產指數對其他變數的影響力無法明確地反應出來,故三變數模型無法正確的檢定購併風潮前後變數間的因果關係。 (3)在購併與股價變數間的因果關係檢定研究中發現,1948~1967年間,股價對購併存在可預測性;然而1968~1979年間,股價與購併完全不存在任何可預測性。故可知購併風潮前後,股價對購併的可預測性發生了變化,從1967年前股價可合理地預測購併活動,到1967年後股價卻完全無法預測購併的情況。 (4)對影響購併的諸多因素做進一步的考量,發現威廉法案的出現對當時購併案件有相當程度的衝擊。 從實證結果可知,以共積與因果關係檢定方法一再地證明出,購併風潮前後股價對購併活動的可預性確實發生了結構性的變化。 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究背景與動機………………………………………….1 第二節 研究目的………………………………………………….3 第三節 購併之定義及相關基本概念…………………………….4 第四節 研究架構與流程………………………………………….8 第二章 文獻回顧 第一節 理論文獻回顧……………………………………………10 第二節 實證研究文獻回顧………………………………………13 第三節 文獻回顧總結……………………………………………23 第三章 實證研究方法 第一節 單根檢定………………………………………………..24 第二節 共積檢定…………………………………………………28 第三節 因果關係檢定……………………………………………34 第四節 實證檢定流程……………………………………………40 第四章 實證結果 第一節 實證資料來源……………………………………………43 第二節 Augmented Dickey-Fuller單根檢定………………….44 第三節 共積檢定……………………………………………....49 第四節 因果關係檢定……………………………………………55 第五節 因果關係檢定結果………………………………………78 第五章 法律因素的考量 第一節 時代背景….……………………………………….……79 第二節 檢視法條之影響力……………………………………..81 第三節 從案例角度分析………………………………………..84 第四節 威廉法案的威力………………………………………..87 第六章 結論…………………………………………………………88 附錄圖表(一):各變數資料圖….………………………………90 附錄圖表(二):共積殘差項圖………………………………….93 參考文獻…………………………………………………………….96
62

臺灣匯率非恆定實證方法預測之研究 / The prediction of new Taiwan dollars-nonstationary method

賴恬忻, Lai, Teng-Shing Unknown Date (has links)
自1997年以降,受到亞洲金融風暴的衝擊,亞洲各國匯率巨幅波動,於是如何增進匯率預測的準確度已成為重要的研究課題。而自1973年布列敦森林體制崩潰,各工業國家改採浮動匯率以來,匯率巨幅波動致使國際收支理論不再能解釋匯率如何決定,於是1970年代,學者們紛紛提出各種匯率決定理論,其中以貨幣學派模型與資產組合平衡模型最受到重視。然而,自1978年始,這些結構模型的解釋能力逐漸受到質疑,在1983年Meese and Rogoff甚至提出結構模型的樣本外預測能力不如隨機漫步模型的樣本外預測表現,引起學者們的討論到底何者的樣本外預測表現較佳。而隨著計量方法的演進實證研究已由恆定的計量方法演進至非恆定的計量方法,在非恆定的計量方法方面,MacDonald and Taylor(1993、1994)、吳宜璋(1996)等人的研究皆採誤差修正模型來做預測。 本研究亦採誤差修正模型來做預測,但對其他學者的研究稍作改良:1.加入結構變動虛擬變數2.以向量誤差修正模型而非一條誤差修正的式子來做預測,在此以整個體系的觀點來做預測3.以背氏方法加入相驗情報來改善預測。 結論為在金融風暴發生期間,匯率受非基本面因素影響較大時,貝氏向量自迴歸模型預測表現較佳。而在金融風暴發生之前,匯率受基本面影響較小時,以貝氏向量誤差修正模型為良好的預測模型。 / This study improves other scholars' empirical studies by testing structure changes and by using Vector Error Correction Model to forecast N.T. Dollars. Futhermore,use Bayesian Method to improve predition .The conclusion is Bayesian VAR Model perform better when forecasting period include Asian finanl crisis . And Bayesian VECM Model is better model when forecasting period don't include Asian financial crisis.And the out of sample prediction performance of structure model is better than Random Walk Model.
63

台灣地區貨幣需求與股市成交量共積關係之研究 / The research of the cointegration relationship between money demand and stock trading volume - the case of Taiwan

李博遠, Li, Po-Yuan Unknown Date (has links)
傳統貨幣需求函數的估計,使用的影響因素包括物價、所得及利率。但是近年股市的蓬勃發展,對貨幣需求造成了一定程度的影響。 Friedman 就股市對貨幣需求的影響提出 4 大效果,分別是交易效果、資產組合調整效果、財富效果及替代效果。其中替代效果為負,其他的效果為正。然而並非只有股市會對貨幣需求造成影響,貨幣需求同樣會影響股市。本文採用 Johansen Procedure 估計法,首先建立一般的貨幣需求模型,使用的雙變數包括貨幣需求、物價、所得及利率,實證結果確定這些變數存在 2 條共積關係,一是貨幣需求共積方程式,一是物價共積方程式。然後我們將股市成交量放入,同樣確定這些變數間具有 2 條共積關係。 Johansen Procedure 有 5 種模型,分別適用於不同的情況,我們要事先由資料來判斷使用哪一個模型並不容易,因此本文採用了多項標準,包括共積係數符號及其大小、向量誤差修正模型誤差項常態性與序列相關檢定、重要統計值(RSS、AIC、SC)等,用來作為選擇最適模型的依據。經由實證結果我們發現,不論是否加入股市成交量,模型三都是最適當的模型,也就是資料有不為零的平均數與線性趨勢,但共積方程式只有截距項。 就貨幣需求共積方程式殘差對各變數的影響來看,M1A 與 M1B 的連續增加,都會使股市成交量擴大,而 M1B 的連續增加還會形成物價上漲的壓力。而就物價共積方程式殘差對各變數的影響來看,解釋上較不容易。這可能是因為台灣地區物價長期處於穩定,加上台灣股市受到心理及消息面的影響性很大,要用總體變數作一個完整的解釋並不十分容易。雖然如此,貨幣市場與股票市場間的互動仍然極具有研究價值。 / Traditionally, when estimating the money demand, we use price index, income, and interest rate as its influcing factors. But the stock market that is booming these years has made certain influence on money demand. Milton Friedman pointed out that there are 4 effects that stock market can influcnce money demand. They are trading effect, portfolio reconstruction effect, wealth effect, and subsitution effect. Among these effects, subsitution effect has negative influence on money demand and other 3 effects have positive influence on mondy demand. However, not only does the stock market has influence on mondy demand, money demand also has influence on stock market. In my thesis, I applied Johansen Procedure estimation method. First, I established a traditional model on money demand. The variables I used including money demand, price index, income, and interest rate. From the empirical outcome we are sure that there are 2 cointegration equations among these variables.One is the money demand cointegration equation and the other is the price cointegration equation. Next we add the stock trading volume to the model. We also make sure that there are 2 cointegration relationships among them. There are 5 models in Johansen Procedure estimation method, and they are applied in different situations. It is not easy to decide which model to apply in advance. So in the thesis, we used many criteria, including the value and the sign of the coefficients, the the serial correlation and the normality test of the residuals from the vector error correction model, and important statistics(RSS, AIC, SC) to decide which model to apply. According to the empirical outcome, whether stock trading volume is included, model 3, which is there are means and linear trend in data but the cointegration equation only has intercept is the proper model we selected. About the residuals from the money demand cointegration quation's influence on variables, we find that the continuous increase in M1A and M1B will make enlarge the stock trading volume. Besides, the coutinuous increase in M1B will cause the price to raise. And about the residuals from the price cointegration equation's influence on variables, it is a little bit difficult to interpret. Maybe it is because the price is very stable in Taiwan and the stock market in Taiwan is affected by psychology side and information side easily. So it is not easy to use the macro economic variables to interpret fully. Althought it is the case, the interaction between the money market and the stock market still worth researching.
64

專利侵權懲罰性賠償金立法政策之分析—以臺灣法與美國法為中心 / the analysis on legislative policy of punitive damages in patent infringement: focusing on the Taiwanese and American patent laws

譚百年, Tang, Pei Nien Unknown Date (has links)
懲罰性賠償金為英美法傳統下之制度,其目的在於以超越實際損害數額之賠償金,制裁主觀惡性程度特別重大之侵權人,與一般用以填補損害之補償性賠償金有本質上之差異。昔日多適用於被害人尊嚴遭嚴重侵犯之案件,然隨現代經濟社會之發展,亦漸用於處罰公司法人、制裁經濟犯罪。 我國侵權行為法主要繼受德國之體系,以損害填補為原則,故僅於特定領域之立法中承認懲罰性賠償金制度。現行專利法採取懲罰性賠償金之立法例,而目前經濟部之修法草案則擬廢除。 本研究首先介紹美國法發展趨勢、實務重要案例與晚近之專利改革法案,歸納其趨勢為「嚴格限制故意侵權之構成、提高專利權人舉證責任、限縮懲罰性賠償金之適用範圍」;其次,以實證方式分析台灣智慧財產法院歷年相關之判決結果,認為實務運作有「大多數請求懲罰性賠償金之案例,連侵權責任都尚未構成,有請求浮濫、逼迫被告和解之嫌」、「法院認定侵權人故意,實質上往往僅論及侵權人『知悉系爭專利存在』即可,相較於現行法標準實過於寬鬆」;最後,綜合美國法發展趨勢、我國實務情形、懲罰性賠償金功能論與法律經濟分析觀點,認為我國尚不宜廢除專利侵權懲罰性賠償金制度,惟應將其限縮適用於「搭便車」與「專利有效性毋需再確認」之故意侵權情形,以降低社會研發成本、賦與從事研發者挑戰垃圾專利之機會,方切合專利法促進研發之本旨。 / Punitive damages, a traditional system under the common law, aims to sanction those infringers having substantially subjective malice by awarding enhanced damages beyond the actual damages. It is naturally different from compensatory damages. Punitive damages were originally used to dealing with serious violations of the victims’ dignity of the cases. With the development of economic society, this system was gradually used to punishing corporations and sanctioning economic crimes. Since Taiwanese tort laws are mainly inherited from German laws, which only permit plaintiffs claiming for compensatory damages. Punitive damages were only adopted in several specific kinds of tort laws, as in the patent law. However, the provision of punitive damages was revoked in the current patent reform act drafted by Ministry of Economic Affairs. This study starts out by introducing the trend of American law, the essential practical cases, and the recent patent reform acts. It concludes the trend to have the following three characteristics: 1. Strictly limit the constitution of willful infringement; 2. Increase patentee’s burden of proof; and 3. Restrict the scope of awarding punitive damages. The study then empirically analyzes the related judgments of Taiwan Intellectual Property Count over the years. It finds that in majority of the cases claiming punitive damages, most plaintiffs can even not to prove that defendants have infringed their patents, yet force defendants to settle. Also, the court in Taiwan usually award patentees punitive damages loosely only if they can prove that infringers had known the existence of the patent . This phenomenon makes the standard in practice not strict as the standard in law. Lastly, this study sums up the aspects from the development trend of American patent law, current practice in Taiwan, the theory of punitive damages function, and economic analysis of law, and finds that it would be inappropriate to revoke the provision of punitive damages in patent infringement cases. This study suggests that punitive damages should be awarded only in two types of willful infringement: 1. when the defendant is a “free rider, or 2. when the validity of the patent need not be challenged anymore. This way, it may lower the cost of research and development, give developers more chance to challenge junk patents, and finally reach the purpose of patent law – encourage innovation.
65

台灣器官移植困境及其因應之道 / Analysis and recommendations of the current organ transplants in Taiwan

許文章 Unknown Date (has links)
長久以來,台灣一直存在捐贈器官不足的情形,阻滯器官移植的進展。如何在現有的法令規範中,突破面臨的困境,增加器官捐贈及移植的來源?如何適切修正現有法令規範的限制,造福更多等待器官移植的患者,使其重獲生命價值與意義?是筆者一直深切期待的。台灣移植器官來源面臨的困境,包括華人社會特有的文化習俗、器官捐贈登錄制度推廣不易、指定捐贈與親屬限制等原因;其所造成的影響包括國人器官捐贈意願降低、前往中國大陸或海外尋求移植的人數大量增加、可能的違法器官買賣等。本文將逐一加以探究其原因,藉以了解制度面與實際執行面的差異。 為了進一步探討器官移植相關法規在台灣司法實務面運作的情形,本文將整理解析近年相關的民事、刑事及行政裁判。尤其,目前最新《人體器官捐贈移植條例》修正草案正在立法院審議中,本文亦將分析其重要法規內容,探討新舊法規之差異,預測立法通過後執行面之走向,並提出草案未通過前的因應作法,以及歸納分析國外類似法規,以提供未來再修法之參考。 本篇論文的主要目的,期盼藉由上開各個面向的探討與法律制度的論述,檢視器官移植的必要性與適法性,試圖提出應有的建議與策略,以供醫界、法界及相關行政主管機關參考,修正器官移植的適法性,增加合法的器官捐贈來源,以解決台灣目前所存在的器官移植困境。 / In Taiwan, the progress of organ transplants has long been deterred by the shortage of organ donations. As a surgeon, the thoughts of finding ways to increase the numbers and sources of organ transplants under the current laws, and of modifying the inappropriate restrictions of the current laws in order to benefit more patients waiting for organ transplants and hopefully new lives, have always been lingering in my mind. The dilemma of organ donation shortage comes from: Chinese traditional customs, unsuccessful promotion of the organ donation registration system, and the restrictions of laws regarding the designated organ donators and relatives. The results are: the low willingness of organ donations by the general public, the increasing numbers of patients going overseas and to China for organ transplants, illegal organ trading, etc. This paper is aimed to explore the reasons behind the current results so that we can get a better view of the differences between the current legal system and the actual implementation. In order to better understand how the current organ transplant laws are carried out by the legal authorities in Taiwan's judicial systems, this paper will examine and analyze the past civil, criminal, and executive decisions related to the organ transplantations. Currently the new amendment of the “Human Organ Transplant Bill” is still in the Legislative Yuan's review process. So this paper will analyze the detailed contents of this amended bill, discuss the differences between the original and the amended bill and the direction of the legislation execution, recommend the proper solutions before the amended bill is passed, and analyze and induce other countries' organ transplantation bills for future amending reference. The purpose of this paper is aimed to achieve the goal of proposing proper recommendations and strategies, through inspecting the necessity and legitimacy of organ transplant from various legal system discourses and amendments, to the fields of medicine, law and related government authorities regarding to the legitimacy of organ transplant and increasing the sources of the legal organ donations, in order to lessen the current Taiwan's organ donation plight.
66

消費者使用物聯網產品之動機與選擇—以智慧家庭產品為例 / User’s motivation and choice of using IoT products: A case of smart home

黃曉菁, Huang, Xiao Jing Unknown Date (has links)
近年來以物聯網為概念的相關應用已經成為最熱門的議題之一,各國家與企業皆致力於發展其技術以及相關應用。而物聯網的應用範圍十分廣泛,舉凡交通、醫療、電力、物流、家居等都是其應用的範圍。亞洲國家於近十年來也紛紛提出相關發展計畫,由此可看出各國對發展物聯網產品之野心與競爭。而台灣政府於2008年開始積極推展智慧家庭政策,端看目前成果,以技術層面而言並非無法達成,但在實際應用與推廣上明顯仍有許多不足之處。因此本研究欲探討使用者對於物聯網相關應用產品的使用動機為何,以智慧家庭為例,先進行相關文獻探討,並以修正式德菲法做為發展ANP專家問卷的基礎,再利用ANP法施行專家問卷,排序出影響消費者使用動機的各項權重,選擇出最符合消費者需求的產品組合,讓開發者能了解在開發與推展智慧家庭相關應用時,應滿足消費者哪些心理層面之動機因素,提升未來發展相關產品時的成功機率。 / In recent years, applications related to the concept of IoT become one of the most popular issues all over the world. Countries and enterprises devote themselves to developing the technique and application related to IoT. The range of its applications is very wide, including transportation, medical treatment, electricity, logistics, and home, etc. Asian countries set forth some development projects in the past decade, demonstrating the ambition and competition between countries in developing IoT products. Taiwan has started to push the development of smart home related applications since 2008. After development for some years, insufficiency in actual implementation and diffusion remains given our technological advantage. Therefore, this research intends to study the motivation for users to use IoT products taking smart home as an example. First, we study the related literature review and use modified Delphi method to develop the ANP expert questionnaires. Then, we prioritize the weights of consumer’s motives. The result can enable developers of smart home products to understand what kind of consumer motives they should satisfy when developing and promoting smart home applications. This enhances the probability of success for developing related products in the future.
67

臺灣短期利率衍生性金融商品價格發現之研究

陳光耀, chen,kuangyao Unknown Date (has links)
本研究的目的在探討台灣貨幣市場短天期利率衍生性金融商品(30天期商業本票利率期貨、90天遠期利率協定〈以下簡稱FRA〉)對其即期利率(30天期商業本票利率、90天期商業本票利率)之『價格發現』功能。可由兩方面來檢定利率遠期協定或利率期貨市場之『價格發現』功能:(1)市場效率性:FRA、利率期貨價格可否作為未來到期日時即期利率之不偏預期;(2)FRA、利率期貨與即期利率價格間之領先-落後關係。 選取各交易日的日資料作為觀察值。在研究方法上採用ADF單根檢定、效率性檢定、向量自我相關模型(VAR)、Granger因果關係檢定、誤差正交檢定、共整合檢定、誤差修正模型。 結論結果發現,90天遠期利率協定(FRA)對90天期商業本票利率進行『價格發現』的分析,以「市場效率性檢定」的結果顯示此市場無效率,亦即無『價格發現』,可能是因為買FRA的機構投資人目的不是持有到到期,僅為判斷短期利率走勢方向,可能買個幾天欲賺取差價利潤,所以非為未來現貨價格的不偏預期;以「領先-落後關係分析」,顯示其無『價格發現』,此一結果的可能解釋是由於台灣FRA市場非集中市場公開交易,交易量尚不及現貨市場。因此市場資訊的不透明可能使遠期契約價格不如現貨價格般具代表性。 30天期商業本票利率期貨對30天期商業本票利率進行『價格發現』的分析,以「市場效率性檢定」結果顯示在到期日前適當的期間(24~36天)此市場具有效率性,即存在『價格發現』;而「領先-落後關係分析」結果則無明顯的領先落後,不具有期貨領先現貨的『價格發現』,此部分我們可能提出的解釋為:在30天期商業本票利率期貨剛推出不久,一般市場上的交易者大多是從事避險交易,鮮少進行投機行為,所以不具有短天的領先落後關係,其顯示價格發現是在考慮市場存在風險溢酬下,到期前24~36天的利率期貨價格是未來現貨價格的預期。
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社交焦慮者的解釋性偏誤改善療效探討 / The intervention effect of interpretative bias modification in social anxious individuals

賴怡臻, Lai, Yi Jen Unknown Date (has links)
本研究的主要目的有二:其一,驗證經過修改後的「句詞關聯作業」此一實驗派典,是否可以成為一套能有效區辨高、低社交焦慮者解釋性認知偏誤的測量工具。其二,驗證以「句詞關聯作業」作為解釋性認知偏誤修正工具時,是否能夠有效且持續地改善高社交焦慮者不適應的解釋性偏誤情形與社交焦慮症狀。為達到上述兩個研究目的,分為研究一與研究二進行。研究一選取86名高社交焦慮與59名低社交焦慮之非臨床大學校內學生,施予社交焦慮與情緒相關量表、句詞關聯作業以及解釋性偏誤相關問卷。研究一的結果顯示,相較於低社交焦慮者,高社交焦慮者同時具有較高程度的威脅解釋偏誤,以及較低程度的非威脅解釋偏誤。當執行組內比較時,則進一步發現並非高社交焦慮者具備某種解釋性的偏誤,反而是低社交焦慮者的解釋傾向展現出某些特殊性。此外,藉由相關分析,發現解釋性偏誤的在線與離線歷程、威脅與非威脅解釋偏誤之間具有緊密關聯,而句詞關聯作業與其他相關的測量工具彼此具備聚斂性。研究二邀請研究一之80名高社交焦慮者繼續參與實驗,隨機分派為改善訓練組與中性訓練組。受試者根據所屬組別接受相對應的訓練程序,為期四週共八次。訓練結束後再度施予社交焦慮與情緒相關量表、句詞關聯作業以及解釋性偏誤相關問卷,並於一個月後進行追蹤評估。研究二的結果顯示,改善訓練程序的確可有效地降低高社交焦慮者的威脅解釋偏誤,並且提升其非威脅解釋偏誤。細究此療效之所以發生的機制,主要在於促使高社交焦慮者形成與低社交焦慮者相似的解釋偏誤特性。然而,在降低社交焦慮症狀上,本研究並未看見明顯效果,內文將對此非預期結果進行討論。總體而言,針對社交焦慮者的解釋性偏誤情形,「句詞關聯作業」的確具備成為輔助性評估與介入工具之潛力。 / The purpose of the present study was twofold. First, it aimed to examine if the modified paradigm, sentence word association paradigm (SWAP), can differentiate interpretation between high and low social anxious individuals. Second, it tried to investigate the effects of interpretational training, using the training version of SWAP as cognitive bias modification program, in modifying interpretative bias and in reducing social anxiety symptoms in high social anxious individuals. In study 1, a total of 86 high social anxious and 59 low social anxious participants completed seven questionnaires and SWAP. The results showed that high social anxious individuals had greater threat interpretative bias and smaller benign interpretative bias compared to low social anxious individuals. Further, it was important to note that when comparing within group, actually not high but low social anxious individuals showed some special interpretation patterns. In addition, the statistics revealed significant correlations between on-line and off-line data, threat and benign interpretative bias. The current study also had found the consistency between SWAP and questionnaires measurements. In study 2, eighty high social anxious participants from study 1 were assigned randomly into modification training and neutral control group. All participants completed eight interpretaional training sessions delivered over four weeks (twice a week). Participants were also required to complete postassessments and follow-up assessments. The results indicated that the modification training program successfully increased the benign interpretative bias and decreased the threat interpretative bias, compared to the neutral control condition. When exploring the training mechanism, the current study discovered that modification training program helped high social anxious individuals gain the same interpretation patterns as low social anxious individuals had. However, the modification training program didn’t reduce social anxiety symptoms in high social anxious individuals. This unexpected finding were discussed. In conclusion, SWAP may have clinical utility when applied as assessment and intervention.
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我國股東會通訊投票制度之研究 / A Study of Electronic Voting in Taiwan

謝昀芳 Unknown Date (has links)
我國於2005年時,為促進我國公司治理之發展,提升股東行使表決權之便利性以鼓勵股東參與股東會之議決,落實股東民主與股東行動主義之精神,並因應我國上市櫃公司股東會開會日期過度集中之問題,引進於國外行之有年之通訊投票制度,使股東除得選擇親自出席或委託他人出席股東會外,尚得選擇使用書面或電子投票方式行使表決權,立意甚為良善。然此制引進至今,實務上自願採用之公司甚少,使此制度之優點無法充分發揮。   為檢討我國通訊投票制度使用率偏低之問題,本文先自公司治理原則之觀點,探討股東參與對公司治理原則而言之意義,並建立通訊投票制度與公司治理原則之關聯,突顯通訊投票制度之價值。其次,介紹美國、英國、日本、歐盟等之通訊投票法制與實務運作情形,以了解國際脈動、發掘我國制度之現存問題,並藉由國外實施通訊投票制度之經驗,反思我國通訊投票制度未來之發展方向。   另就我國通訊投票之法制與實務部分,與股東資訊權有關之規範,如我國召集通知之發送或公告時點、召集通知之記載與臨時動議、召集通知之電子化、議事手冊及會議資料之製作與周知方式等,應朝更透明化之方向發展,並應使股東得以更直接之方式獲取相關資訊。另一方面,亦應使符合一定條件之公司負有提供英文版召集通知與議事手冊之義務,以利機構投資人妥適行使表決權。   其次,就通訊投票之規範上,公司法第177條之1與第177條之2之規範內容,有諸多過度遷就股務作業之規定,有所不妥,書面或電子投票之方式與作業程序規範密度亦有不足。另在電子投票制度上,未能顧及電子投票方式之即時性與互動性,僅採「事前的」電子投票制度,亦過於保守。此外,與通訊投票相關之制度,如分割行使表決權制度、董監候選人提名制、股東提案權制度等,亦宜一併檢視。   本文認為,為符合現今國際潮流、提升我國公司治理、促進電子投票制度之使用,前揭我國規範之未盡之處,未來皆有進行全盤檢討並加以修正之必要。
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法官闡明義務之研究 / Die richterliche Hinweispflicht

劉怡君 Unknown Date (has links)
我國民事訴訟法於民國89年修正中,與法官闡明義務相關之重要修正為民事訴訟法第199條規定修正,強調事實及法律上法官均有闡明義務,及增訂第199條之1,將請求權基礎競合而當事人有部分請求權未為主張情形,明文為法官闡明義務範疇。另搭配書狀先行、爭點整理、當事人真實及完全義務及攻擊防禦方法適時提出等相關規定的修正及增訂,希冀以擴大法官闡明義務方式,使當事人能利用一次訴訟程序解決紛爭,防免發生突襲性裁判,並避免訴訟拖延,使當事人受適時審判,減少當事人程序上勞力、時間及費用的支出。 本論文共分為七章。第一章為緒論,第七章為結論。第二章及第三章係簡述民事訴訟程序中,與本論文所探討之法官闡明議題相關憲法上權利、民事訴訟制度的目的、訴權及民事訴訟程序的基本原則,並探討法官闡明之目的、性質等基本問題。   第四章為法官闡明相關的爭議問題研究。從德國2001年民事訴訟法修正法官闡明義務規定及我國法官闡明義務立法沿革出發,為維持法官之中立性應避免闡明權逾越適當性的行使,法官闡明義務必須以當事人之書面或言詞陳述中,有相關之「端緒」為基礎始得為之。而憲法第80條規定法官應依法審判,在「法官知法原則」下,正確適用法律為法官的職權亦為義務,法律見解採用並非辯論主義範疇,當事人不能任意處分,法官審判更不應受其拘束。另法院對於審理過程中待證事實及證據資料進行評價所形成的暫時性心證,與當事人本件訴訟結果勝敗牽涉,法官對此部分暫時性心證公開並搭配舉證責任與證據提出的闡明,可讓當事人明瞭其在審理程序中尚應補充哪些事實及證據資料,始足以改變法官之暫時性心證方向,追求對自己有利的訴訟結果。末以律師作為當事人法律諮詢者的司法任務,應以適當方式為當事人爭取實體上及程序上利益而遂行訴訟,因此在當事人本人訴訟及律師代理訴訟中,法官闡明義務亦有程度上之不同,以維持兩造當事人之實質武器平等地位。 第五章為法官闡明義務的類型。從傳統及晚近學說上對闡明之分類出發,簡述此分類之缺失,末以最高法院近年來之法官闡明相關實務見解為中心,將其區分為起訴合法性、處分權主義、辯論主義及法律見解表明四個部分,從不同階段可能出現的法官闡明態樣進行類型化及評析。然而法官闡明權實係貫穿整個民事訴訟程序進行運作,故本文所選取之最高法院判決亦不乏在同一個判決中有不同階段的法官闡明見解。就實務見解類型化後,比較實務見解與國內外學說見解的異同,檢討我國法官闡明制度之實務現況。 第六章從法官迴避、失權效及判決效力三個部分切入探討闡明相關的法律效果。法官因逾越闡明界限之闡明而有損及中立性時,應讓當事人有聲請法官迴避之機會,而法官因闡明不當而該當法官迴避之結果時,應衡酌情況予以內部自律懲處。另法官於訴訟程序中妥為闡明後,應區分律師訴訟及本人訴訟之適時提出訴訟資料的「期待可能性」,妥適適用失權效規定,以避免訴訟程序拖延,影響當事人受適時審判權利。而學說上別訴禁止擴大及既判力擴大或減縮見解,衡諸我國民事訴訟並未採行全面強律師代理,且法律對此尚無相關依據,應保障當事人程序主體地位及注意當事人程序權保障,現況下或採取保留態度較為妥適。

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