觀光發展是一個國家國際化與現代化的指標，觀光產業則被喻為世界經濟的「陽光產業」、「無煙囪工業」，我國在面臨全球競爭、地方治理的趨勢下，積極推動各項觀光發展政策。然而傳統以國家為單一行動者之由上而下統治模式的正當性於1990年代已受到排山倒海而來的威脅，民眾參與公共事務的聲浪日趨高漲，政府官僚無法再獨立貫徹其單一意志，取而代之的是晚近學界所謂協力治理的概念，強調政府必須將權力賦予社會，在公共政策、公共事務與公共服務的制定、執行和提供上，與所有的政治行動者或利害關係人形成相互依賴、平等的網絡關係。 本研究以治理理論、公私協力關係為理論基礎，臺北觀光護照為研究個案，從參與者、互信基礎、互動方式、資源分享、責任共擔、目標達成等六大面向分析臺北觀光護照協力治理的狀況。研究發現臺北觀光護照在協力治理上有其適用性與侷限性；係屬混合型治理模式，屬水平互補的協力互動模式，以契約規範為合作機制的非典型夥伴關係，此外未建立共同願景以及缺乏完整監督課責與績效評估機制。並建議公部門應提供適當的協力誘因吸引私部門參與協力合作，可嘗試納入第三部門的諮詢與整合力量，要有更完善的監督機制以確保協力關係的妥善運作，鬆綁相關政府法令以及增加行銷通路與曝光度。

自1980年代以來，政府能力減弱導致治理的困境，需要引進其他部門的力量以持續公共服務之提供，「公私協力夥伴關係」理論應運而生，「協力治理」成為政府在新時代提供公共服務的重要方法。協力治理是一套建立在行為者之間網絡互動的治理體系，雙方共享合作夥伴關係產出的利益，但是新的治理模式也會帶來新的困境；地方異質性導致國家在治理上的困境，進而轉向倚賴社區與地方政府間協力推行政策。當旨在解決政府失靈問題的協力治理都出現侷限時，透過協力網絡所提供的公共服務要如何持續推行？本研究探討公私部門之間的協力合作與衝突，透過相關公共行政理論之討論，以「新北市土城桐花節」與「新北市三峽藍染節」為個案，分析我國地方層級文化節慶活動辦理過程的協力治理，以期為既有體制下運作出現失靈僵局的公私協力關係提出解決問題的參考。本研究以協力治理理論為分析架構，透過深度訪談與次級文獻分析嘗試回答下列問題：本研究兩個案例中公私協力運作過程為何？遭遇什麼樣的困境？當協力面臨失靈時行為者如何面對困境使協力成功或至少不致失敗？研究結果發現，公私部門的合作關係若僅止於契約委外，則協力傾向出現不穩定甚至失靈；若公私部門調整他們對協力治理的態度，亦即公部門確實扮演其領航角色，與地方團體對協力過程具共同的承諾與相近的目標、且積極參與協力過程，便可使出現困境的協力不致徹底失敗。 / Since the 1980s, governments around the world have suffered from weakened governing capacities. The idea of “public-private-partnership (PPP)” was thus proposed, hoping to help sustain public services. Central to the PPP is the concept of “collaborative governance,” which has become an important method for government to deliver public services. It is a governance system based on network built among actors who share the benefit generating from the partnership or collaboration. However, this new governance model faces challenges caused by local differences. State then turns to depend on collaborative governance between local government and community. Drawing upon major public administration theories, this study seeks to answer the question as to how could public services sustain when the collaborative governance fails. It is done so through examining the cooperation and conflict between public and private sectors, with Sanxia “Indigo Festival” and Tucheng “Tung Blossom Festival” in New Taipei City as cases. In-depth interviews and secondary literature analysis are adopted for this study. It is found from both cases that if the PPP is merely contract-based, it tends to be instable or even fail. If actors in both public and private sectors take collaborative governance seriously and commit to long-term collaborative relationship, the PPP tends to be stable and sustainable. It is also found that whether public sector can play a proper role of pilot in the collaborative relationship appears to be the key to success.

隨著全球化所帶來的社會全面變遷，國家為了因應此巨大挑戰紛紛提出各式政策，其中具有代表國家民族精神的文化政策尤為重要。而在民主發展、公私協力概念的催化下，政府將視角移至蘊含豐沛能量的民間，此間的「社區」更成為其主要的政策選項，至於兩者之間的關係即為本研究的關注焦點。 而經由本研究發現，從《2004年文化白皮書》之文本分析中可歸納出我國文化政策的目標有四：發揚多元文化、建立文化主體性、促進經濟發展，以及營造生活美學。其中篇幅最多者為建立文化主體性，而社區發展則屬達成該主要目標的重要手段。此外，從個案中可以了解到社區其實是落實整個文化政策目標的基本單位，並且具體而微地展示了我國文化政策的全部內涵，故吾人可謂文化政策的推行即奠基於社區發展之上。最後，我們從社區發展的成功經驗中獲得了欲使文化政策更上層樓的重要啟示—政府內部精進部際之協調工作、政府外部加強與非營利和營利組織的合作、傳播媒體的經營，以及文化教育的傳承與發揚。 / With the whole aspects of social changes which globalization brings, nations have made kinds of policies facing these giant challenges. Among these policies, the culture policy representing nations’ spirit is especially important. In addition, because of prevailing ideas of the democracy development and public-private partnership, governments start to focus on the non-governmental circles filled with abundant energy, and the ‘‘community’’ is the main policy choice. As to the connection between the culture policy and community development is the focal point of this thesis. According to the text analysis of the book ‘‘ A White Paper on Culture in 2004,’’ my research concludes that there are four goals of Taiwan’s culture policy: exalting diverse cultures, establishing the culture body, facilitating economic growth, and constructing living aesthetics. Among them, establishing the culture body occupies the most pages and the community development is the important means to achieve that main goal. Moreover, from the case studies we know that communities are actually basic units of fulfilling all goals of culture policies, and they miniature the whole content of Taiwan’s culture policy. So, we can say that the implementation of culture policies is based on the community development. Finally, we have the important revelations making culture policies better from the successful experience of the community development: enhancing coordination between government departments, intensifying governments’ cooperation with NGOs and for-profit organizations, using the mass media, and the inheriting and promoting of culture education.

工業革命以後開始形成所謂的都會化現象，都會化現象雖然促使了都會的快速發展，但也因為都會短期內湧入大量人口，造成都會內的公共建設、公共設施、住宅等不足供應給民眾，因此也產生了都會環境惡化等問題。此外，都會化也使政府所面臨的問題以及需要回應的公共需求，從過去只須面對單一行政區域內的事務，轉變為必須面對多面向的跨區域事務，諸如河川整治、水資源利用管理、衛生管理、交通運輸、環境保護等問題，都是所謂的多面向跨域事務，是故如何良好地運作都會治理已成為現今重要的議題。而新莊中港大排改造計畫即就是一種都會中的水資源利用管理，亦即也就是一種都會治理，透過公部門、私部門和公民社會彼此的合作協力和相互競爭等方式來解決都會所面臨的問題。 基於以上的背景，本研究將嘗試以公私協力與公民參與此兩觀點來分析並檢視新莊中港大排改造計畫之運作，本研究也將以新莊中港大排改造計畫為個案並採用文獻分析法與深度訪談法，來探討本研究的五個研究問題，分別為：港大排改造計畫做相關分析與討論，期本研究可回答如下幾個研究問題：一、何謂都會治理？何謂公私協力與公民參與？公私協力與公民參與對都會治理有何重要意義？；二、要有效推動公私協力和公民參與的成功要件為何？；三、新莊中港大排改造計畫做為一個都會治理的個案，其公私協力和公民參與的推動過程為何？整個運作結果又為何？；四、除了本研究所歸納的條件與要素，在本個案中還有哪些其他條件與要素會影響都會治理之運作？

因應全球科學園區發展的潮流，我國於1980年設立第一個科學園區－新竹科學園區（簡稱竹科），經過多年的努力，已成為世界上發展成功的科學園區之一，美國商業週刊稱之為「台灣的矽谷」，是台灣經濟發展的重要命脈，也是維持我國競爭力於不墜之重要關鍵因素。而為執行園區管理業務，由行政院國家科學委員會設立「科學工業園區管理局」，辦理相關工作及提供各項服務。 　　本研究採用文獻探討法及深度訪問法等二種研究方法，試圖就科學園區危機類型做一分類，並以危機管理四階段理論及運用「全盤型弱點管理」觀點，檢視科學工業園區管理局危機管理機制之運作，找出其脆弱度，透過跨域聯防相關理論、兩個案例經驗借鏡及相關人員深度訪談資料之歸納分析，試圖提出建構科學園區危機管理跨域聯防機制之策略，並輔以政策工具理論，作為可能面臨困境之對策，以提供科學工業園區管理局及相關單位參考。 / To meet the trend of global science parks, the first science park in Taiwan, Hsinchu Science Park (HSP), was established in 1980. After endeavored for years, it has become one of the most successful science parks in the world, which Business Week called, “Taiwan’s Silicon Valley.” It is a very important lifeline of Taiwan economic development, and a key factor of maintaining Taiwan’s competitive advantage. Under the jurisdiction of the National Science Council, the Science Park Administration (SPA) is given the responsibility of developing, operating and managing the park. This study adopts two research ways: literature review method and interviewing method, and attempts to classify the crisis type of the science park. Based on the four steps theory of crisis management and the point of view of “Comprehensive Vulnerable Management,” it is to inspect the operation of crisis management of Science Park Administration to find out its vulnerability. Through the generalization and analysis of the related theory of joint defense across boundary, two cases review and related further interview, it attempts to set a strategy for joint defense across boundary of the science park, assists with policy instruments theory to offer a solution for coming difficulty, and to be a reference for Science Park Administration and related organizations.

都市更新是政府為公共利益，在功能萎縮及老舊窳陋地區實施重建或整建以改都市善環境所實施之政策，是集中公私部門間有限的資源進行有效率的更新，以達政策目的。自87年11月都市更新條例（以下簡稱該條例）公布以來，臺北市是全國實施都市更新最積極、最豐富的地方，臺北市市有土地（以下簡稱市有土地）參與辦理都市更新統計近年來之主導案或參與個案均日益增加。該條例規定公有土地一律強制參與都市更新事業，目的係藉民間參與業者之專業技術及經驗，雙方共享資源以公私協力模式進行都更新事業；該條例亦規定公有土地管理機關得委託都市更新事業機構擔任實施者，實施都市更新事業。因此，在市有土地參與或主導辦理都市更新事業與實施者間產生委託代理關係，因資訊不對稱，致使公部門無法掌握未來推動都市更新事業可能產生問題之情況下，由於代理人之自利心理，採取各種投機行為而衍生許多代理問題，故將市有土地參與辦理都市更新事業所面臨之問題，在現行機制下研擬相關配合措施是有必要的。 　　 　　本研究主要以「臺北市市有土地參與辦理都市更新事業問題」為切入點探討，從都市更新事業委託實施者開始至實施重建完成之過程，以（1）代理理論為基礎，探究市有土地參與辦理都市更新事業之問題。（2）運用公私協力原則研擬改善措施。（3）對代理人應具備之特質予以確定。（4）建立促進良好公私協力互動之機制。並對公私部門相關人員進行問卷及訪談以確認目前市有土地參與辦理都市更新事業所存在之問題，而研擬之建議措施亦藉由問卷訪談來確認其可行性。相關代理問題尚需藉由修法或其他配合措施予以解決，使政府主導或參與辦理都市更新之現行作業模式能更明確、有效的執行以保障公私部門雙方之權益。 　　　　 　　本研究希冀公私部門在推動都市更新過程中，除實施者應具備相關代理人之特質外，公私雙方應建立良好溝通平台，以促使雙方之互動能更臻完美及有效。其次為順利推動都市更新事業，應將資訊公開化；政府承辦人員提升自身專業，降低公私雙方之認知差距；加速建立協商機制逐步建立共識；運用契約機制及修法或其他配合措施規範雙方權利義務，才能順暢公私合作過程，促使都市更新事業早日圓滿完成。 關鍵字：都市更新、代理問題、都市更新問題、臺北市市有土地、公私協力

因沉重的國家任務負擔和龐大的財政支出，國家對公共任務不再親力親為，而是將焦點置於公共任務順遂履行的擔保。國家角色搖身一變，從「提供者」(providing)轉而成為「使實現者」(enabling)；國家此時退居二線，由私人活動者提供服務，以公私協力的形式，一同為實現公益做努力，國家並負起擔保公益實現之責任。 這種擔保國家模型，以責任分擔和責任階層兩要素作為核心；前者係指國家與私人參與履行公共任務之角色分配，後者則係層級化後之國家責任。擔保國家毋寧標誌著國家責任的位移：從自行從事公共任務履行之「履行責任」逐漸轉移至積極實現公益之「擔保責任」與備位之「網羅責任」。 是故，本文乃聚焦於我國發生之BOT案件中，發生經營不善之案例，試圖探討採行BOT模式後，國家應扮演何種角色？我國法令對營運發生困難的案例是否已有完善的規畫或回應？又應採用何種手段始能確保公益的履行？試圖為我國遭遇之諸多實例提出解決的方針。

摘要 臺北市政府順應世界潮流，推動公共事務委外，為達成撙節人力與預算支出，於民國八十九年率先將公園附設游泳池委託民間經營管理。然民國九十六年卻發生承包商中途歇業、游泳池關門以及新的標案無廠商投標的現象。 本研究主要目的在探討臺北市公園附設游泳池委託經營所面臨的問題，並就經營困境提供改善方案建議。本文應用之理論為公共選擇理論、交易成本理論、代理理論和公私協力理論，採用文獻分析法、深度訪談法及參與觀察法，探索臺北市政府轄管之公園附設游泳池經營管理之最佳模式。 經研究分析發現管理機關未嚴格依契約執行、未建立退場機制、低使用率之游泳池競爭力薄弱、法令限制多、游泳池缺乏活化以及未妥做政策之可行性評估等因素為之前委外經營失敗之原因。 經歸納後提出下列建議：(1)契約訂定要嚴謹並嚴格要求應依契約執行；(2)要建立退場機制；(3)加強監督以提高服務品質；(4)主管機關法令定位要明確；(5)審慎評估將使用率低的游泳池關閉或轉型；(6)確實做好可行性評估和先期規劃；(7)建置彈性的招商機制與強化自主的履約管理；(8)利用既有優勢，提高競爭力；(9)將使用率高有競爭力的游泳池優先更新；(10)應確實檢討委託經營政策；(11)加強教育訓練，提升專業能力；(12)應確實做好市場調查。 / Abstract Following the global trend of promoting the outsourcing of public affairs in order to reduce human resources and budget expenditure, Taipei City Government has contracted out park swimming pools since 2000. Then it happened that the contractor went out of business halfway and closed the swimming pools in 2007. Furthermore, no new tenders bided for the successive contract. This study aims to investigate problems of by contracting out Taipei City Government park swimming pools, to provide proposals to mitigate difficulties in outsourcing business operation and to explore the best mode of park swimming pools management. The theories used in this thesis include Public Choice Theory, Transaction Cost Theory, Agency Theory and Public-Private Partnership Theory. Study methods used include document analysis, in-depth interviews and participant observation. The study found that the followings are causes of failure in the previous outsourcing project: the administrative authority did not enforce strict accordance with the contract, exit mechanism was not established, some low-usage swimming pools were less competitive, there were too many legal restrictions, swimming pools activation was not sufficient and feasibility study of outsourcing policy was not well performed. The following recommendations are summarized: (1) Rigorous contract terms and strict execution in accordance with the contract; (2) Establishing exit mechanism; (3) Strengthening supervision in order to improve service quality; (4) Establishing clear regulations; (5) Closing or transforming low-usage swimming pools; (6) Well-performed feasibility assessment and preliminary planning; (7) Building flexible outsourcing mechanism and strengthening self-compliance management; (8) Improving competitiveness by using the existing strengths; (9) Renovating competitive high-usage swimming pools as top priority; (10) Reviewing outsourcing policies exactly; (11) Strengthening education and training to enhance professional skills; (12) Well-performed market research.

電子發票自2000年推行以來，多為企業對企業的相關研究，幾乎沒有文獻從政府與企業在電子發票政策中合作的角度進行研究。因此本研究以政府在2010年底才推動的企業對消費者實體通路電子發票試辦作業為個案，並以公私協力關係的角度，針對政府與企業的相關人員進行個別深度訪談。首先了解企業加入電子發票試辦作業的原因，接著描繪出電子發票試辦作業中，政府與企業的互動情形；再者，找出政府與企業合作的困難，據以提出政策建議，做為政府日後推動公私協力政策之參考，最後歸納公私協力關係的條件，以驗證、補充或強化公私協力關係的文獻。 企業加入電子發票試辦作業的原因包含高階管理者的支持、成本降低、提升企業形象、資訊化程度高，導入障礙低、關係企業的引介與同業競爭等因素。企業在加入電子發票試辦作業後，與政府形成水平互補之互動模式。研究發現高階管理者的領導與支持、共同且清楚的目標、公開、互相尊重與信任、明確且完善的法律規範、持續溝通協商、公平合作與彈性、關注利害關係人、長期穩定關係等是有利政府與企業協力合作的因素；與文獻不同的是，監測績效這項因素對政府與企業合作順利與否影響並不大。另外對電子發票格式的認知差距、法令規章不完備、行政規則制定太慢、電子發票格式規定變動頻繁、政策規劃不周、資訊壟斷於大型企業、服務品質降低等因素則是政府與企業合作所碰到的困難，其中政策規劃不周導致電子發票格式規定變動頻繁是本研究在文獻以外之發現。 基於以上研究成果，本研究提出相關建議，首先，讓更多中小企業改用電子發票，亦必須注意跨機關間的合作與協調，方能讓電子發票的使用更為普及與順利；而政府在推動政策前應有完善的政策規劃，如果有經費委請顧問廠商，在遴選上須更加嚴謹，使資源更能有效運用。本研究認為後續研究者可以以中小企業為主體，甚至比較不同行業之企業採用電子發票的情形，亦可以朝電子發票其他利害關係人，像是社福團體、資訊服務業者以及稅務代理業者等著手；另外，探討政府機關間的合作或是從企業對政府電子發票的角度著手，俾能對電子發票有更全觀的了解。 / Since 2000, most research about e-invoice has focused on the topic of business to business (B2B). Just few studied in connection with the cooperation of government and business (G2B) in e-invoice policy. This thesis attempts to understand the process of business to citizen (B2C) e-invoice pilot operation, from the perspective of public-private partnership (PPP). The author adopts in-depth interviews with government and enterprise related personnel.The purpose is, first, to find out the reasons why the enterprises participate in e-invoice pilot operation. Second, the thesis describes G2B interaction in e-invoice pilot operation process; and then to find out the difficulties in G2B cooperation as well as policy suggestions. Finally, the thesis trys to conclude with conditions of PPP as well as its verification and improvement. Based on the empirical data, the reasons why the enterprises join e-invoice pilot operation include: the support from top manager, cost down, promotion of corporate image, high degree of computerization, recommendation from conglomerate and relative competitive advantage. The G2B cooperation is horizontal complementary interaction model. The findings discover eight benefical factors for PPPs including (1) the leadership and support from top managers, (2) shared goals, (3) transparent execution process and mutual respect and trust, (4) well and clear legislation and standard, (5) the lasting communication, (6) a fair collaborationship and elasticity, (7) understanding of stakeholders, (8) long-term and stable relationship. The difficulties in G2B cooperation include: (1) the different opinions of e-invoice format between government and business, (2) slow formulation of administrative direction, (3) the e-invoice format instability, (4) the incompleteness of policy planning, (5) the information monopoly by big enterprises, (6) the reduction of service quality. Based on the previous findings, this thesis recommends government to make more small and medium enterprises (SMEs) adopt e-invoice. The e-invoice authority should also pay attention to coordinate with other government organizations, to plan for public policy more solidly, and to pick and choose consulting business exactly. The author anticipates that follow-up research may focus on SMEs, with comparision of different enterprises that adopt e-invoice. More studies are suggested to involve public welfare groups, information service providers, and tax agents. The future studies may also discuss the cooperation between governments and for the perspective of business to government (B2G) e-invoice.

氣候變遷加劇全球各地天然災害。基於保障人民基本生活，政府主動積極管理災害風險已不可避免，而國際上亦普遍以保險機制調適氣候變遷風險，且建立公私合作關係共同承擔巨災損失。本文整理分析文獻資料作為論述基礎，並比較研究國內外天然災害保險制度，歸納整理共同特性與功能，以及建立制度之基本原則與經營基礎，以演繹我國天然災害保險制度法制化重點包括：1.立法形式：單獨特別立法建立制度；2.政府角色：兼具保險人及再保險人角色，提供天災保險保障並具風險承擔功能；3.制度模式：在公私合作關係下，由民營保險人負責銷售管理、理賠且承擔中間規模損失，而政府提供財務支持或擔保；4.制度定位及性質：屬於非社會保險之公共計畫（政策保險），人民無投保之法律上義務；5.保障範圍：規範最低承保範圍，提供人民一致且可負擔之保險；6.減災責任及誘因：保險制度應整合減災，納入個人減災誘因且於利害關係人間（政府、被保險人、保險人）適當分攤減災責任；7.主管機關與專職管理組織：減災為天然災害保險不可分割之一部分，宜跨越行政組織分工，從功能性意義上互動共同治理；並將住宅地震保險基金轉型為天然災害保險基金作為專職管理組織；8.風險分散機制：立法設置多層次風險承擔機制，由被保險人自負低層小額損失，保險人、天災基金、再保險人、資本市場承擔中間層級責任，政府則承受極端重大損失。 / Climate change has intensified natural disasters worldwide. To protect people’s basic livelihoods, it is necessary that the government actively and aggressively manages the risks of disasters. Meanwhile, insurance system is an adaptation measure generally adopted to pool the risks of climate change, and public and private cooperation is established to share the losses of huge disasters. This study compared domestic and foreign insurance systems aiming at natural disasters based on the summary and analysis of literature to develop the keys legislation regarding a natural disaster insurance system: 1. Type of legislation: individually established legislative system; 2. Government role: both the insurer and re-insurer providing protection and risk assumption for natural disasters; 3. System model: with public and private cooperation, private insurers are responsible for the sales, management, claims and assumed losses on a moderate scale, while the government provides financial support or guarantees; 4. System positioning and nature: the public plan other than social insurance, people is no generalized duty to buy cover in the system; 5. Coverage: minimum protection, providing consistent and affordable insurance to all people; 6. Mitigation and incentives: the insurance system should integrate mitigation with personal incentives for disaster reduction and share mitigation responsibilities among stakeholders (government, insured, insurer) as appropriate; 7. Competent authority and dedicated management organization: mitigation is an inseparable part of natural disaster insurance, which is appropriate for the work divisions of cross-administrative organizations and interactive governance in functions; turn the Taiwan Residential Earthquake Insurance Fund into a natural disaster insurance fund for dedicated management; 8. Risk diversification mechanism: set a multi-level risk sharing mechanism through legislation, in which the insured shall be responsible for low-level losses in small amounts; the insurer, natural disaster insurance fund, re-insurer, and capital market share the middle-level liabilities; and the government shall bear the extremely large losses.