自Nelson和Plosser (1982)後，研究經濟資料是否具有單位根現象，已成為近二十年來熱門且重要的課題。因 為資料性質的不同(恆定或非恆定)，對實證計量模型的設定、統計推論以及原理論的發展有深遠的影響。與傳 統探討單一時間數列之單位根的論文不同的是，本篇論文將橫斷面的資料擴大，探討混合型資料的單位根現象 ( Panel Unit Root )。就此課題，文獻上已有兩個不同的檢定方法: Levin、Lin和Chu (1997)的LLC檢定法以及Im、 Pesaran和Shin (1995)的IPS檢定法。 我們的研究，有別於以上兩者，是從「概似比」的角度(likelihood ratio) 和應用檢定共積關係的Johansen (1988)「Trace檢定」，建構新的單位根檢定統計量。首先於文中推導出，「Trace檢定」可用於檢測單一時間數 列的單位根現象。進而，再將橫斷面資料擴大，採用mean group方法，加總平均每個橫斷面時間數列的「Trace 檢定」統計量，形成混合型資料之單位根檢定統計量 。根據中央極限定理，標準化後的 檢定統計量，極限上 收斂至標準常態分配。此外，我們也推導得出 檢定統計量與傳統ADF、LLC以及IPS檢定統計量極限上的關係。 最後，我們以「蒙地卡羅」模擬方法，分析小樣本下「型一誤差」與「檢定力」的表現。發現新的混合型資 料之單位根檢定統計量表現優良，近似於標準常態分配。故在做混合型資料的單位根分析時，採用 檢定統計 量，可得到較精確的推論。

文創產業近年來在台灣受到重視，其中，孕育許多設計師的搖籃「創意市集」從2004年即在台灣各地逐漸萌芽，對沒有雄厚資本的設計師或創作者而言，從創意市集起步是常見的做法。隨著市集發展，市集裡的商品已經不再限於設計或創作類商品，自2009年起，以手工食品為主的創作者也開始在市集大放異彩。 許多設計類創作者在市集曝光後，被品牌或通路看中，進而成名或擁有自己的店面。然而，手工食品類的創作者卻無法直接複製設計類創作者的成功模式。產品有保存期限、運送不易以及台灣消費者的購買習慣和對食物習慣的口味等等的限制，皆使手工食品品牌經營相當不易。筆者自身也於2013年7月加入創意市集，持續維持半年的手工食品品牌創業計畫，透過親身體驗發現許多問題和難處。在沒有足夠行銷預算的情況下，手作食品品牌往往透過口碑行銷拓展客源，也會面臨理念難以傳達或消費者難以接受商品等問題。 因此，本研究選擇四個手工食品品牌，以質化訪談了解其品牌發展歷程，再透過策略行銷分析架構解析其創業路上遇到的各種策略成本－外顯單位效益成本(C1)、資訊搜尋成本(C2)、道德危機成本(C3)、專屬陷入成本(C4)，企圖了解消費者在創意市集購買手作食品時考量的成本以及影響其購買動機的因素，歸納手作食品品牌透過創意市集創業的經營模式，以提供後續想進入市集發展的創業者參考。 以策略行銷分析架構分析後，本研究認為手工食品品牌創業時首要面對的問題是如何降低消費者的C2及C3，因為消費者需要先知道且信任品牌，才會進入評估C1的階段。左右C1的重要因素為商品特色，手作食品的特色不可以僅僅是手工製作，而應該要有獨特的產品口味或用料，才能帶給消費者別於一般食品的效益。最後，經營者與消費者的互動除了有助建立消費者對品牌的C4之外，也能透過消費者的人脈為品牌帶來更多發展機會。

根據經濟部中小企業處的統計，至民國102 底止，台灣共有1,363,393 家登 記在案的公司，其中，約有97%的公司屬於中小型企業，也就是說，台灣要創造 下一波經濟成長，提升台灣的整體競爭力，勢必與「中小型企業」的管理有很大 的關係。如何推動中小企業成功，中小企業該如何管理，才是台灣最需要重視的 議題。 因此，本研究藉由策略行銷分析架構與«隱形冠軍»一書中所發展之中小企業 成功模式，以質化的個案研究方式，透過密集的訪談了解台灣某一中小型企業－ W 公司之經營模式，並據以分析中小型公司如何制定策略、累積內部競爭力，如 何處理與顧客間交易所衍生的策略成本－外顯單位效益成本、資訊搜尋成本、道 德危機成本、專屬陷入成本，找出W 公司所必頇處理的關鍵問題，並給予營運上的建議。本研究也詴圖將隱形冠軍的內容與策略行銷架構結合，歸納成一整合的 中小企業經營模式，希望能對中小企業的經營發展做出貢獻，並作為中小企業制 定策略、檢視營運之參考。

我國主機板業在短短不到二十年的時間內迅速竄起並獨霸全球，但由於市場的飽和、產品的規格化，主機板業邁向產業集中化及強者恒強、弱者恒弱的趨勢日趨明顯。因此，各廠商經營效率的改善及提升，及同業間生產規模擴展之競爭，乃至於對未來市場變化之因應便成為一重要研究之探究課題。 本研究採用問卷調查的方式，從主機板產業中選擇中國大陸大學二年級學生為研究對象，發現入學後購買電腦的學生比例達到71％。從各個時段的購買相對值來看，假期結束後回校的前兩個月是購買高峰。按購買電腦類型，DIY的整體份額在29％，筆記型電腦最高在62％；按計劃購買的性別來看，不論是男性或女性，皆是以筆記型電腦為主，其次是DIY；沒有計劃購買電腦的同學中，目前沒有需求是主要原因，而受限於價格是其次。質量可靠、知名品牌與朋友推薦是同學們選擇主板的主要因素。 產品規格及性價比，事先搜尋相關產品資訊確認主板產品的確能提供其廠商所強調的功能或價值，同學多會通過 「詢問朋友」、「媒體推薦」、「網上搜索」等來獲取相關信息，因此相關之「外顯單位效益成本」、「買者資訊搜尋成本」、「買者道德危機成本」等預算，應當維持相當水準， 對於「買者專屬陷入成本」的行銷預算，可以酌情減少， 當廠商了解客戶在面臨的問題及顧慮後，即可透過4C策略行銷的分析，設計出能夠解除客戶疑慮的方案，建立共識，降低雙方的交易成本及風險，以確保合作有個好的開始。本論文從廠商的角度以4C架構進行行銷策略分析，以協助廠商隨著專案進展也可以很方便地檢視各種策略組合，故即使是在多專案併行時，依然能有效掌握各種策略的執行。 / The motherboard industry has developed soon within 20 years and now become the top in the world. In 2000 the market share reached to 84.7%. However, due to the saturation of the whole market and the standardization of the products, it is obvious that the industry has stepped to centralization. The trend of “The stronger will be stronger; the weaker will be weaker” can be seen in the industry. Therefore, the improvement of efficiency, the competition within the industry, and the ways to cope with the market changes in the future are critical topics to research. This research adopted the method of questionnaire survey and took sophomore from universities in China as research objects. We could found in this research that the time students bought their computers concentrated on 2008 and 2009；That is, the frequency which students bought their computers peaked when they were freshmen and sophomore. Also, according to this research, we could found, in the type of computers students bought, that students who bought DIY computers account for 29% and who bought note books account for 62%, the highest percentage. Furthermore, we could found, in the gender who bought computers, that the percentage of boys who bought DIY computers is obviously greater than the percentage of girls and that the percentage of girls who bought note books is obviously greater than the percentage of boys. The primary factors influenced the decision that students bought motherboards are the quality, famous brand, and friends’ recommendation.

海外華人人口，截至2004年底止，約為3,808萬人（不含香港、澳門），政府為照顧為眾多之海外僑胞，先於1926年於國民政府下設僑務委員會以推進僑務，復為擴大服務僑社並增進僑民福址，於1985年針對海外僑社需求，選擇華僑眾多之地區，設置華僑文教服務中心，自1985年起迄2004年底止，僑委會在海外各地前後共設置了十七個文教服務中心。為維持該等中心之運作，政府每年均編有巨額預算挹注，為瞭解相對於投入之資源，中心之產出是否符合經濟學上『投入』與『產出』之生產效率概念，本文之研究爰以產出導向之資料包絡分析法建立實證模型進行探討，同時以各文教服務中心為一決策單位，將2001年至2004年間各文教中心之投入及產出項目投入實證模型中，以計算各文教中心的經營績效。 實證結果顯示，海外文教中心整體的技術效率平均值介於2.4662與3.1605之間，同時規模效率平均值大於1，顯示造成各文教中心技術無效率的來源，大部份來自於純技術效率，另一部分則來自於規模無效率。 同時依實證結果資料可以發現，（一）僑委會截至2004年止之十七個文教中心，在各種不同的組合下，僅有4至9個中心之效率值為1，占全部文教中心的二成至五成，顯示整體經營績效有待加強與提升；（二）以僑委會關閉倫敦及墨爾本文教中心雖與實證分析結果相符，然績效較墨爾本中心為低之雪黎文教中心卻未關閉之情況而言，益顯數據性資料於決策過程中之重要性；（三）以全球華人人口分配來看，北美洲地區文教中心之技術效率值，無論在固定或變動規模下，就各種組合而言，均較其他地區文教中心之效率值為佳，顯示除應提高北美地區以外中心之效率外，似乎也反映了服務海外僑胞之資源分配是否過度集中，及與僑胞互動應予加強之問題。 最後，由於本研究係首次將DEA運用於駐外機構經營效率之評估，因此本文之相關實證模型將可作為評估我國其他部會所屬駐外機構效率衡量之基礎及參考。 / The overseas Chinese population, up till 2004, approximates 3.8 millions (not counting Hong Kong, Macao). To attend to their needs, the government has first established the Commission of Overseas Chinese Affairs under the Nationalist Government in 1926. To better and further serve this overseas Chinese community, the government has chosen among several populous areas to set up Chinese Culture and education service center later in 1985. Between 1985 and the end of 2004, 17 service centers have been set up. To keep these centers running requires a big budget support from the government each year. To examine if these centers provide values that conform to the economic concept of "the input" and "the output" production efficiency, this article has used the data envelopment analysis method to establish the real diagnosis model. This model has used various culture and education service centers as policy-making units from 2001 to 2004 to evaluate the efficacy of these service centers. Test results have shown that the mean value of central whole technical efficiency is between 2.4662 and 3.1605. Also, the mean value of scale efficiency is bigger than 1. This demonstrates the inefficient central technology rate of the service centers results mainly from pure technical inefficiency, and partly from diseconomy of scale. On the other hand, test results also show that, (1) up till 2004, among 17 culture and education centers, just only remain 4 to 9 with central efficiency value of 1 under different kinds of combinations. The fact that they account for two tenths to five tenths of the total number of service centers demonstrates the need for improvement in their operating performance (2) the closing of both London and Melbourne culture and education centers does not conform to the findings of the real diagnosis analysis, but Sydney center is not closed, which reveals the importance of data material in the decision-making process; (3) looking at the distribution of global overseas Chinese population, the technology efficiency values for culture and education centers in North America area are far higher than other areas, measured by all sorts of combinations regardless of fixed or variable scale. This has revealed issues of not only efficiency enhancements for local centers excepting this area, but also excessive concentration of service resources allocated within the region and augment the co-activity with compatriots. Finally, since this is the first time DEA has been utilized in a research to evaluate the management efficiencies for government agencies abroad, the real diagnosis model presented in this article might be used as a reference for similar studies in the future.

本研究為研究者由實務工作所遭遇之問題出發，企圖了解社區發展協會之學理上社區功能與政策上社區功能為何？而該社區功能受哪些因素所影響（以社區類型、社區發展協會與里辦公處互動關係、社區發展協會與政府單位互動關係來檢視）？學理上社區功能與政策上社區功能有何落差？經由本研究之研究問題，擬訂出本研究假設： 研究假設一：學理上的社區功能與政策上的社區功能是有相關的。 研究假設二：不同的社區類型會影響學理上之社區功能。 研究假設三：不同的社區類型會影響政策上之社區功能。 研究假設四：社區發展協會與里辦公處之互動關係越好，其學理上社區功能發展越好。 研究假設五：社區發展協會與政府單位之互動關係越好，其學理上之社區功能發展越好。 研究假設六：社區發展協會與里辦公處之互動關係越好，其政策上之社區功能發展越好。 研究假設七：社區發展協會與政府單位之互動關係越好，其政策上之社區功能發展越好。 本研究採量化方式進行，針對臺北市331家社區發展協會（以98年11月統計數為母群體），利用臺北市政府社會局每年例行性辦理之補助說明會、臺北市社區發展工作評鑑輔導營及社區人才培訓活動發放問卷，本研究問卷共發放256份，其中回收187份，總計有效問卷161份，無效問卷26份，回收率為62％，惟本研究研究對象為社區發展協會，有效問卷中計有60份為重複填答，經剔除後本研究問卷共調查101家社區發展協會，其中理事長填答者共35份，總幹事填答者共38份，其他填答者28份（含理事、監事、會計、志工）。 經統計分析結果後發現未來在里辦公處與社區發展協會兩者組織發展情形，多數協會認為兩者仍應持續共存，且社區發展協會與里辦公處之互動關係良好的仍佔多數。而在與政府單位互動情形，整體而言，社區發展協會與政府單位之互動關係是良好的，另在整體滿意度與政府發展方向上，協會對於政府之施政、政策認為是滿意的、發展方向也與政府方向是一致的。本研究發現學理上社區功能與政策上社區功能兩者是無完全相關；而不同的社區類型是會影響社區發展協會學理上與政策上之社區功能；另外當協會與里辦公的互動關係越好時，其政策上社區功能會發展的越好。 / This thesis is started from the problem which the researcher met in practice work. The researcher would like to know what the community function in theory and policy is？And it is effected by what factors（Use the community type、the relationship in the community association and neighborhood office、the relationship in the community association and government to confer）？What is the difference between community function in theory and in policy？According to these questions，this thesis have seven assumptions： Assumption 1：The community function in theory is related to the community function in policy. Assumption 2：Different community type influence community function in theory. Assumption 3：Different community type influence community function in policy. Assumption 4：The better the relationship of the community association and neighborhood office is, the better the community function in theory is. Assumption 5：The better the relationship in the community association and the government is, the more is the community function in theory is. Assumption 6：The better the relationship in the community association and neighborhood office is, the better the community function in policy is. Assumption 7：The better the relationship in the community association and the government is, the better the community function in the policy is. This thesis is a quantification research, The population is 331 community associations（On a basis of September 2009）.The questionnaire survey delivered 256 pieces. There are 161 pieces is applicable，26pieces are not in 187 recycled questionnaires. A Recycled ratio is 62％. Anyhow, we survey 101 community associations，there are 35 pieces answered by the organization president ,38 pieces answered by the organization manager，the others answered 28 pieces. This survey find out the community association and neighborhood office will exit together in the future. And the relationship of the community association and the neighborhood office is good, and so is the community association and government. In conclusion，the community association is satisfied with the government policy，and the development direction is the same. This survey find that the community function in theory the community function in policy is not related. Different community type influence community function in theory and in policy. Besides the better the relationship of the community association and neighborhood office, the better the community function in theory.

隨著各縣市陸續成立地方教育發展基金附屬單位預算，使得國中小開始具有發展「學校本位財務管理」之契機。復因近來教育界也開始關切「學校創新經營」如何在國中小特色學校實施的議題。只是「學校本位財務管理」及「學校創新經營」都是一種經營管理的手段，因此本研究希望進一步探討其是否能達到提升「學校效能」之目的。 　　本研究採用文獻分析法、訪談法及問卷調查法進行研究。訪談法方面，發展出「地方教育發展基金附屬單位預算與國中小學校本位財務管理關係訪談大綱」作為研究工具，並採立意抽樣方式從臺北市、高雄市、新北市、桃園縣、基隆市等5個縣市抽取11位受訪者進行電話訪談。至問卷調查方面，則以「學校本位財務管理、學校創新經營與學校效能調查問卷」為研究工具，並以已成立地方教育發展基金附屬單位預算且獲教育部補助國中小特色學校經費之49個學校教職員作為研究對象，採簡單隨機抽樣方式進行問卷調查並剔除無效問卷，獲得有效樣本數802份。本研究除採用結構方程模式分析方法及LISREL8.72軟體分別驗證學校本位財務管理、學校創新經營及學校效能之內涵外，也進一步據以探討學校本位財務管理、學校創新經營及學校效能之間的關係。並且也透過平均數及SPSS13.0軟體來瞭解學校本位財務管理、學校創新經營及學校效能之現況。此外，更透過具潛在變項的路徑分析及Mplus 5.0軟體，來探討填答者的不同背景變項(包括性別、現任職務、教育程度、服務年資、服務地區、學校規模)是否分別對於學校本位財務管理、學校創新經營及學校效能具有預測效果。 本研究可獲得幾個主要研究結論如下： 一、「地方教育發展基金附屬單位預算」與國中小「學校本位財務管理」關係之訪談結果 　(一)簡言之，縣市政府成立地方教育發展基金附屬單位預算以後，其所轄國中小多能具備附屬單位預算之特性及優點，並有助於落實「學校本位財務管理」的理念。 　(二)地方教育發展基金附屬單位預算在相關制度規劃或授權方面的待改善之處 　　1.各縣市政府基於財政考量，仍對其地方教育發展基金附屬單位預算自訂額外的限制，有待逐步協調放寬之可行性。 　　2.非直轄市之地方政府認為宜成立專業、專責的會計單位，以處理地方教育發展基金附屬單位預算相關事務。 　　3.地方教育發展基金附屬單位預算之預算執行規定及作業方式經常變動，且業務相關人員異動頻繁，造成許多預算執行困擾。 　　4.「地方教育發展基金會計資訊系統」之開發過程並未充分訪談會計人員需求，且系統不夠穩定而功能不足，故仍有待改善。 　(三)多數(6位)受訪者較喜歡「地方教育發展基金附屬單位預算」的運作型態，另有3位認為還好(或各有利弊)，2位則相對傾向於較不喜歡。 二、學校本位財務管理、學校創新經營及學校效能之實施現況方面 　(一)成立地方教育發展基金附屬單位預算以後，國中小「學校本位財務管理」之實施現況尚屬略高程度(M=3.88)。 　(二)成立地方教育發展基金附屬單位預算之國中小特色學校，其「學校創新經營」實施程度很高(M=4.06)，且具有很高的學校效能(M=4.09)。 三、學校本位財務管理、學校創新經營及學校效能之關係方面 　(一)「學校本位財務管理」對於「學校創新經營」具有高度正向的直接效果(γ1=.78)，此顯示學校本位財務管理之實施程度越高，越有助於提高學校創新經營之實施情形。 　(二)「學校創新經營」對「學校效能」具有高度正向的直接效果(β1=.92)，此顯示學校創新經營之實施程度越高，越有助於提高學校效能。 　(三)雖然「學校本位財務管理」並不能對「學校效能」產生顯著的直接效果，但「學校本位財務管理」卻可透過「學校創新經營」來對「學校效能」產生間接效果(其效果量為.72)。亦即「學校本位財務管理」實施程度越高，越能透過促進「學校創新經營」實施程度之提高，進而間接提升「學校效能」。 四、背景變項對學校本位財務管理、學校創新經營及學校效能之效果方面 　(一)對於學校本位財務管理具有顯著效果之背景變項，計有性別(男>女)、現任職務(行政人員>教師)、服務地區(直轄市>一般縣市)、學校規模(12班以下>25班至48班)等4個變項。 　(二)對於學校創新經營具有顯著效果之背景變項，計有性別(男>女)、現任職務(行政人員>教師)、學校規模(12班以下>49班以上；12班以下>25班至48班)等3個變項。 　(三)對於學校效能具有顯著效果之背景變項，計有性別(男>女)、現任職務(行政人員>教師)、學校規模(12班以下>49班以上；12班以下>25班至48班)等3個變項。 　　最後，本研究並依據上述研究成果，提出各項具體建議。 / With the establishment of the affiliated units’ budget of local education development fund by many municipalities and counties, there are more and more opportunities to develop the “school-based financial management” (SBFM). And there were more and more researches stress the way to implement the school innovative management in specialist schools in the academic circles. However, the “school-based financial management” and “school innovative management” are both parts of the management methods. Therefore, the present study wanted to explore whether these two management methods can achieve the purpose of enhancing “school effectiveness.” 　　The present study adopted three approaches, including “literature review,” “interview,” and “questionnaire survey.” In terms of the interview, the present study designed “the outline of the interview on the relationship between affiliated units’ budget of the local education development fund and school-based financial management in junior high schools and elementary schools” as an instrument. The present study chose 11 participants from the county government and schools in the Taipei city, Kaohsiung city, New Taipei city, Taoyuan County, and Keelung city by purpose sampling. Eventually, the present study had interviewed those participants by telephone. In the aspect of questionnaire survey, the study designed the “questionnaire of the school-based financial management, school innovative management and school effectiveness” as the instruments. Teachers and staff from 49 specialist schools were the participants, and they were from schools that implemented the affiliated units’ budget of local education development fund. The present study distributed questionnaires by simple random sampling, and got 802 valid samples after gathering and deleting some invalid questionnaires. The study not only took structural equation modeling and the software of LISREL8.72 to confirm the contents of the school-based financial management, school innovative management, and school effectiveness respectively, but also confirmed the relationships of the school-based financial management, school innovative management, and school effectiveness. Moreover, the present study adopted means and the software of SPSS13.0 to understand the current situations of the school-based financial management, school innovative management, and school effectiveness. Furthermore, the present study adopted the path analysis with latent variables and the software of Mplus5.0 so as to understand whether the context variables of the subjects would have predictive effects on the school-based financial management, school innovative management, or school effectiveness. Those context variables included the sex, position, education level, seniority, district, and school size of the participants. 　　There were some major conclusions made as follows: 1.The results of the interview on the relationship between “affiliated units’ budget of the local education development fund” and “school-based financial management in junior high schools and elementary schools” 　(1) In brief, junior high schools and elementary schools had most of the properties and advantages of the affiliated units’ budget after the municipality and county governments establishing the affiliated units’ budget of the local education development fund, and it’s helpful for the schools to implement the “school-based financial management.” 　(2) The deficiencies of the affiliated units’ budget of local education development fund: A. There are still some additional restrictions of the affiliated units’ budget of local education development fund made by the municipal and county governments, which should be loosened. B. Other county governments except for municipal governments suggest that they need to set up a professional special agency to conduct those affairs of the affiliated units’ budget of local education development fund. C. The regulations and operations of the affiliated units’ budget of local education development fund always change, and the staff redeploy too often, so that there are some problems in the process of practices. D. The interviews of the accountants’ needs are insufficient during the development process of “the accounting system of local education development fund”. Furthermore, the system is unstable and its functions are insufficient, so there is still room for improvement. 　(3) As for the preference degree of the affiliated units’ budget of local education development fund, most of the participants (6 participants) felt “like”, 3 participants felt “fair”, and 2 participants felt relatively “unlike.” 2.The current situation of the school-based financial management, school innovative management, and school effectiveness (1) The current situation of the school-based financial management belonged to the extent of slightly high (M=3.88) after establishing the affiliated units’ budget of the local education development fund. (2) The specialist schools’ practice extent of the “school innovative management” was very high (M=4.06), and their “school effectiveness” was also very high (M=4.09) after establishing the affiliated units’ budget of the local education development fund. 3.The relationships between school-based financial management, school innovative management, and school effectiveness (1) “School-based financial management” has far-reaching and positive direct effects(γ1=.78) on “school innovative management”. That is, the higher the implement degree of “School-based financial management” is, the higher practice degree of “school innovative management” will be. (2) “School innovative management” has far-reaching and positive direct effects(β1=.92) on “school effectiveness”. That is, the higher the practice degree of “school innovative management” is, the better the “school effectiveness” will be. (3) Although the “School-based financial management” has no significant effect on “school effectiveness”, “School-based financial management” has an indirect effect on “school effectiveness” through the “school innovative management” (the indirect effect size is .72). In other words, when the practice degree of “School-based financial management” is higher, the “school effectiveness” will be enhanced indirectly through the “school innovative management” 4.The effects of the context variables on the school-based financial management, school innovative management, and school effectiveness (1) 4 context variables have significant effects on the school-based financial management. These variables involve sex, position, district, and school size. (2) 3 context variables have significant effects on the school innovative management. These variables include sex, position, and school size. (3) 3 context variables have significant effects on the school effectiveness. These variables are sex, position, and school size. Finally, according to the results of the present study, there were some suggestions be proposed.

本研究是以中國大陸從2005 年到2010年的風力發電之複合材料葉片產業為背景，討論A公司如何從其原來所屬的防腐蝕複合材料行業，跨入一個完全不同應用的風力葉片複合材料行業。於產業進入過程中，有三家迥然不同規模、屬性、企業文化的企業，於過去數年在大陸市場的競爭為研究範疇。 而在這一市場中依其資本來源，可概分為外資、國企與民企三大類，而因著資本來源不同導致其管理團隊與決策模式，有著極大的差異，因此對交易過程的四種成本亦有相當大的認知與評價差異。而這三家競爭廠商於面對不同客戶屬性時，如何依據其個別公司的不同市場地位、公司資源與技術能量，而採行的市場競爭策略。 A公司於競爭初期，利用其既有的品牌知名度、人脈與通路，以降低C2為第一要務，而後利用C2在地優勢與國際原料大廠建立策略聯盟，產生C1的競爭優勢。進一步利用C1優勢降低客戶C3，隨著個案的增加，增強與上游供應鏈的談判力量，再回頭去強化C1的競爭優勢，以本研究所處的市場，所有的競爭最後都還是回到C1的競爭。並對未來的發展提出如何增強各個成本構面的建議，與提升公司淨利的建議。 / The background of this study is based on the wind blade industry of wind turbine from year 2005 till year 2010 in mainland China. We try to analysis how the company A crosses into an entire new industry – wind blade composites from their original anti-corrosion application. And the scope of this study based on these three enterprises with complete different scales, categories and cultures how to compete in mainland China wind blade composites industry in the past 5 years. We may distinguish those customers into three types based on their different capital compose: foreign enterprise, state own company and private company. Due to the different capital compose, it cause quite obvious difference between the business philosophy of the management team and decision model. It also caused huge difference in recognition and evaluation of four kinds of transaction cost. Those three major suppliers how to take different compete strategies when they are facing different customer attributes based on their own corporate market position, company resources and technology. At the very beginning stage, company A leverages its original brand name, connections and channels in composites industry to lower its C2 as first priority. And then company A tries to build the strategic alliances with those global material suppliers to create the compettive advantage of C1. The further step is to reduce customers’ C3 through its C1 advantage. The more customers company A gets, the more bargain power she has with her supplier chain and then she could strengthen her own C1 competitive strength. The most fundamental competition is always backing to C1 competition in wind blade composite section of wind energy industry in China.

台灣資訊服務業的興起，係源自於企業需要資訊服務以解決重複性作業及複雜的管理面問題，以及過去外商進入台灣市場促成產業的競爭發展。台灣資訊服務業者普遍存在有營運資本小、資源有限、產業鏈分工界線不明確的先天體質問題，又同時面臨內需市場小、進入障礙低、競爭者眾之環境面挑戰，在對外開拓國際市場時，又得面對瞬息萬變的環境競爭因素。 資通訊科技服務係為國家基礎建設，資通訊服務是伴隨著商業應用需求而來。繼電子、資訊及通訊產品發展成為占有台灣高達3成外銷比重之後，政府已將資訊服務業列入重點推動產業，期許能在既有的硬體產業優勢下，結合資訊服務業者於軟體質量的提升，打造台灣核心競爭優勢。尤其是資訊服務產業中占比重最高之系統整合業者，應如何建立核心競爭優勢，推出具競爭力的產品服務，建立與產業客戶的長期合作關係，並確保在利基市場上的交易競爭優勢，以求獲利與永續經營發展，是值得關切的議題。 本論文分析架構係以交易成本理論和策略行銷4C理論為基礎，以A公司個案分析為主軸。透過探討A公司發展歷程中如何建立4C行銷策略優勢，包括如何降低客戶之C1：外顯單位效益成本、C2：資訊搜尋成本、C3：道德危機成本，以及運用C4：專屬陷入成本等，以建立市場行銷優勢，並運用4C優勢，建立良性之4C循環，以求長期經營發展。A公司之行銷策略將可提供類似規模與背景的資訊服務業者參考之用。 研究分析A公司個案後，發現其4C循環策略為，建立C1優勢加強競爭力，藉由與C3優勢強者合作拓展通路以降低C2，在客戶端建立有利的C3和C4，並為符合客戶之C1需求，再強化C1之產品效用，建立更強的C3和C4；但其中最為注重C1，因為C1是競爭力的來源，是構成其他3個C的支撐點。 朝聚焦策略發展，並做好基礎技術研發和國際品質認證等基本功；對產品有明確之STP（Segmentation, Target, Positioning），並掌握市場動向之洞察力（street-smart insight），以對的產品切入對的市場（do it right），形成有利的4C循環，才能夠維持優於同業之表現。並在穩健創新經營原則下，掌握利基市場，因時因地制宜的運用4C行銷策略，才能確保4C競爭優勢。 / The advancement of Taiwan IT services is derived from the business needs for information service to solve duplicate activities and complicate management problems, and also contributed by the industrial competitions from foreign IT service companies’ entering Taiwan market. In Taiwan IT service industry there widely exist endowment problems like small operation capital, limited resources, vague supply chains, etc., and environmental challenges, such as the small domestic market, low industrial barrier, furious competitions, etc., and furthermore, there are changeable competition factors in exploring international markets. ICT services are the fundamental national infrastructure, and are accompanied by business application needs. As we know, electronic, information and communication products account for more than 30% of Taiwan exports. After this, with the expectation to create the core competitive strength for Taiwan, IT service industry is one of the key promotion targets chosen by the government, to combine the current hardware industrial strength with the upgrade of software quality and volume. Especially for system integration services, the majority type of IT service industry, it is always worthy to study how to build up its core competence, launch competitive product services, and establish long-term relationship with customers to ensure transaction strength in the niche market, gain profits and sustain for long. The research is based on the analysis framework of transaction cost theory, and strategic marketing 4C theory. The case study：Company A is the axis. By researching the development of Company A, to find how it can accumulate 4C strength, including how to lower customers’ external cost on utility, cost of information searches, cost of moral hazards, and better use cost of assets specificity to enter positive 4C cycles in the long run. Its marketing strategy can be used as a reference for the similar IT service companies. The finding of Company A’s 4C cycles is that, build up C1 power to strengthen its competitiveness, by alliance with C3 power enabled partners to lower C2, and establish customers positive C3 and C4. In the meantime, in accordance with the customer’s C1 needs to enforce the utility of C1, there is C3 and C4 competitiveness strengthened furthermore. Above all, it is suggested to focus on C1, and be aware that C1 is the source of competitiveness, and the leverage of other 3Cs. Deploy focus strategy, and elaborate the basic techniques of fundamental technology research and international quality assurance, with specific product STP（Segmentation, Target, Positioning）, street-smart insight and do-it-right, will form positive 4C cycles, which can result in better performance in the industry. Under the stable, innovative operation principles, catch niche markets and use strategic marketing 4C deliberately to ensure 4C competitive strength.

金融監理制度影響一國商業銀行經營績效的相關議題，一直受到學者與政府當局的重視，為瞭解亞洲地區銀行業在中央銀行與監理單位不同管理下的利潤效率，找出最適的制度設計，本研究根據Huang、Huang與Liu（2014）提出之隨機共同利潤邊界（stochastic meta-profit frontier），採用兩階段估計法，蒐集中國大陸、香港、印度、日本、韓國、馬來西亞、巴基斯坦、菲律賓、新加坡、斯里蘭卡、泰國以及阿拉伯聯合大公國等十二國商業銀行資料，分成開發中和已開發國家兩個群組，將環境變數納入無效率模型中，進行實證分析，比較不同群組的利潤效率差異，發掘影響效率的主要變數與方向，從而獲得重要政策意涵。 根據實證分析結果，中央銀行介入銀行監理程度越高，商業銀行利潤效率越低；金融監理單位整合程度越高，商業銀行利潤效率越高；中央銀行獨立程度越高，商業銀行利潤效率越低；已開發國家群組的平均技術缺口比率與共同邊界技術效率值皆高於開發中國家群組，符合預期。共同利潤效率最高的是日本，最低的是韓國。平均而言，各國若在共同利潤邊界上從事生產，能提升41.9%至75%的利潤。 / The effects of degrees of financial supervision on performance of commercial banks have long been important issues and drawn much attention to academic researchers and government authorities. This study applies the stochastic meta-profit frontier, recently developed by Huang, Huang, and Liu (2014), to estimate and compare profit efficiencies of commercial banks from 12 Asian countries, i.e., Mainland China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and United Arab Emirates. We divide the sample countries into two groups, i.e., developing and developed countries. This enables us to further investigate the effects of different supervisory systems, enforced by central banks (CB) and supervisory authorities, on commercial banks’ profit efficiencies, as well as to make a suggestion about the optimal supervision regimes in the area. Note that a set of supervisory indices are considered as environmental variables that explain profit inefficiency. Using the two-stage estimation procedure, the empirical results are summarized as follows. First, it is found that bank’s profit efficiency decreases with the increase in a CB’s supervision sectors. Second, the unification of supervisory authority has positive effect on bank’s profit efficiency. Third, the more independent is the CB, the less profit efficient the commercial bank is. Fourth, banks in the group of developed countries are found to have higher technology gap ratios and meta-profit efficiencies than those in the group of developing countries, as expected. Fifth and finally, Japan and South Korea has the highest and the lowest level of meta-profit efficiency, respectively. Evidence is found that if an average commercial bank were adopting the best technology, it can earn roughly 41.9% to 75% more profits than otherwise.