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能源因素在中國對外政策所扮演的角色杜仰高 Unknown Date (has links)
在1993年中國成為石油淨進口國後,年消費量不斷擴大,產量卻無法大幅提升,石油供給不足的缺口正逐步擴大,且依國際能源總署評估,中國將是未來世界能源爭奪上的關鍵國家。 能源因素從1993年以來逐步地成為中國外交方面的思考。中國在處理外交事務越來越重視能源問題。在21世紀的石油價格不斷提升的趨勢對中國經濟造成相當大的衝擊,一旦能源供應短缺,享受經濟快速發展的中國面將臨極大的危險。另外在軍事力量加強的同時中國需要建立石油儲備來因應軍事行動之所需。
從外交戰略而言,中國處於亞洲中心,東接太平洋,西與中亞產油地區接壤,南出巴基斯坦,具備非常有利的地緣戰略優勢。中國需藉助有利的地緣戰略位置,在不流血的「石油戰爭」中儘早規劃以為因應,方不致遭受其它國家的戰略的箝制。
因此,本論文的研究目的在於以1993年至2006年能源因素影響中國外交政策和計劃的追蹤資料,搭配政治分析法, 探討以下問題: 一,分析預測將來中國能源方面的需求趨勢;二,探究能源需求促使中國政府採取何種外交手段。三,在中國外交決策中能源因素扮演何種的決定因素。 / Since 1993, China has become an importer of oil; the oil consumption has been growing. At the same time, China couldn’t increase the oil production, as the result, the lack of oil supplying has continuously increased. If we analyze from the point of international resource consumption, China comes to be the key country between those, who will struggle for the energy resources in the future. Since 1993, energy factor has been implemented to the consideration in the Chinese diplomacy. China has started to pay more and more attention to the energy factor while dealing with its international affairs. In 21 century, the oil price has been increasingly rising, that has become a serious danger for Chinese economy. The sudden lack of energy resources will be the great threat for fast developing Chinese economy. Also, been increasing its military power, China needs to create strategic oil stocks in order to move effectively its military forces.
If we consider from strategic point of view, China is in the center of Asia, with Pacific Ocean on its East Coast, bordering with Pakistan on the South, China has very favorable geographical strategic advantages. China needs to use its strategic position for early planning strategy in its “non-blood war” for oil resources. Otherwise, China will face containment from the other countries. The purpose of this study is thus to investigate the following issues based upon the date for the influence of energy factor on Chinese foreign policy and intentions during the period of 1993-2006: 1.Understanding the trends for the future growth of energy demand in China. 2.Investigating what kind of measures can be applying by Chinese government in the face of these trends. 3.Figuring out how big the role of energy factor in the Chinese foreign policy implementation.
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冷戰後中共對印度安全政策之研究張顧霈 Unknown Date (has links)
冷戰的結束緩和了東西意識型態的對抗,也使各國紛紛調整對外政策、安全認知,以面對後冷戰時代的國家發展。中共和印度都在這一輪的轉變中,紛紛尋求穩定的周邊環境以進行經濟的發展,提升本國綜合國力,旨在成為國際上的大國。1988年印度總理拉吉夫‧甘地的北京訪問之行,正式打破了中印間近三十年的敵對關係,雙方開始了崎嶇多礙的友好之路。
冷戰後中共對南亞的政策,主要是在現實國家利益考量的基礎上,在睦鄰外交與新安全觀的指導下,以建立負責任的大國形象為目的,所進行的平衡政策。對印度的政策也在這一個原則上,以信心建立措施逐步解決邊界主權爭議,透過強調雙邊經濟合作與國際合作的雙贏利點,來提升中印關係的友好氣氛,並藉以維持西南地緣政治安全環境的穩定。
中印關係目前仍存在的主要對抗根源是邊界問題與傳統武器及核武問題上。中巴關係雖然仍是印度背上的芒刺,但1999年卡吉爾衝突中北京對中立政策的堅持,提升了印度內部的善意力量。西藏問題在印度官方塵埃落定的宣言後,可以說是中印關係中的偏中性因素。另外,中印在經貿上的良性競爭與合作、在建立國際政治經濟新秩序上的共同立場,都有助於中印關係的持續提升。
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台灣企業在醫療器材發展機會之研究鄭金泉 Unknown Date (has links)
繼石化紡織之後,電子資訊產業成為台灣經濟發展上再度提供了二十多年的高度成長時期,也替台灣傳統產業提供結合了更多科技技術於傳統產業,為產業加以升級,替傳統產業提升企業競爭力。如今電子資訊產業已進入成熟期,台灣經濟若要再有持續的成長動力,必須再尋求其他合適台灣發展的產業。
全球醫療器材市場規模在2005年達新台幣52,800億元。若以6% 年成長率估計,2008年市場規模將會成長至新台幣62,080億元,相當吸引台灣企業投資發展。台灣企業自1990年開始發展紅外線體溫計、血壓檢測器等醫療器材產品。1998年台灣企業再度大膽投入研發血糖檢測器、隱形眼鏡、及醫療用導管,目前均有相當的表現成果。
注射器市場規模約新台幣1,800億元,其產業單純的特性相當吸引台灣企業考慮投資發展。約於2000年陳文龍先生獲得第一代自毀式安全注射器的產品專利,於2000年初期正當台灣資本市場有充沛資金,藉助於陳文龍先生的專利成立了數家安全注射針筒的新公司,各家各自投入大部分的資金於購買專利,以及投入專利改良、主要國家專利申請、量產能力的建立、通路開發上。緊接著資金吃緊使得募資更加困難,正考驗經理人的智慧如何去突破此一困境。
重複使用與針刺傳染的醫療器具,造成更大的社會成本,美國政府為了解決每年高額的社會成本,於2000年11月06日由柯林頓總統簽署『安全注射針筒』法案,並訂定2004年後開始全面強制實施,規定全部醫療院所必須提供『安全注射針筒』來保護醫療相關從業人員。法令的強制要求將有希望加速安全注射針筒的發展。
本研究主要採用文獻探討以及個案訪談作為主要的研究方法,先藉由產業與產品的市場分析建立初步的認識,再藉由文獻探討建立起論文整體之架構以及相關理論之說明定義所需探討之研究變項,之後再以注射器的公司現況比較,產銷供應鏈建立發展機會來加以說明。說明所觀察現象的具體意義,以及背後的思考邏輯。而可得到以下初步之研究結論:
量產產品在世代交替過程中之產業特性、醫療器材之進入障礙高、新舊產品世代交替過程中的新產品與新興公司的機會、台灣企業發展空間與價值主張等四部份。根據以上特性獲得研究結論: 『安全注射針筒』非常適合台灣公司發展。 / Following the petrochemical industry and the textile industry, the electronics and information industry has become the major economic development in Taiwan for more than 20 years of high growth period and has advanced competitiveness of the Taiwan traditional industry by applying technologies to the industry. However, the electronics and information industry has entered a period of maturity. It is necessary to seek other potential industries in order to continue Taiwan's economic growth which is the sustained impetus to the Taiwan industrial development.
The global market size of the medical equipments industry amounted to 52,800 hundred million New Taiwan dollars (NTD) in 2005, and if estimated by the 6% annual growth rate, the market size in 2008 will grow to 62,080 hundred million NTD, thus this industry certainly attracts Taiwan enterprises. In truth, since 1990, Taiwan enterprises have began to develop high-tech medical equipment products such as infrared thermometers and blood pressure detectors. As 1998 Taiwan enterprises started to invest research and development (R&D) in blood sugar detectors, contact lens, and catheters, currently such R&D have showed significant achievements.
Among medical equipments, the market size of syringes is approximately 1,800 hundred million NTD, and the nature of its industrial characteristic really attracts Taiwan enterprises. About year 2000, Chen, Wen-Long obtained the first generation of self-destructed safety syringes patents. In the meantime, Taiwan capital market had abundant funds to establish several new ventures with the aid of Chen’s patents. Also, each company invested the majority of funds to purchase patents, proceed patents improvements, apply patents in major countries, establish mass production capacity, and develop channels. Shortly afterward, the difficult situation of financial problems and raising funds arose, and it has tested manager's wisdom to break through this difficult situation since then.
The repetitive use and the acupuncture infection of medical equipments result in the greater social cost. In order to solve such high annual social cost, President Clinton signed “Needlestick Safety and Prevent Act” in November 6, 2000, began in 2004 to start comprehensive enforcement, and stipulated all medical institutes to provide safety syringes to protect medical practitioners. This Act has accelerated the development of safety syringes.
This study takes literature review and case interviews as the major research methods. First, the market analysis of this industry and products provides preliminary understanding. Second, literature review establishes the overall framework of this study and relevant definitions of theories and research variables. Then, this study compares the present situation of syringes companies and explains opportunities of establishing production supply chain. After demonstrating the above, this study illustrates meanings and logic behind them. Finally, the preliminary conclusions of this study include four parts:
The replacing industrial characteristic in mass production of industrial products, high barriers to entry the medical equipments industry, the opportunities of new products and new ventures in this generation of replacing old products with new products, and the development opportunity and value of Taiwan enterprises.
After all, the major conclusion of this study is that “safety syringes” is a great business opportunity for Taiwan enterprises.
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上海合作組織:中共新安全觀的體現高中寰 Unknown Date (has links)
冷戰結束後,在本質上改變了中共與中亞國家的背景與結構關係。雙方因為地緣的關係而有了更密切的交往。於此同時,中共在安全觀也有了實質上的變化;由以往強調軍事為主的傳統安全,逐漸轉而關注新興的非傳統安全威脅上。「互信、互利、平等、協作」是中共新安全觀的基本內容,主張將安全的認知從傳統的軍事領域擴展到政治、經濟、社會、文化等非傳統安全領域,範圍亦從國家延伸至整個國際社會。在實踐安全的途徑上面,主張合作安全。特點再以信任取代猜疑,以對話取代對抗。新安全觀是在共同利益的基礎上透過經濟、政治、軍事對話等方式求得共同安全。
由上海五國到上海合作組織將近10年的發展,可以很明確發覺中共在以經濟發展為主軸的前提下,對安全的評估及政策有了重大的變化。新安全觀的核心價值在上海合作組織有了具體的實踐,該組織也為中共的發展創造了良好的環境。
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運用創新科技提昇病人安全之研究以台灣醫院為例 / Improving Patient Safety Using Emerging Information Technology based on Taiwan Hospital Cases Research趙嘉成, Chao,Victor Unknown Date (has links)
Applying information technology (IT) to support or magnify a competitive business strategy has been recognized which IT had adopted by enterprises. Many examples of various enterprises illustrate applying IT to create and sustain competitive advantage. Applying information strategy is becoming a trend for success and also for coping with dramatic environmental changing.The Institute of Medicine (IOM) brought patient safety issue into the public attention in its 1999 report “To Err is Human”. It is estimated those medical errors responsible for 44,000 and 98,000 deaths in the United States per year. Medical errors are causing patient’s death, permanent loss of health functions, etc.. Facing on these errors, main strategy for preventing errors is applying IT strategy. Many studies and surveys show that information technology can effectively reduce the rate of medical care errors and adverse events, up to 50%.Thus, information technology plays the role as a gatekeeper for promoting and protecting patient safety in various fields of medical care.
The object of this thesis is from historical review to explore various IT strategies adopted by hospitals to improve patient safety and to explore of Taiwan hospitals applying patient safety information technologies to pursue patient safety and its contribution. We are designing this research by three phases. Phase I study, various of SCI literature review from 1990 to 2005 and in-depth interview with physicians, administrators from hospital was used to collect the data. Phase II study; from previous literature reviewed, the model and comments will gather from Phase I interviews to develop a structured questionnaire. Phase III study, In order to reduce the probability of misinterpretation, a Delphi approach was used to further revise and validate the extended framework, which has been synthesized from Phase I and Phase II study. Patient safety has become an important trend and international health facilities operation guidelines. Therefore, hospitals need a well-developed plan to implement in the near future by steps to achieve risk free hospital for patient treatment. We are happy to share our findings to hospitals and learn more on what we can do to make the hospital a safer place for all type of errors.Hospitals not only pursuing a patient safety goal by innovative information technologies but also diffusing, assiminating as a trend of enhance patient safety era.
Key Words: Patient Safety, Medical Error, RFID, Electronic Medical Record.
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師徒功能與工作不安全感關係之探討 / Mentoring Support and Job Insecurity in Mentoring Relationships黃柏儒, Huang, Po Ju Unknown Date (has links)
This study examined the role of mentoring support played in the relationship between mentors’ and protégés’ perceived job insecurity. Using survey data collected from 153 ongoing mentoring dyads from several industries in Taiwan, regression results indicated that mentors’ job insecurity was positively related to protégés’ job insecurity whereas mentors’ job insecurity was negatively related to mentoring support protégés received. Furthermore, mentoring support was negatively related to protégés’ job insecurity. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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歐巴馬政府亞太戰略之研究 / Asia-Pacific Strategic Study of the Barack Obama Administration徐潤武 Unknown Date (has links)
美國在兩次波灣戰爭後使國家深陷反恐戰爭的泥沼,加上經濟風暴國力因此而衰退。在這樣的情況下,歐巴馬政府以結束反恐戰爭為由,在國際戰略上進行收束,以節約國家資源耗費。但美國在亞太地區陷入兩難:中國的快速崛起以及在區域內影響力的提升,使美國產生濃厚的不安全感,感到必須提早加以遏阻,以免威脅美國優勢地位與亞太地區利益。
美國的亞太戰略當然是美國全球戰略與整體外交安全政策設計的一環,顯示中美已從「建設性戰略夥伴關係」轉向「應對共同挑戰的夥伴關係」。歐巴馬認為,地緣經濟時代來臨,美國不能單打獨鬥,在21世紀亞太地區將引領世界前進,美國不能與亞太共同體脫鉤,「亞太再平衡政策」已成美國外交最緊迫之關切。
冷戰結束初期,亞太各國原本期待此一區域因東西兩極意識形態對抗格局的不復存在,以及多數區內國家均以經濟發展為首要任務下,能使得亞太區域安全情勢相對呈現穩定的格局。初期雖能保有部份樂觀的發展,但至1990年代中期,在中共快速崛起,區域的軍事實力與經濟實力發展愈形失調之後,此區的安全情勢也隨之變化。
歐巴馬政府基於亞太地區政經地位的提升,企圖轉向強化對該地區在政治、外交、經濟及軍事等方面的優先地位,扮演更積極的角色以維持區域長期的安全與穩定,確保美國的重要利益及領導地位。
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雲端環境下台灣安全監控產業的經營改革研究 / A Study on the Revolution of Management Strategy in Taiwan’s Security Surveillance Industry Combining with Cloud Computing劉福生 Unknown Date (has links)
在美國發生911事件後,全世界對於國家安全的關注也隨之提高,這也進一步影響了安全監控產業的發展。在發達國家裡的城市對於安全監控設備的要求有增無減,在2008年的全球金融海嘯後,台灣安全監控產業面臨劇大的衝擊,安全監控產品的利潤也越來越少,因此業者想改變現在的局面就必須對安全監控產業進行變革創新,提升未來的競爭優勢。在近期炙手可熱的雲端運算趨勢中,本研究欲把雲端運算與安全監控技術相結合,進一步探討雲端環境下安全監控產業的經營改革所帶來的影響。
本研究的分析方式主要是以問卷調查方法為主,蒐集安全監控專家與業者的意見,並統整進行探索性分析與歸納分析,最後以SWOT分析圖來分析安全監控產業的優勢、劣勢、機會與威脅。
經過資料統整與分析結果後,本研究發現在雲端環境下安全監控產業的影響因素可歸納成三大點,即為是激烈的競爭與雲端、安全監控設備的主要用途以及安全監控產業發達地區。此外透過綜合的結論,本研究也為雲端環境下安全監控產業的經營改革提出了一些建議,希望業者可以透過產品與技術的整合策略,提供更多的附加價值,以提高雲端環境下安全監控產業產品的價值。再來主要是較強調內銷和注重台灣北部以下的市場,並針對這些地區推廣安全監控設備的使用。最後則是匯率上的考量,由於國際間的貿易主要還是以外幣為交易貨幣,因此業者必須考慮匯率的波動性,以減低其帶來的風險。
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冷戰後「中」日安全戰略關係:認知、政策與影響林冠宏, LIN, KUAN-HUNG Unknown Date (has links)
中日全面戰爭及冷戰前期中共與日本的對峙造成了「中」日之間戰爭處理問題的懸而未決,也是當前「中」日間歷史問題的根源。歷史記憶引發中共與日本之間的互不信任及錯誤認知的發生,儘管有著共同合作的需求及意願,但隨著對外在安全環境評估以及安全戰略的轉變,中共與日本開始將對方視為國家安全的威脅,競相發展更快速、更大範圍的反擊能力嚇阻對方,意圖逼使對方讓步成為「懦夫」以保障國家利益,從而進一步相互刺激,形成了「中」日之間的安全困境。美國的介入及美日安全同盟關係的加強,一方面造成了「中」日間歷史問題的形成以及安全困境的難以緩和,但美國的強大嚇阻力也發揮了令中共投鼠忌器、甚至讓中共有意藉助美國之力穩定現狀的效果,使得安全困境仍處於可控制的程度,中共與日本間的安全戰略關係也呈現出競爭與合作並存的「競合」局面,一方面推動了亞太地區安全合作的發展,但雙方對領導地位的競爭卻也阻礙了合作程度的進一步提升。
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中台灣青少兒媒體使用與網路安全素養探討陳俊宏 Unknown Date (has links)
網路科技的進步,帶來了便利,但同時也帶來了過量的資訊。身心發展未達健全的青少兒,在面臨過多且未完善過濾的訊息下,往往容易形成錯誤的概念認知。網路的世界何其多變,網路的訊息更是難以守門而傳播,加上網路發展及保護機制都未達一定水準,網路安全也是值得探討的問題,而青少兒在這樣的情況之下是否有足夠的辨識能力了解網路資訊的安全,從而有安全的網路使用行為,都是現今社會需要注意的地方。
本研究以資訊素養及網路安全素養概念為出發點,用來分析中台灣地方青少兒對於網路安全素養概念的認知及影響源。本研究以中台灣六縣市國小三年級399位小學生為調查對象,所得資料以描述性統計、t檢定、單因子變異數分析、相關分析及卡方檢定,針對人口基本背景、媒體使用及網路安全素養之間進行考驗研究及回答假設問題。
研究結果發現,中台灣青少兒在媒體使用行為上,網路使用情況明顯受到較多因素的影響,而越是受多越多管制與缺乏使用的情況,青少兒對於網路安全素養概念的認知就越有不同的情況產生。但更可發現的是,青少兒對於「安全」概念的定義並未清楚,對於真實社會與網路之間的關係容易將之混為一談,兒童對於網路安全素養往往也以真實社會中的安全定義來審視之,而無法真正的來處理虛擬世界中的許多問題。以本研究的調查來看,青少兒建立網路安全素養的腳步需更進一步拓展,除了正規教育外,親屬間的相互影響將可能是青少兒對於網路安全素養另一項重點來源。
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