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能源安全對美國中東外交政策工具選擇之影響-以美國石油產量為例 / The impact on energy security of US Middle East foreign policy tool of choice-A Case Study of American Oil Production邱信國, Chiu, Hsin Kuo Unknown Date (has links)
美國擁有豐富的石油儲量,目前已探明的石油儲量即達到 485 億桶,居世界
第 9 位;同時也於 2014 年追過沙烏地阿拉伯,以平均每日 1164 萬桶的產量成為
世界上最大石油生產國。但另一方面,美國每日的石油消耗量,更大於歐洲及歐
亞大陸內 29 個國家的每日消耗量的總合,成為世界上最大的石油消費國。身為
世界上最大的能源消費國及戰後世界秩序的主導者,同時歷經一、二次世界大戰
及石油危機的重大衝擊後,深知能源的穩定供應是國家安全的重要基礎,美國必
須盡全力透過外交甚至軍事手段以確保能源的安全,所以歷屆政府都以能源安全
作為國家安全及外交政策的重點。
中東是目前全球己探明石油儲量最大的地區,也是全球石油產量最大的地區,
是以美國以能源戰略為導向的外交政策(簡稱能源外交)傳統上是以中東石油為
重心,美國也將中東地區的均勢與穩定、確保石油運輸通道的安全等視為其最根
本的國家利益之一。二次世界大戰之後,美國為了擴張或鞏固其在中東地區的影
響力而投入了大量的資源進行政治、經濟及軍事的干預。而頁岩油的出現使得美
國石油自給率大幅提高,對中東地區石油的依賴也迅速下滑。
頁岩油的出現是否會讓美國改變其向中東傾斜的外交政策,進一步將其全球
戰略部署重心進行調整至快速崛起的亞洲地區,值得我們觀察與探討。本論文以
文獻研究之方式,透過分析美國對石油進口的依賴程度與其在中東發生軍事衝突
時所採用的外交政策工具之間的關聯,嘗試探討在頁岩油革命大幅提高美國能源
自給率後,是否會影響美國對中東地區事務的干預程度。
本研究發現,石油進口比例的確影響了美國在中東地區所運用的外交政策工
具。石油進口比例高時,美國面對中東的跨國軍事衝突時傾向採取強度較高的外
交政策工具;石油進口比例低時,則採取干預強度較低的外交政策工具。是以本
研究認為,在頁岩油革命使美國進一步降低對進口石油的依賴後、將使中東這個
提供美國主要石油來源的地區的重要性降低。但另一方面,中東除了提供美國重
要的石油來源,亦是全球的石油供應中心,美國對中東地區的影響力不僅關係到
美國的能源安全,亦關係到美國全球霸權的地位。 / United States has abundant oil reserves that reserves reached 485 billion barrels, ranking No. 9 in the world; and also chase in 2014 over Saudi-Arabia, to 1164 million barrels of production per day on average to become the world largest oil producer. On the other hand, the US daily oil consumption, the greater the total combined daily consumption in Europe and Eurasia in the 29 countries, the world's largest oil consumer. As the world's largest energy consumer and the postwar world order leader, after a while, after the Second World War and the significant impact of the oil crisis, we know that stable supply of energy is an important basis for the national security of the United States must do efforts through diplomatic and even military means to guarantee energy security, the successive governments have focused on energy security as national security and foreign policy. The Middle East is currently the world's largest oil reserves in the region have been proven, is the world's largest oil production area, based on the US foreign policy-oriented energy strategy (referred to energy diplomacy) is traditionally focus on Middle East oil, the United States will in the Middle East balance and stability in the region, to ensure the safety of oil transport corridor, etc. regarded as one of the most fundamental interests of their country. After World War II, the United States in order to expand or consolidate its influence in the Middle East and put a lot of resources, political, economic, and military intervention. The emergence of shale oil self-sufficiency rate of such a substantial increase in US oil dependence on Middle East oil is also declining rapidly. Shale oil occurs whether the United States will change its foreign policy towards the Middle East tilt further its global strategic center of gravity to adjust to the rapid rise of Asia, we should observe and discuss. In this paper, after the manner of literature, through the analysis of foreign policy tools related U.S. dependence on oil imports and its military conflict in the Middle East used between attempts to discuss a substantial increase in US energy self-sufficiency rate in shale oil revolution, whether the United States will affect the level of intervention in the Middle East affairs. The study found that the proportion of imported oil does affect US foreign policy tool in the Middle East by the use of. A high proportion of oil imports, the United States when faced with cross-border military conflict in the Middle East tends to take a higher intensity of a foreign policy tool; low proportion of imported oil, then take a low intensity intervention foreign policy tool. The present study is that in the US shale oil revolution to further reduce the importance of post-import dependence on oil, the Middle East, will provide the main source of US oil region is reduced. On the other hand, the Middle East and the United States in addition to providing an important source of oil, is also a center of global oil supplies, the US forces in the Middle East not only to America's energy security, but also related to the status of US global hegemony.
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芬蘭中立政策研究:中立與不結盟廖琬瑜 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文探討芬蘭中立政策。首先說明中立意涵以界定芬蘭中立政策的特質。芬蘭中立政策一直是安定與經濟並重,一面與蘇聯/俄羅斯維持良好關係,一面爭取進入西方市場,確保經濟利益。因此,芬蘭所採取的政策為平衡策略。二次大戰後以中立政策為優先,實為考慮到國家利益與國家生存。後冷戰時期,蘇聯瓦解,限制芬蘭與西歐整合的因素不再,芬蘭因經濟需要,選擇加入歐洲聯盟。成為歐盟會員後,芬蘭必須重新調整中立政策,以因應歐盟的共同外交暨安全政策。共同外交暨安全政策要求歐盟會員國必須接受歐盟制定的共同外交政策,甚而共同防衛。這是測試芬蘭等中立國對歐盟承諾的最大極限。芬蘭的外交政策因而逐漸不談中立,但仍維持中立的核心-軍事不結盟與可信的防衛。芬蘭採行不結盟政策,避免參與集體防衛的行動,嚴格區分防衛與危機處理任務,不參與軍事層面的活動。芬蘭利用北約組織架構進行國際合作,參與非軍事行動,增加本身危機處理能力。此外,在西歐聯盟的機制下,也提倡危機處理與維持和平任務,謹慎選擇參與的行動。本論文的結論為芬蘭的中立政策保有其彈性與靈活性,以符合東西集團的要求,隨著國際情勢的轉變與國內的要求,調整中立政策。冷戰時期芬蘭在安全需要與經濟需要間取得平衡;後冷戰時期,因國內經濟考量加入歐盟,不再採取中立政策,外交政策調整為不結盟政策,不參與軍事聯盟,因此沒有加入西歐聯盟與北約組織。但並不意謂芬蘭將來不會放棄不結盟政策,仍舊保有政策的彈性,若情勢變遷,芬蘭可能會選擇加入軍事聯盟,捍衛本身的安全需求。
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東亞信心暨安全建立機制-從中共的態度與角色檢證王韻 Unknown Date (has links)
二十世紀的最後十年,東亞無疑地是一塊讓研究者目眩神迷的地方:一方面有著人類歷史上最快的經濟發展成績;另一方面,卻又在冷戰結束後興起另一波的區域危機暗流,一九九四年北韓核子危機、一九九六年台海危機、一九九八年北韓大浦洞飛彈引爆的日本安保效應、乃至二○○○年台灣總統選舉風雲與南北韓高峰會、加上美國在二○○一年「九一一」事件後即將在東亞及世界推動的「反恐」所產生的未知效應,都在再地反應此一區域對安全機制的迫切需要。
最常被提及的安全機制,就是不斷被討論的「信心建立措施」(Confidence-building Measures: CBMs)或是延伸的概念「信心暨安全建立措施」(Confidence-Security building Measures:CSBMs),但是東亞現狀仍為冷戰對峙氣氛所籠罩,安全機制乏善可陳,在南海問題方面,各國仍以擱置暫代安全機制的建立;中共在台海危機中的態度更證明了信心建立措施主張的無力。在另一方面,中共在朝鮮半島與中亞扮演完全不同的角色,積極地扮演負責任的區域大國的任務,試圖在亞洲大陸中佔一個關鍵的地位,並以此外拒其它勢力染指此一區域。更為明顯的是,在東亞安全局勢的變化中,朝鮮問題與台海問題是最可能的爆發點,而其中共同的關鍵即是作為新興列強的中國大陸了,中共無疑是東亞地區關鍵的外交行為者,中共在區域安全事務上的矛盾性與特殊地位正給研究者一個重新檢視安全機制理論的良好例證。
也因此本論文的重點即是重新評價與建構安全機制理論,分成兩大部分,第一是從理論的角度批判與補強信心建立措施,主要是由新現實主義的體系理論觀點批判信心建立措施的自成性與先驗性 ,另一方面也從建構主義 (construcivism)與國際建制理論(internaional regimes theory)的最新發展擷取靈感,補足其在方法論與分析架構的不足。就東亞安全的環境而言,「政治安全」的優先地位必須被特別加以考量,一方面是因為東亞國家在主觀意識上仍以國家利益的考量為依歸(就中共而言是「新安全觀」),另一方面,政治安全上的互信與互賴在被充分滿足的情形下,軍事安全、經濟安全等等次領域建制化的合作才能依次建立。
另一個重點則是由實際的例證出發,分析中共在東亞安全的角色與作為,就同樣的理論基礎而言,中共也同樣地受主觀意願與客觀體系所制約,究竟何種因素推動中共的安全作為?其與體系成員的互動為何?又未來的安全架構如何建立?筆者認為東亞並非缺乏多邊安全建制的主張,而是缺乏如何建構安全機制的階段性手段,中共周邊安全機制發展成功與失敗的例子,都足以凸顯何種因素對於建構區域安全機制是最重要的,在朝鮮半島,大國的互動促成了兩韓和解與「四方會談」體制的實現,但也因為大國間的互信基礎在國內因素轉變下瓦解,而導致和解遲滯不前;在東協與東協區域論壇的發展上,雖然取得相當好的建制化成果,但在處理南海問題上,仍因區域論壇缺乏大國的積極參與而沒有任何突破性的進展;「上海合作組織」的出現顯示中共的確願意發展區域多邊安全機制,但這個機制的成員與目標則必須符合中共國家安全戰略的考量。
因此,本文提出一個東亞「信心暨安全建立機制」的基本架構,第一個部分,這個機制在研究途徑上,除了新自由主義的方法與工具外,同時必須包含新現實主義的體系觀,也就是國家行為的產出包含主客觀因素的「體系十國家利益」的綜合考量(以中共而言,就是「大國外交」+「新安全觀」);第二個部分,釐清安全機制的發展階段概念,提出「東亞安全的發展光譜」,尤其著重「政治CBMs」的重要性。第三個部分,配合「東亞安全發展光譜」,與各吹區域建制水準與信心水準的觀察,可以得出一個東亞「信安機制」發展階段的客觀評估。最後,本文整理出一個東亞「信安機制」成立的十一個要件,作為本文對於「何謂東亞安全機制」與「東亞安全機制如何運作」這兩個核心問題的解答。
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後冷戰時期美國東亞安全政策之研究 / Post cold war study on US east asia security policy黃國揚, Huang, Kuo Ying Unknown Date (has links)
美國柯林頓總統於1995、1996年所提出《擴大與交往的國家安全戰略》報告指出:「美國國家安全戰略基礎在於擴大市場、民主社群,同時嚇阻與圍堵對我們國家、盟邦與我們利益的廣泛威脅。」。為了這一廣泛目的,美國須維持一個強大的防衛力量與運用有效的外交政策,以提升合作性的安全措施;致力打開外國市場與激勵全球成長;助長海外的民主並促進區域的合作安全等。
小布希總統2002年《美國國家安全戰略》報告也將「透過自由市場和自由貿易開啟全球經濟發展的新時期」列為國家安全戰略的一環。2006年的「美國國家安全戰略」重申自由且公平的貿易政策是第一支柱的一部份,透過自由市場和自由貿易來啟動一個全球經濟成長的新時代是其整體戰略之一;另一方面為了終結暴政和促進有效率的民主,工具之一就是締結自由貿易協定,鼓勵各國加強法治、打擊腐敗、落實民主責任。
美國的東亞政策可說重回「新現實主義」與「新自由主義」的雙軌路線。東亞經貿的發展與區域經濟的整合,更是讓美國看到延長霸權經濟命脈的新金礦。未來區域內的主導地位,將會取決於中國與美國相互競爭,這個競爭也許會是良性的,各取所需、各有所獲,但是過程中將會顯示這兩個大國經濟發展將在區域內的產生權力消長。
美國認為,中國在地緣戰略上是具有實力引起國際權力分配產生重大轉變,因此美國政策必須調和改變去掌控中國,以便維持及促進美國重大利益。但是隨著國際局勢變化,美國對中國的態度趨於務實,摒除與中國聯盟對抗蘇聯的思維,轉為全面性交往,但是強化其與日本等國的軍事同盟關係。
推展民主制度雖然不一定是美國的優先要務,但只要機會,美國總是鼓勵各國走向民主,因為美國人普遍認為,民主政體有能力抵擋極權擴張、便於美國行使權利、減少軍事衝突的風險。此論點乃基於民主國家比非民主國家更不願意發動戰爭之想法。在某些菁英人士心目中,保障及推展民主乃是美國重要的道德目標。
美國為確保國家利益及國家安全戰略總體指導,後冷戰時期美國在東亞區域經濟、軍事、政治安全等領域維護將更為重視,並力求主導區域安全相關議題制定、運作機制和秩序規範。 / US president Clinton points out a topic “Enlargement and Engagement” in the National Security Strategy Report, it says “United States National Security Strategy is based on enlargement the market and diplomatic social groups, simultaneously deter and stop any threat that will disadvantage out nation and allied nations.” For this general purpose, United States has to sustain a strong defense power and utilize diplomatic to improve the cooperation of security measures, endeavor in open foreign market, incentive global economic growth, diplomatic nations growth, and area security cooperation, etc.
President George Bush also point out “use free market and free trading to open the new growth of global economic era” from the National Security Strategy Report in 2002. It restated free and fair trading policy plays a big portion in 2006. Through free market and free trading to initiate a new era of global economic growth is part of the plan. The tool of terminating tyranny and effective the diplomatic is making a trade policy to encourage other nations stop crime and corruption. Play the role of democracy country.
United States Eastern Asia policy is back to theory of “neo-realism” and “neo-liberalism” two axis. The development of Eastern Asia Trade and Integration of Area Economic are the new vault for United States to prolong his sovereign rule in economic. The future leading nation of the area depends on China and United States competition. It maybe positive, each gains his own benefits, but the process will show the grow or diminish of these two nations economic growth within the area.
United States think that China’s regional strategy is very powerful which makes the change of international power distribution, so that U.S. has to adjust the policy to facilitate the U.S. key interests. But, along the change of international situation, the U.S. attitude with China turns out to be more practical. It changes the idea of allied with China against Soviet to fully engage with China in all perspectives. In addition, it strengths the military allied relationship with Japan and eastern Asia countries.
To popularize the democracy is not the first priority of United States. If there is a chance, U.S. will always encourage all countries toward democracy. American think that democratic system can stop the extremity system expand, which ease U.S. use his privilege and reduce military conflict risk. This is based on democratic nation is more unwilling to start a war than any other nations. In certain elites’ mind, that the goal of U.S. ethics is to ensure and improve democratic.
After cold war era based on U.S. interest, United States is more emphasize on the Eastern Asia’s economic, military, and political security, and endeavor on leading the area security.
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泰國邊境與國家安全政策: 以難民的角度分析 / Thailand’s Boundary and National Security Policy: An Analysis of Refugee Issue王懷清, Kessaraporn Siriratana Unknown Date (has links)
本論文研究的主題是泰國為維護其邊界安全作出的國家安全政策。泰國位在印度支那半島的中心點,當周邊國家發生動亂時,泰國就成為政治難民逃難的目的地,而且入侵的人數非常多。先後進入泰國的政治難民有泰北孤軍、馬來亞共產黨及柬埔寨難民。本文探討他們進入泰國的原因、在泰國的行為、及泰國政府處置政治難民的政策及最後的歸屬。當時泰國國內也深受共產主義的迫害,使得泰國政府除了要消除來自國外的威脅,還要利用這些難民來協助阻止泰共的活動,或者利用這些難民團體構建其邊疆的防衛圈,成為防衛泰國邊界的前沿軍隊。最後泰國政府以其維護邊境安全有功的理由給予泰北孤軍和馬來亞共產黨人泰國籍,對柬埔寨難民則採取遣返回國或送至第三國安置的辦法。總之,泰國政府以包容性的政策,容納週鄰政治難民,藉以防衛其邊境並開發其邊疆荒蕪之地,是乃泰國邊境安全政策成功之道。 / This paper focuses on Thailand’s national security policy for its boundary issue. Due to the central position in Indo-Chinese Peninsular, when there happened the political turmoil of the surrounding countries, territory of Thailand has been used as a shelter for a large number of political refugees. Those political refugee groups include the Chinese Nationalist troops (KMT), Communist Party of Malaya (CPM), and Cambodian refugees. The reasons of political refugees entering into Thailand, activities and Thai government policy towards them, would be discussed in this paper. Since the 1950s, Thailand suffered from rebel activities of the Communist Party of Thailand, so Thai government took advantage of combating experience of political refugees to fight against those Thai Communists in bordering area. Thai government even gave them the land and agricultural instruments to cultivate in bordering area and encouraged them stay by giving Thailand nationality to KMT troops and members of CPM, but repatriated those Cambodia refugees to back to Cambodia or to resettle in the third country. Thai government adopted an accommodate policy towards those political refugee groups, by using them to defence its border area and develop the economy, successfully to maitain its border security.
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蘇聯與中共國家安全政策之比較研究-以韓戰為例 / A comparative study on national security policy between USSR and PRC- Focusing on the Korean War(1950-1953)葉奕葭, Elizabeth Y. C. Yeh Unknown Date (has links)
雖則蘇聯已經解體,世界進入了後冷戰時代。在冷戰時期相互抗衡的美蘇關係,仍是學界研究的熱點之一。自1990年冷戰終結之後,蘇聯、原本在舊蘇聯中的國家及中國大陸檔案資料的陸續開放,對韓戰研究可說有了新的突破。以美國學者John Lewis Gaddis為首的冷戰國際史學派補充或批判了前面包括傳統學派、修正學派等研究的不足之處。
本文引用檔案和韓戰研究學者的論點與分析,重新梳理在韓戰前後蘇中的國家安全政策考量,並深入析論有關下列幾項當今學者尚未分析或深入研究的種種問題。
本研究嘗試結合國際關係與冷戰國際史(Cold War International History Project)兩學門之跨領域研究,藉以澄清韓戰時期國際體系成員的互動及其造成的影響。另外,也試著使用理性決策模式來分析中蘇兩國領導人的國家安全決策。
研究結果顯示中蘇兩國領導人都是以理性判斷認為自己的決策是正確的,然而事實結果卻並非如此。莫斯科對平壤所提之韓戰計畫錯誤地開放了「綠燈」,北京在多次以外交方式警告華盛頓無效之後,認為美國可能進攻中國東北,並對其新興政權造成威脅,以致最後出兵介入韓戰。戰爭的結果最後還是在38度線附近簽署了停戰協定,但南北韓仍舊尚未統一,無數人員卻因此喪失寶貴的生命。
本文結論提出在美軍進逼鴨綠江和蘇聯的雙重壓力下,中共最後決定出兵介入韓戰,主因是國家安全利益。中共軍事戰略因戰局轉變而改變其戰略:前期是「間接路線」與「殲滅戰」,後期則是「消耗戰」。不論是在軍事戰略或是外交戰略上,莫斯科扮演之角色是在背後指揮協調北京和平壤。蘇聯使中共成為「責任承擔者」(buck-catcher),本國則扮演「離岸平衡者」(offshore balancer)的角色。中共和北韓事事都要通報莫斯科,由莫斯科做出最後決定─即使北京和平壤兩方都想停戰,莫斯科仍堅持不停戰。戰爭後期蘇聯為削弱美國和中共實力,支持中共續戰。
韓戰停戰協議之簽署是因史達林去世之後。莫斯科認為戰爭再繼續有損蘇聯國家利益,乃通知平壤和北京有關停戰的解決方針的策略。韓戰協議的簽署基本上是在莫斯科新政府的領導與調停之下,北京和平壤最後遵循了莫斯科的指示才停戰。
中蘇兩造在共同利益驅使之下為追求個別利益,在利益衝突之間尋求合作利益。兩國且於韓戰之中各自為該國的國家利益著想,盟友關係只是暫時的而非永久的。 / In this study, an attempt is made to clarify the interactions between the members of the international system during the Korean War in an interdisciplinary approach combining the International Relations and the Cold War International History. Based on the materials from opened archives in the former Soviet Union and Communist China, the considerations, objectives and national security strategies of the leaders are analyzed in the light of the rational decision-making model.
The results show that although the leaders made their own judgments based on rational thinking, the outcome of the war is the armistice agreement demarcating the 38th parallel as the borderline between the two Koreas with minor changes; North and South Korea are still yet to be reunified, despite numerous soldiers and civilians losing their precious lives.
The conclusion is as follows. China decided to send troops to intervene in the Korean War mainly due to national security interest to cope with the threat of the approaching US forces and the Soviet Union pressure. To cope with the varying war situation, China’s military strategy changed from the “war of annihilation” and the “indirect approach strategy” in the former phase, to the “strategy of exhaustion” in the later phase. Whether in the military or diplomatic field, Moscow played a commanding role and coordinated of Beijing and Pyongyang behind. Soviet Union made China the “buck-catcher”, meanwhile played the role as the “offshore balancer”. Soviet Union pushed for the continuation of the war to weaken the strength of United States, in spite of the reluctance of China and North Korea.
It was after Joseph V. Stalin’s death than the Armistice Agreement was finally signed. The signing of the agreement was essentially under the lead of the new leadership in Moscow. Both Soviet Union and China sought their own national interest during the Korean war. The Sino- Soviet alliance was only temporary rather than permanent.
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資訊安全「影響因素與評估模式」之研究洪國興 Unknown Date (has links)
由於資訊科技的快速進步,電子商務的盛行,組織的資訊環境隨之大幅變遷,資訊系統用者已由組織內部的特定人員,迅速擴大到無國界而不特定的任何人,組織對資訊系統的依賴亦日益加深,凡此種種,都使得組織的資訊安全面臨空前的挑戰。世界各地每天都在上演著,無孔不入的網路入侵,組織內部的人謀不臧,及層出不窮的各種災害,因此,舉世無不對資訊安全更加的重視,期望資訊安全管理理論能作為組織資訊安全管理之策略方針,建構一個與技術無關的資訊安全管理系統,並評估此一系統的有效可行,實為本研究之目標。
本研究經由文獻探討,實務觀察,將資訊安全管理理論歸納為:安全政策理論、風險管理理論、控制與稽核理論、管理系統理論、權變理論等五種,繼而針對上開理論之不足與侷限,建構資訊安全管理之「整合系統理論」,以因應組織資訊安全管理循序程序與權變程序之需,此一理論包括:安全政策、風險管理、內部控制與資訊稽核,以權變管理為基礎的資訊安全管理架構。繼而以「整合系統理論」之權變程序與「安全政策理論」為基礎,發展「安全政策模式」,進行因徑分析,經驗證結果,「組織性質」與「資訊組織規模」之大小會影響「資訊安全政策制定時間」之早晚,「資訊安全政策」會影響組織「資訊安全之提昇」,且其兩者之間有因果關係。
本研究進而建構「影響資訊安全因素架構」,就資訊安全影響因素66項,對資訊人員進行問卷調查,經以因素分析結果,萃取八個因素構面,再以「整合系統理論」為基礎,轉化為「影響資訊安全關鍵因素架構」,包含8個關鍵因素構面。本研究以上開研究為基礎繼續發展「資訊安全評估總體指標」之層級結構,含9項評估構面,其最底層之評估準則共37項。繼而以層級程序分析法(AHP)就資訊安全評估總體指標各評估構面與評估準則進行權重評估,其評估構面權重之重要程度,依序為:「安全政策與資源」、「人員安全」、「存取控制」、「系統與網路」、「風險管理」、「實體安全」、「業務持續運作」、「資訊稽核」、「軟體管理」等,再結合目標,評估構面與評估準則之權重,建構「資訊安全多準則評估模式」。
本研究進而以實務探討及個案研究,驗證研究結果之可用性,對於組織解決資訊安全問題之管理、產品與工具、委外服務之策略,及資訊安全管理程序等,經訪查結果顯示:組織解決資訊安全問題,具有權變管理的多元程序之特性,並發展諸多命題。又以真實個案採用「資訊安全多準則評估模式」,進行資訊安全評估,經驗証結果顯示模式的可用性。
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歐體之集體外交--歐洲政治合作的探討(1970-1993) / The collective diplomacy of EC--European political cooperation (1970-1993)劉政鑫, LIU Unknown Date (has links)
歐洲政治合作(European Political Cooperation)為歐體自1970起實施之一制度,以便各成成員國討論及協調對外交事務之立場,並在適當之情勢下採取一致行動,以確保各國之共同利益並對抗來自外部之壓力,此種各會員國聯合模式之集體外交,迥異於傳統以個別國家為主體之外交行為,而其後續之演進--共同外交暨安全政策(Common Foreign and Security Policy),更是研究歐洲統合不容忽視之重要範疇,故值得加以進一步之探討.歐洲政治合作係與共同體平行的行動,它溯自1970年迄至1993年,歐體藉此一架構採取共同外交政策之協調,並由其會員國制訂及實施.
本論文首先將當前歐洲政治合作文獻作一初步整理,隨後探討相關問題,包括歐洲政治合作理論之建構,其次為自其發展過程及個案研究評估歐洲政治合作的實際成效與影響. 綜合研究之初步成果,目前國際關係理論尚不能完全解釋歐洲政治合作此一現象,有待學界進一步之努力. 其次,歐洲政治合作此一政府間本質之架構,在實施上僅能達到有限之效果,檢視其以往記錄並無一項明確之共同外交政策存在,所謂歐洲政治合作的協調映象僅建立於次要的議題,包括共同宣言及部份的制裁與援助措施,但若與個別成員國利益衝突或面臨國際危機時,則其所能發揮之效用最小,因此歐體各國對個別的國家利益及國內政治的認知仍優於對共同體,而從歐洲政治合作演進至共同外交暨安全政策的發展過程來看,各國真正能讓渡主權而實施一項共同外交政策,仍有一段漫長的路途.
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德國海外派兵政策:1991-2009 / Germany's overseas military deployment: 1191-2009謝佳振, Hsieh, Chia Cheng Unknown Date (has links)
90年代起,德國再統一後躍上全球政治舞臺,從過去歐洲安全的顧慮之國,轉型成為今日歐洲政治、經濟與軍事穩定力量。但是在後冷戰時期,過去許多次級威脅因子失去了壓抑力量後,成為後冷戰時期新形態的安全議題,威脅全球政治與經濟的穩定與安全。面對這些紛踵沓至的威脅,德國一方面必須鞏固與維護自身冷戰期間所累積的經貿成就,另一方面則積極配合聯合國、北大西洋公約組織與歐洲聯盟的決策,派遣聯邦國防軍遠赴海外,從事維和、軍事、人道與救援等國際性任務,追求自身外交正常化的目標。
本文研究發現,1991年至2009年為止,聯邦國防軍在過去19年來的71項海外維和、軍事、人道與救援等國際性任務,都嚴格限定在聯合國、北約與歐盟憲章的框架下,恪遵既有的國際秩序與國內憲法規範,實踐身為聯合國、北約與歐盟成員國的義務,成為上述三大國際組織最倚賴的軍事力量。
雖然歷年來德國政府已透過具體的立法與釋憲過程,排除《基本法》限制德國海外派兵政策的規範,但是行政部門的決策過程中仍須面臨國內外輿論對於德國海外派兵政策的反對與疑慮;加上德國政府每年投入國防建軍的經費有限,聯邦國防軍的軟硬體設備未必能夠負擔高頻率與海外派兵任務,眾多因素都使聯邦國防軍多年來的派兵成效有限。
德國再統一後雖於積極參與三大國際組織框架行動,配合自身的外交折衝談判與軍事影響力,欲積極重塑其國家的地位。面對諸多主客觀的限制與未臻成熟的條件,德國重返正常化國家的過程仍將艱辛無比。 / Since the re-unification in 90’s, Germany has leaped upon the stage of the global politics. With much effort, Germany has successfully rendered itself from “a nation of grave concern to European security” into “a stable political, economic and military power in modern Europe.” However, during the post-Cold War era, those probable and minor threats, which were suppressed by the huge atmosphere of U.S.-Soviet confrontation, will appear to became the new forms of security issues in the 21st century, and further to jeopardize the global political and economic security and stability. Dealing with these countless and non-stopping new forms of threat, Germany, on the one hand, must secure its existent accomplishment in trade and the miracle of economic development, and also, on the other hand, actively accommodate the decisions and charters of the United Nations, North Atlantic Treaty Organization and European Union, to pursue Germany’s “normalized diplomacy ”by deploying its Federal Defense Army, Bundeswehr, into the overseas hostile spots, to implement the peacekeeping, military, humanitarian and rescue operations.
From 1991 to 2009, Bundeswehr has participated in 71 international peacekeeping, military, humanitarian and rescue operations, which were all implemented strictly under the framework and the charters of the UN, NATO and EU. Over the past 19 years, Germany has obediently complied with the existent regulations of the international laws and the German constitution, Grundgestez, and fulfilled the compulsory obligations as the member of the 3 institutions stated above. For this matter of fact, Bundeswehr has become the reliable military force in these institutions.
This thesis has drawn the humble conclusions that although the German executive branches has overruled the legal obstacles and set new paths of deploying Bundeswehr overseas by the legislative move and the explication of the Grundgestez, the executive branches will always tackle the domestic criticism and the international skepticism; meanwhile, the executive branches have never allocated even more sufficient annual budget for the military branches to maintain its readiness-rate, therefore the training of personnel, software, equipment and facilities may not genuinely satisfy the needs for actual battles and afford the frequent and distant operations. The combination of these problem has compromised the actual consequence and the efficiency of Germany’s overseas military deployments in the past two decades.
Having endeavored so hard to comply with the operations under the framework of the three major institutions, accompanying its maneuvering of diplomacy and military significance, Germany will still have to give much toil and labor to re-shape its international status. Nevertheless, being obstructed by the immature subjective and objective conditions, Germany’ road returning to its Normalcy of the state will still be long and difficult.
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