我國經濟發展過程中，工業部門係我國經濟成長的重要推手。為推動工業發展，由政府主動編定工業區，早期皆已出售方式提供土地，至80年代因產業外移，致使工業區土地滯銷，為去化工業區土地，由政府以優惠政策提供廠商較低價之出租優惠方案及貼近市場行情之出售優惠方案，惟出售之土地並未要求購地者須限期建廠，本研究目的是為了解影響廠商建廠之因素為何，回顧工業區位理論及過去製造業區位選擇相關研究，以複迴歸實證影響廠商之建廠因素。 研究結果顯示影響廠商建廠因素主要為工業區整體環境，包含工業區年產值、廠商家數、公共設施面積、地價、引進產業類別等，除此之外，二級產業人均薪資、工業支出及政府政策等亦對於廠商建廠有影響。故針對目前未建廠之土地，主管機關應儘速提出改善計畫，促使廠商儘速建廠；另未來新開發工業區時，應於規劃前期詳實調查產業需求、定價策略，並訂定限期完成建廠使用，提升整體工業區土地使用效率。 / In the process of economic development, the industrial sector is an important promoter of economic growth in Taiwan. In order to promote industrial development, the government takes the initiative to set up industrial areas. Due to offshore migration of Manufacturing Industry, the industrial lands were slow-selling in 1990. In order to closing out the slow-selling industrial land, the government provided manufacturers for preferential lease and sell projects. But the government didn’t regulate manufacturers to set a time limit about constructing factory building. The purpose of this study is to understand the factors that affect the manufacturers to build factories. This study reviews the theory of industrial location and the past manufacturing location selection related research and uses multiple regression analysis to understand the factors that affect the manufacturers to build factories. The research results show that the main factors is industrial area environment, including industrial annual production value, number of manufacturers, industrial area of public facilities, industrial land price and industrial classification, in addition, the manufacturing industry per capita salary, industrial expenditure and government policy also affect the manufacturers to build factories. As a result, the government should raise plan of improvement to urge manufacturers to build factories. If the government develops new industrial areas in the future, it is important to investigate industrial demand on manufacturing, land price strategy and Set the deadline to complete the construction that will enhance the efficiency of land use in industrial areas.

製造業是台灣經濟發展的重點產業，科技快速的發展加速工業技術的革新，面對全球的競爭，我國製造業需透過持續的創新來維持其在國際上的競爭地位。工業4.0下的技術創新即是製造業在尋求發展與成長的最佳動能。近年來的文獻多半針對工業4.0的概念進行介紹，較少研究工業4.0這個新興的議題，亦較少談論企業如何進行工業4.0的技術創新活動。本研究藉由個案訪談了解我國企業在面對工業技術快速變化之下，推動工業4.0技術創新活動的實際作為，並以「組織方式」與「知識管理」兩大構面為主軸，針對我國三家在不同產業中具優異表現的公司進行研究，得到了以下的結論： 結論一：企業在推動工業4.0下的技術創新活動時，會從公司內部原有業務內容進行延伸，依產業類別的不同而有不同的發展方向。 結論二：企業推動工業4.0技術創新活動的團隊，會具有較高的權力層級及跨功 能整合程度，且團隊領導者特別強調溝通與整合的能力。 結論三：企業在整合工業4.0相關知識時，會同時強調整合的廣度與深度。 最後，本研究提出對於產業實務上以及後續學術研究上的建議。 / Manufacturing industry is one of the backbones of Taiwanese economy. As the rapid development of technology accelerates the innovation of industry, Taiwan’s manufacturing should be more aggressive in innovation in order to maintain its competitiveness in the global world. “Industry 4.0” provides the best opportunity for manufacturing companies for growth. In the past few years, the research and studies of Industry 4.0 focused more on providing an overall preliminary introduce and rarely mention how companies can apply it to the innovation activities. This study aims to investigate the actual responses of companies while doing technology innovation activities in "Industry 4.0". A framework with two major constructs: organizing, knowledge management is adopted for this study. And three leading companies in different industry are selected. Three conclusions from this study are as follows: 1. Enterprises that promote Industry 4.0 technology innovation activities will be usually extended from their existing business, and have different direction for business development according to their industry types. 2. Enterprises that promote Industry 4.0 technology innovation activities will require the responsible teams to have higher level of authority and cross functional integration. The ability to communicate and integrate will be also emphasized by the team leaders. 3. The breadth and depth of integration will be emphasized when the enterprises try to integrate the related knowledge of Industry 4.0. Finally, there are some recommendations for industry and follow-up researcher.

「台灣的代工製造產業應該如何發展」的問題，是困擾PC產業的管理難題，特別是在公司面臨產品成熟、訂單驟減、毛利下滑的時刻。所有台灣的代工製造產業亟思轉型的方法和方向，但是轉型到的新的產品市場或產品也是非常複雜、動態、多重因素多相互依存及影響。屬於複雜難解的問題(Wicked Problem)、問題本身都還需要定義及釐清。本論文將列出想解決的議題並定義為服務設計的議題。 因此本研究的服務設計議題(Service Design Challenge)可定義如下:「以服務設計思維建構專業代工緯創的未來」。本論文經由訪談傳統PC產業的品牌公司、IC供應商、作業系統公司和工業PC的公司，研究過程藉由運用服務設計(Service Design)手法並發掘洞見(Insights)與價值，據此將真正符合客戶需求，在找出表面及深層需求後、設計新的服務模式，得到其反饋之後再修正設計；接著結合最新科技趨勢，例如：物聯網、工業4.0、感測器和機器手臂，以提供客戶安心的代工服務；最後希望藉由改變運營模式，達到緯創成功轉型的目標。 雖然新的科技尚未成熟，只要方向正確，這些模式或能力成熟後，可以快速讓公司保持彈性，能充分利用的資源，進行個別化差異設計。 / “How to develop the ODM (Original Design Manufacturer) industry in Taiwan” is plagued by PC industry management problems, especially for those companies facing product maturity, orders plummeted and the decline in gross margin. The ODM in Taiwan is trying to change the way and direction, but the transition to the new product market or product is very complex, dynamic and involves multiple inter-dependent factors. It is a complex problem (Wicked Problem), and the problem itself also needs to be defined and clarified. The aim of this thesis is to address and define the issues through the lens of service design. Therefore, our Service Design Challenge Problems can be defined as: “The Future of Wistron through the Service Design Lens". This thesis, through interviews with traditional PC industry brand companies, IC suppliers, operating systems companies and industrial PC companies, adopts the research process of the service design approach and explores the insights and value, which will truly meet Customer needs, identify the surface and deep demand, attain the design of new service model, and integrate the latest technology trends, such as Internet of things, industry 4.0, the sensor and the robot arm, in order to provide customers with reliable and assured ODM services. Our final hope is to change the operating mode and achieve a successful Enterprise Transformation of Wistron. Although the new technology is not yet mature, as long as the direction is correct in light of these models or abilities to mature, the company can remain flexible, make full use of resources, and create individualized design differences.

本研究旨呈現繪本在文化工業的運作中，當涉及多元家庭繪本─特別是同性婚姻主題時，成人及幼兒雙方會展現何種相互作用的權力關係。 研究者使用民族誌的研究方法深入田野，記錄成人及幼兒對繪本的想法與行動。本研究關注「產製端」─成人的兒童觀及意識形態如何影響產製行動，以半結構式訪談蒐集產製者的想法；並關心「閱聽端」─幼兒作為主動的閱聽者將如何詮釋文本，以綜合參與式觀察及半結構式訪談來蒐集兒童的行動與言說。透過雙方的回應，探究文化工業中多元的行動樣貌。 主要有四項結論如下： 1.審視社會的集體焦慮：創作者的積極作為與幼兒的主動詮釋 不同於多數焦慮的成人，有一群產製者對閱聽眾如何詮釋文本抱持樂觀態度，運用各式策略開創此類主題「可見的」社會空間。另一方面，過去被認為需要保護的幼兒，談論的內容也遠比成人預想的還要複雜和成熟。當成人願意放下成見，採互為對等的態度與幼兒進行談論時，能夠創造更多可能性，降低社會的集體焦慮。 2.兒童沒有想像中脆弱：詮釋必然發生在脈絡之中 幼兒的詮釋具多種樣態，他們藉由舊經驗發展出柔軟與堅實的視角，在分享歷程中直率地表達自己的想法，也不輕易受他人訊息洗腦，有別於「成人集團」庸人自擾的想像。因為影響幼兒回應的因素複雜，所以詮釋勢必動態展現在脈絡之中，藉由持續討論這些議題，才能構築兒童的詮釋樣貌。 3.以創造機會取代告知：傳遞應避免不平等的再製 產製者不斷強調，成人重要的行動核心是以創造機會取代告知，在行動中尤需留意自身的態度，避免淪為再製不平等的另一種操弄手段。 4.矛盾與率直的拉鋸戰：主動的施為者vs.被動的載體 產製及閱聽兩端真實樣貌與行動的對照，交織出文化工業中的無限活力。文化工業的運作關係應延伸至「主動施為者」與「被動載體」的拉鋸戰，成人群體間的差異會產生不同行動，幼兒也並非永遠是被動的承受者，雙方產生相互的連帶影響。唯有透過認清運作邏輯，才能夠看清產製結構並思考己身的行動。 研究者認為成人及幼兒的相處，最重要的關鍵是回歸雙方的「尊重」。由於過去仍普遍忽略兒童的聲音，因此特別需要學者投入與兒童相關的實證研究。若能增加成人對幼兒的理解，並降低自身的矛盾，相信兩者的互動關係必定能有所轉化，創造更多新的可能性。 / Related to the experience of reading, the power relationship between adults and children is unequal, because generally, children are passively received the information from adults. Adults use their own viewpoints to shape children and make decisions for them. In the context of the operation of cultural industries, this study wants to understand how the adults produce the childhood images based on their viewpoints, and to explore how the children response to the pre-selected picture books about same-sex marriage. One of the objectives of this research is to point out the logic of production about picture books, especially controversial issues, such as same-sex marriage. The other objective is to remind adults that children’s personal opinions and their original personality should be valued. In particular, children are usually stronger than we think in common sense. This study uses ethnographic methods, including gathering the natural response from children’s narratives and face-to-face interview with children. In addition, this study also interviews some relevant workers related to picture books production and marketing. The result will show the logic of producing the picture books, and also show the discrepancy between the children’s real reaction and what adults traditionally anticipate, helping adults to set aside their own values and really look at how the young children think. There are four main findings from this study as follows: 1.Examine the collective anxiety of society: Different from the anxious adults in the society, those who related to picture books production show positive action. The interpretation made by children is also more complex than adults expected. 2.Children are not fragile as adult's imagination: The children are stronger and more mature than we expected when it comes to talking about same-sex marriage. The interpretation must take place in the context, because it is built by a number of factors. 3.To create opportunities and not to instill knowledge: The adults should be aware of actions to avoid making another system of inequality. 4.The “tug-of-war” between contradictory person and straightforward person: The adults and the children are playing “active giver” and “passive carrier” at the same times, and creating infinite vitality of the operation in the cultural industry. This study hopes that adults will in turn rethink their social roles, attitudes and methods of education and teaching, by, for example, respecting and listening to children more than prescribing their behavior and thinking. The research aims to provide evidence that kindergarten children are mature enough to learn about homosexuality and to transform Taiwan’s value system to be more open attitude about same-sex marriage.

POS端點式收銀機(Point of Sales)產業源自於古老的商業交易行為，廣意的說，從歷史悠久的中國古老的算盤到近代西式的電子計算機，都算是具有簡易計算功能的POS產品，直到數十年前的電子式收銀機(Electronic Cash Register)的問世，促成近期九0年代資訊產業發達後的新產品-端點式收銀機(Point of Sales)的誕生。 台灣POS產業趨隨著台灣近年來資訊產業的蓬勃發展，建構出一個特殊而完整發展的產業市場供應鏈。縱然台灣的資訊產業對全球資訊產業有著顯著的貢獻與不可取代的地位，但也是因為台灣市場過於狹隘，加上國際行銷能力明顯不足的情況之下，造成台灣的資訊產業沉淪為以低毛利的代工族群。相對地透過台灣資訊產業的完整上下游之供應鏈，孕育出一個適合POS產業發展的特殊大環境。全球POS的相關硬體與周邊設備，多數都是台灣的廠商所設計與製造，再以不同的品牌行銷於全球的POS市場。 本論文就台灣工業電腦的產業的現況論述，說明工業電腦諸多不同的應用面，與台灣POS產業的主要經營模式；並以淺顯的方式闡述POS產品間的差異，和台灣POS廠商之所以能於全球POS市場的成功關鍵因素；再進一步論述本論文的研究主旨-台灣POS產業經營模式之比較。從三種完全不同之經營模式(1)代工族群OEM/ODM、(2)白牌/貼牌族群(Private Label)、(3)自我品牌族群(Own Brand)，來剖析因經營模式間的差異，而形成企業的核心競爭力、經營策略與組織架構間顯著的差異。 第二階段以個人十多年歷經三個不同經營模式的台灣POS企業，以企業個案訪談的個案研究方法，分別陳述此三種不同經營模式之企業的經營策略，與其現今所遭遇的營運重大問題；接著運用SWOT的方式嘗試剖析此三家企業內部與外部之優劣勢，另以麥可·波特的五力分析方法，來提出台灣POS企業經營模式轉變的建議。 終章依據個人於台灣POS產業服務十多年之實際經驗，大膽提出對全球POS未來產品的發展新趨勢，提出創新的見解與想法，涵蓋POS的硬體未來發展的趨勢、與未來POS軟體的開發應用新趨勢，到POS通路的創新式-服務新模式等見解。期許個人的論文研究能為台灣POS產業，提供一個專業的建議與實質可行之作法，以降低台灣POS企業於產業發展上經營管理之風險，更期盼個人推估未來POS的研究成果，能實際印證在台灣未來POS產業的發展中。 / Point of sale (POS) is the place where a retail transaction is completed. It is the point at which a customer makes a payment to a merchant in exchange for goods or services. At the point of sale the merchant would use any of a range of possible methods to calculate the amount owing - from the ancient Chinese abacus to the modern calculater. POS products are derived from the ancient commercial transaction with different computing functions. The merchant will usually provide hardware and options for use by the customer to make payment - such as POS terminal. The POS can be customized by the retail industry as different industries have different needs. The modern point of sale will also include advanced functionalities to cater to different verticals, such as inventory, CRM, financials, warehousing, and so on, all built into the POS software. A few decades ago, the invention of the Electronic Cash Register, which contributed to the technology industry and gradually developed a new product - endpoints style cash register (Point of Sales) in 90s. Taiwan POS industry trend with the vigorous development of technology industry in recent years, which constructs a special industrial market supply chain. The POS related hardware and peripherals, most of them designed by Taiwan manufacturers but using different brands selling in the international market. Taiwan's technology industry has a significant contribution to the global information industry in an unreplaceable position. Although the Taiwan IT industry bred a special large and suitable environment for the POS industry development in supply chain, due to the local market is narrow, as well as the international marketing capacity is obviously insufficient, resulting in Taiwan's information industry sinking to the low margin OEM working ethnic groups. This thesis discourses on the current situation of Taiwan’s industrial computer applications, the main business model with the POS industry in Taiwan; and elaborates the difference of the POS products, and factors how Taiwan POS manufacturers can be successful. The further exposition is to analyze Taiwan POS industry business model by comparison from three completely different business model (1)OEM / ODM, (2)Private Label (3)Own Brand. The main theme of research is to analyze the difference among business models, and the formation of the enterprise's core competitiveness, significant differences between business strategy and organizational structure. In chapter four, based on personal working experience form three different POS enterprise business, I use case interviews to observe and analyze the different operating modes for case study. This essay illustrates these three different business models by their business strategy, and the major operating issues encountered today. With using the SWOT analysis method to parse the “Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats” of the three companies internal as well as external level, to reveal both of advantages and disadvantages. The next step is using Michael • Porter's five forces analysis method, proposed recommendations for Taiwan POS business paradigm shift. As to the final chapter, based on over 10 years of personal practical experience in Taiwan POS industry, I boldly propose the development of a new trend in global POS products, insights and ideas to come up with innovative, covering the trend of the future development of POS hardware and software for the future development innovative application. Meanwhile, to explore the insights for the trend of POS channel – a new service mode. My expectation for the thesis is to provide professional advice and substance feasible approaches, so to reduce the risks of operating the POS companies management for the industrial development in Taiwan. I look forward to seeing that the future POS research can actually be confirmed in Taiwan's POS industry future development.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第22668号 / 人博第954号 / 新制||人||227(附属図書館) / 2020||人博||954(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生文明学専攻 / (主査)教授 小島 泰雄, 教授 小方 登, 教授 山村 亜希, 教授 太田 出 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

近代以來，中國農業現代化以農藥利用、肥料推廣、品種改良及機械化發展為最主要方式。其中農業機器之利用，與機器產業乃至工業、製造業有密切關係，可說是溝通工農部門的關鍵。故本文以農業機器產業為線索，關注農業現代化中工業及其他現代部門參與的情形，及其所發揮之「農工並進」作用。 　　農業機器大約自十九世紀末期傳入中國，二十世紀初有少部分商人注意到斯業前景可期，著手製造販售。到1920年代，受到國外農機利用蓬勃發展的影響，江南地區機器業者也有不少轉而生產農業機器。這些以農業機器為主要產品的新式機器廠，發展出標準型號、大量生產，以及成立事務所、刊登廣告、參與展覽會、辦理講習等種種經營與行銷方式，更由於農業機器帶來的大量利潤，吸引資本家投資設廠，也使之轉型為新式企業組織。因此來自農村市場的機器需求，支持了工業部門的機器製造業進展。 　　除了民營事業的推進，政府當局也創辦公營製造廠、推廣模範灌溉與合作運動，國家力量促成農業機器利用的擴大。戰時儘管受到一定影響，但汪精衛政府在1940年代復籌措鉅資成立新式農業機器工廠；重慶政府則在同時間成立中國農業機械公司。前者在戰後改組為農林部無錫農具廠，對戰後江南的復員工作及農業生產極為重要；後者則在戰後接受聯總援華物資，承擔「全國農機擴建事業」在各地建立機器廠的任務。大略言之，近代中國農業機器產業之發展，是民間先於政府，但隨後在農業機械化之目標下，國家力量又主導產業成長，這種趨勢在1950年代以後達到高峰。 　　整體而言，近代中國農業機器業，並非如過去所認識的規模狹小、技術落後，反而是獲利豐厚的產業；由於在經濟發達地區更容易出現農業機器的利用，故而上海、無錫及常州等地密集普遍的機器工廠，能提供農業機器維修保障，因此以江南為例，可以看出農業機器產業不僅是農業機械化的基礎，也是機器產業提昇技術、擴大獲利之關鍵，二者互為因果。本文以江南為中心，但在空間方面注意到與東北經驗之比較、在時間方面也注意到戰時淪陷區的經營及戰後延續情形，擴大既有研究的時空範圍；通過對農業機器產業的探討，可以觀察工業與農業發展之互動關係，亦為近代中國經濟發展補充另一觀點。

電鍍是一種經由金屬表面處理技術以達防蝕、除鏽、著色、裝飾、美觀提升產品機能與產值為目的之工業。工廠遍佈全省各地，北至基隆，南至高雄，規模大小不一，百分之九十以上屬小型，多設於都市計劃住宅、商業以及農業區，污染相當嚴重。除燻煙污染作業環境外，排放廢水不當及污泥任意棄置，都會經由河川、地表等各種不同擴散途徑釀成土壤污染。不僅影響作物生長，同時累積在土壤中的微量重金屬，經食物鏈作用一旦進入人體即無法去除，長期蓄積危害甚巨。 懍於工業污染是造成生態環境損害主因之一。本篇論文係本著外部成本內部化的基本概念，以電鍍工廠產生含重金屬毒性有害事業廢棄物之例為分析重點，依循消減污染源、污染物之回收再利用、污染物的處理與處置三方向分析，揭示「預防為主，治理為輔」的防污理念，藉由直接控制與經濟誘因兩大類政策工具之研究來探討對政府防治工業污染的可行性。 直接控制政策工具係指政府管制擬關為環境品質訂定一個標準，對污染物排放數量直接加以控制，限制被管制的廠商採行特定措施，用以達成防污目標，這些防污措施指示都具強制性。在本文中將探討規範性管制、排放標準及清理等三種直接控制的政策工具；而經濟誘因政策工具乃指政府管制擬關要把各種自然資源納入市場體系，間接對財貨和勞務的價格進行干預，以經濟手段建立改善污染誘因，解決工業污染問題。 在本文中將討論課徵污染稅、補償、出售污染權與補貼等四種經濟誘因的政策工具。 經由各種政策工具的分析、討論及比較得知任何政策工具都有特點與使用限制。沒有一項工業污染防治的政策工具是完美無缺的。透過選擇的標準，採用不同政策工具常被追求相同政策問題的解決且是並行不悖、相輔相成。職是之故，同時採行數種政策工具是最適當的。

「體系」是由一群相互影響的單元所構成的集合體，單元的行為常有重覆的傾向，而 形成一定的規律或模式，即為「角色」。國際政治研究借用「體系」的概念，做為描 述、解釋及預測國際間互動的分析架構，其分析面向則包含體系構成員的主要特征、 體系結構、單元間互動形式及互動過程中的習慣或規則。本文即循此架構，欲將東亞 新興工業國在國際體系的角色加以定位。 在二十世紀即將結束時，當國際議題重心由軍事獨占轉為軍經并重時，亞洲新興工業 國在二次大戰后的優異成就，深受全球矚目，他們的經驗或被視為「奇蹟」或被視為 值得學習的典範。探其究竟，亞洲新興工業國既為國際體系的成員，其行為深受國際 環境變化與國際權力結構的影響；而身為主權獨立的國家，其發展成就亦是自主性政 策選擇的結果。因而，任何欲對其成就加以界定的努力，都不能偏離上述兩個面向。 本文即由此檢視他們的崛起與國際變化的關系；導致其成功的內外因素以及他們未來 在國際體系的角色。 本論文共分七章。第一章為緒論，說明研究動機與目的、研究範圍及研究途徑與架構 。第二章著眼于二次大戰后體系的變化，歸內出變化的趨勢，以明了亞洲新興工業國 在七○年代末期至今受到國際間重視的原因。第三章則以第二章所歸納出來的體系變 化趨勢為背景，分析體系的變化對東亞新興工業國角色的影響，并且從他們的國內因 素探討其成功的原因，最后針對他們實然及應然的國際角色加以界定。第四、五、六 章則進一步以中華民國－臺灣地區做個案研究，從國際政治的三大主軸－經濟、政治 與安全，分別探討臺灣躋身東亞新興工業國的原因及其國際角色，以落實前一部分概 略性的討論，并為國家決策提供參考。第七章則總結前述討論，并對未來略做展望。

工業統計是應用統計的一大支脈, 而應用統計必須以理論統計為其基礎, 二者之間才 能產生相輔相成的效果。本文即是以工業統計中可能遇到的問題出發, 透過統計理論 的應用, 以期解決部份的問題。 在工業統計的範疇中, 常可遇見星形(STARSHAPED)的假設條件, 本文的研究重點即在 於將數個常態母體平均數相等的檢定, 限定在星形的對立假設條件下進行, 并導出此 檢定統計量在虛無假設與對立假設下之分配情形。同時探討其檢定力函數(POWER FUN CTION)所具備之優良性質, 包括對稱性、遞增性等。最后將此檢定與一般慣用的非限 制性對立假設( 即對立假設無特殊限制條件 )下的檢定作一比較, 以證明前者優於后 者。