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利用知識管理蓄積智慧資本-以以筆記型電腦廠商之工業設計部門為例 / The Research of applying knowledge management to increase intellectual capital: an illustration of notebook companies’ ID center賀楚芬, Ho, Chu Fen Unknown Date (has links)
本研究欲藉由瞭解筆記型電腦產業的工業設計部門對知識管理理論的認識程度,企業內部對知識管理活動的實行規劃與具體落實內容以及其智慧資本的呈現態樣,進一步分析企業是否能夠藉由推行知識管理來正向增加企業的智慧資本與市場價值,以說明知識管理與智慧資本兩者的關係。
在現今的企業組織與產業環境當中,知識管理理論已經廣為企業所採納,更對企業應累積與強化其自身的智慧資本有所體認。企業若能透過推行「知識管理」,將內部細微繁雜的資訊、知識、經驗流程與作業活動透過機制保存並且進行流通與應用,將會對企業的運作效率以及創新能力有所幫助。尤其是本研究之研究對象-筆記型電腦廠商的工業設計部門,更是需要知識創新以及知識運用,以增強其設計能力以及創新能力。在筆記型電腦的產業競爭激烈,產品趨向同質化、標準化、與微毛利化,唯有透過優異的工業設計創新能力,結合生活美學、歷史文化、藝術、情緒感受以及使用者的新奇經驗等,才能創造差異,為產品賦予新的價值,另闢企業經營與產品競爭的新藍海。
本研究首先透過對過去專家學者所提出的文獻做探討,歸納出知識管理以及智慧資本的理論定義與兩者之間的關係。總結文獻探討所知,本研究認為智慧資本是知識管理活動的另一種報導模式,有助於知識管理成效之衡量,而知識管理活動則是活化知識、激發創新來增加智慧資本的重要方式。組織部門的智慧資本存量與發展重心會影響知識管理活動的內容與推行方式。而知識管理活動的推行越活絡,成效越好,智慧資本的內涵則越豐富。
而後將由文獻探討所建立之理論架構於筆記型電腦產業的實務運作環境中進行驗證。本研究於產業中挑選四家筆記型電腦廠商之工業設計部門,個別就其智慧資本存量以及在其組織中進行的知識管理活動進行個案研究,以呈現產業界的真實活動與完整的事實描述,並以知識管理與智慧資本的組成構面做跨個案的分析與比較。
總結文獻探討以及個案訪談與分析的結果,本研究之研究結論與建議如下:
一、筆記型電腦的工業設計部門能夠以知識管理活動累積智慧資本;部門內知識管理活動越豐富,對智慧資本累積也會有正向的影響。
二、智慧資本理論可以做為企業組織推行知識管理的參考架構。知識管理活動的內容可以根據企業組織智慧資本發展的重點進行規劃。
三、筆記型電腦廠商的產業定位與策略目標會直接影響工業設計部門智慧資本發展目標,進而影響知識管理活動的內容。
四、企業組織能夠透過知識管理增加其智慧資本,同時輔以智慧資本內涵的衡量系統,能夠瞭解知識管理活動推行之成效。但其價值較難以利用量化的財務性指標做評量。
五、企業組織或部門在導入知識管理,進行知識管理活動的同時,其本身也是一種知識創新。
六、本研究建議企業從管理階層到一般業務階層,都應加強知識管理與智慧資本理論的推廣與應用,以提升企業與組織知識含量以及知識創新能力。
七、建議先以單一部門試行的方式,推行知識管理活動與智慧資本衡量,之後再推行到事業單位而至企業整體。
八、建議在衡量企業的創新資本時,可先以智慧財產為財務性指標,反映於財務報表當中,可鼓勵部門為追求財務績效表現,而有積極創新的動力。
九、筆記型電腦廠商在產品設計時,第一步要做的是預防侵權,同時在追求智慧財產的數量之外,還要思考智慧財產的品質與管理,如授權交易與合作等。
十、關於後續研究之方向,建議可以針對組織內產生智慧資本後,是否有新的商業模式,能夠將組織內累積的無形資產與智慧資本做更廣泛的商業利用,如做為交易的標的進行利潤創造。另外有關利用創新成果以新的商業交易模式創造現金流的想法,則建議針對在科技產品的工業設計中,除了材質創新以及機電整合的技術創新可以具體的成為智慧財產進行交易授權之外,關於設計美學呈現「Fine Art」也應該積極思考授權交易的可能性以及實行模式。 / The main purpose of this research is to discuss the relation between “Knowledge Management” and “Intellectual Capital” both in theory side and practical side in real business entities, enterprises, independent departments, or small organizations. By taking the Industrial Design departments for examples, this research is going to describe and define the different application plans and specific activities of Knowledge Management, and also present the stock and developing track of Intellectual Capital in the study cases, so as to infer that if enterprises can enhance their Intellectual Capital via applying Knowledge Management or not.
In nowadays, the Knowledge Management theory is adopted generally by many enterprises. They also realize the importance of accumulating the Intellectual Capital; it will be a key way to enhance their organization value and external competence. By applying Knowledge Management, enterprise can build up a practicable mechanism to store, file, consolidate their multifarious knowledge, including subtle data, information, know-how, experience, operation process for transferring and using, and it will be very helpful to elevate the operation efficiency and the ability of innovation.
First, learning from the current Knowledge Management and Intellectual Capital literatures and papers of many experts and scholars, this research generalize that Knowledge Management and Intellectual Capital is positive related. Intellectual Capital is a useful measure system to reveal the results and effects of Knowledge Management plan and activities. On the other hand, Knowledge Management is also an important method to activate internal knowledge content to encourage creation and innovation. However, for companies, organizations or departments, the Intellectual Capital focus and current stock will influence their Knowledge Management activity contents and implementation method. The more various activities to follow, the better quality and value of Intellectual Capital.
After constructing a theory hypothesis frame from literature studying, this research is going to apply the theory hypothesis into practical circumstances in ID departments of four Notebook companies, and tries to find out then summarize their daily operations, which are regard as the activities of Knowledge Management and the Intellectual Capital.
According to the case study findings, this research can describe the actual operations and daily works of each ID department, so as to analyze the relevance between Intellectual Capital stock and the Knowledge Management activities with theories structure separately, also the cross cases comparison to verify the generality in actual industry.
Summarize the results of literature study and specific case study, this research have the conclusion and recommendations as follow:
1. The ID department or ID center of NB companies are able to accumulate their Intellectual Capital via Knowledge Management activities; the more Knowledge Management activities, the more stock and better quality of Intellectual Capital.
2. Enterprises can take Intellectual Capital theory structure as a reference for Knowledge Management implementation. The content and detail items of these activities can be planed to focus on key elements of Intellectual Capital development.
3. Different industry position in value chain and strategy target will affect ID centers’ goal of Intellectual Capital development directly, then also affect the content of Knowledge Management Plan.
4. Enterprises or business organizations can increase their Intellectual Capital with Knowledge Management; also, by Intellectual Capital measure system, they also can understand the performance and influence of their Knowledge Management plan and activities. However, the created value for the organizations is difficult to measure with quantifiable financial index.
5. For enterprise and organizations, when they are implementing the Knowledge Management plan and activities, they modify the proper method to make it more smooth and inefficient; it is also creating precious knowledge so call knowledge innovation at the same time.
6. This research suggests that the enterprises and organization could pay more attention and resource to popularize the Knowledge Management and Intellectual Capital theory, so as to raise the internal knowledge base and innovation ability.
7. Following the suggestion above, companies can start Knowledge Management and Intellectual Capital measurement from small independent departments or teams first, then apply the successful experience and know how to whole business unit and whole company afterward.
8. For innovation capital measuring, departments or organizations could use the intellectual property to be a kind of financial index to reflect the profit value and contribution in financial statements. It could be realistic method to encourage the organization members have more motivation of innovation and creation for better financial performance.
9. For Product design of laptops, the first and most important step is to prevent Intellectual Property infringement, and the next step is to develop the quantity of intellectual property like patents. Besides, companies also need to pay more attention on the intellectual quality control and management, such as technology license and cooperation and so forth.
10. As for future deep going researches, there are two possible directions to follow. First, it is important to develop New business models so as to help companies and organizations to use or apply their intangible assets and Intellectual Capital in business operation extensively, not only increase the operating efficiency but also make more cash flow and actual profit. Second, we could derive more thoughts for intellectual property licensing. During the industrial design process of high-tech products, we should think the possibility to find more licensing targets like “Fine Art Design,” but not limit to the new material application or the technology integration for ME and EE. From the other side, we are also supposed to come up a practical model for Fine Art licensing to facilitate the real business trading and profit creating.
Key words: Knowledge Management, Knowledge creation, Knowledge innovation, Intellectual Capital, Intangible assets.
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品牌與代工業務之選擇對企業價值影響之研究-以消費性衛生產品業某公司為例劉毓璋 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究之個案公司在台灣不織布產業深耕近40年,一直專注於經營消費性衛生產品自有品牌業務、精進不織布研發技術與能力,並提昇製造水準。隨著品質與技術能力的提升,近年受國際品牌大廠信賴,代工業務大量到來,成為另一個擴大代工事業版圖的機會,並透過雙主軸策略的執行與落實,兼顧品牌業務與代工業務的發展。由於企業資源有限,因此將有限資源做最有效率的利用,以追求企業價值最大化,是企業經營者追求的目標,因此在制定公司決策進行資源分配時,若能清楚掌握代工業務所帶來的利益與風險與對公司價值之影響,便能評估可能風險下之最適經營策略。
本研究運用最近五年度已公開之財務報表,針對個案公司自有品牌與代工業務做模擬假設分析,試著分析兩業務銷售組合變化對企業價值之影響。得到以下之研究結論:
1.評價分析發現關鍵成功因子:本業維持高再投資率、轉投資策略成功、資金成本低、現金週轉天數降低,營運活動現金大於稅後淨利。
2.在價值拆解中發現,對股價影響程度最重大之價值關鍵因子為邊際利潤率,其次為銷售成長率。因個案公司具備產品研發能力,亦有自行生產主要原料之能力,若能藉此優勢降低成本增加利潤,則較以增加銷售成長率維持企業價值收事半功倍之效果。
3.各價值因子對股價影響程度之重大性分別為:代工業務之邊際利潤率>自有品牌之邊際利潤率。這表示個案公司增加代工業務確實能有效且迅速的增加企業價值,持續經營代工業務之策略是有利且正確的選擇。
評價個案公司之研究限制為:
1.公開市場上無國內同業可比較,使得在評估企業績效時無法判斷績效係來自產業獨特性或來自公司本身。
2.本研究自台灣經濟新報取得歷史財務報表及β值,其資料正確與否會影響到本研究結果。
3.影響企業價值之因子除了可量化的有形資產外,尚其他無法量化的無形資產,如品牌價值、生產良率、關鍵技術之掌握、專利、通路、上下游整合能力、人力資源等,如何量化其價值,非本論文能力所及,因此並未以加以評估
4.此企業評價模型具有動態性,本研究評價結果僅適用於研究論文出版當時,隨著市場環境改變評價模型中的未來預估數據也需立即調整,評價結果也會隨之改變。
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普欽重新定位俄羅斯民營化政策之研究,2000-2007 / A Study on the Reoriention of Russia’s privatization under Putin, 2000-2007侯明蓉, Hou, Ming-Jung Unknown Date (has links)
本論文採取改革-反改革循環研究途徑與克里姆林政治研究途徑,闡釋俄羅斯總統普欽重新定位民營化政策的驅動因素。
2000年,普欽當選總統後,以迅雷不及掩耳的霹靂手段,徹底解構金融工業集團,並將業已民營化的大型企業,特別是能源企業,收歸國有;同時,以漸進的方式,逐步推動以中小企業為主的民營化。
本論文認為,普欽重新定位俄羅斯民營化走向的主要目的在於,解構葉里欽勢力集團、拓展國際戰略空間、以及創造經濟改革條件;而這三項努力的終極目標,則在於掃除異己、改善經濟、攏絡民心、提升大國地位、從而鞏固個人政治權位。 / Applying reforms/counter-reforms cycle approach and kremlinological politics approach, the purpose of this study is aimed at exploring driving forces behind Russian president Putin’s efforts to reorient Russia’s privatization policy line.
Immediately after his inauguration in 2000, Russian president, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin, took quick and decisive steps to thoroughly undermine the financial industrial groups and renationalize those privatized big enterprises, especially, energy enterprises. At the same time, step by step, he pushed forward a new privatization policy line, concentrate on small and medium-sized enterprises.
This author argues in this study that main driving forces behind Putin’s efforts to reorient Russia’s privatization policy line are identified as attempts to undermine the pro-Yel’tsin group, to develop international strategic maneuvering room, and, to create favorable conditions for economic reforms. This author contends that the ultimate aim of these efforts is to wipe out political rivals, to improve economic life in order to win support from the populace, to promote Russia’s status as a great power, and, eventually, to consolidate Putin’s personal power.
Key wods: Putin, Yel’tsin, Russia’s privatization, financial oligarchs, FIG.
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台灣和韓國半導體產業比較研究:以「社會資本」觀點論陳宗文, Chen, Tzung-Wen Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以台灣和韓國的半導體產業為例,探討新興工業國家科技產業組織之形成與發展。在有系統地整理過相關文獻之後,本研究採取「社會資本」的概念進行分析。此一概念得將發展與組織社會學之不同觀點作適當的連結。唯在科技產業的發展過程中,存在著相互交錯的不同競爭場域,而各場域內有特定的資本形式,均得作為生產之投入,足以影響組織之形貌。本研究基於對新興工業國家之經濟社會發展與產業技術成長之不同階段所作之觀察,認為分屬於社會場域與技術場域的三種「社會資本」形式,對於產業組織之形成與發展具有重要的影響效果。
在實證分析方面,本研究以先進國家在半導體產業之發展歷程為背景,再進一步透過豐富的實證資料,論證台灣和韓國有關社會場域與技術場域之不同演變過程。在社會場域方面,台灣的技術官僚與產業聚落分別在不同時期提供半導體產業組織存續之所需,而韓國的財閥經濟自始即為產業生存的原動力。在技術場域方面,台灣和韓國的半導體產業組織都發展極為理性化的型態,並形成建構全球事業網絡之基礎。
透過對台灣和韓國半導體產業發展的實證分析,本研究發現,第一類社會資本在建構產業基礎,迅速提昇技術能力上,具有相當之功效;第二類社會資本具有輔助性,其形成與投入是延續產業組織生命之必要條件;第三類社會資本則是進一步提升組織績效,使組織得以接續全球化發展,繼而進入核心位置。 / The dissertation studies the development of high-tech industry in newly-industrialized countries (NICs), and particularly, the development of semiconductor industry in Taiwan and Korea. The development of high-tech industry is considered as results of competition between various fields (champs), in each of which specific capitals are provided as input for industrial production. We define therefore three forms of “social capitals” in two separated fields, social field and technology field, respectively, as tools of analysis. The dynamics of these social capitals is supposed to be critical in the development of semiconductor industry.
Following the analysis framework of social capitals, the research is empirically carried out by analysis of secondary materials about the semiconductor industry in Taiwan and Korea. In the social field, we found that the techno-bureaucracy and industrial clusters played sequentially significant roles in the development of semiconductor industry in Taiwan, whereas the chaebol economy, which was once the initial condition, dominates all the time in the development of semiconductor industry in Korea. Both Taiwanese and Korean semiconductor firms, however, developed into a rational organizational form recently. Therefore, in the expanding technology field, rational networks between these firms and other leading companies in the world have been established.
It has been shown in the dissertation that a social capital of the first form has perfect functions in transgressing a technological barrier and for establishing a developmental foundation; a social capital of the second form has a supportive function, which provides sustaining resources for an organization; and a social capital of the third form enforces the competitiveness of an organization, thus promoting the organization to the global stage, and becoming a core player of the industry in the world.
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當前台灣電影工業的政治經濟分析(1989-1993) / The Taiwan Film Industry (1989 - 1993): A Political Economic Perspective魏玓, Wei, Ti Unknown Date (has links)
近四、五年來台灣電影環境有一些極為特殊的現象。一方面自一九七0年代中期以降,台灣電影工業在生產方面的蕭條,至今已演變到相當嚴重的狀況;另一方面,部份本地電影卻在國際影展上普遍獲得好評,屢獲大獎。凋敝與光鮮之間,有著強烈的對比。不僅如此,國家對電影工業史無前例地高度關注;台灣、香港、中國大陸這「兩岸三地」的電影經濟互動頻繁;還有本地電影業者與錄影帶、有線電視等新傳播科技的分合關係……種種這些現象,在當前交織出一幅特殊且紛亂的台灣電影環境圖像。
本研究試圖以各類電影工業資料的整理與分析,來具體描繪出種種存在於當前電影環境的特殊現象,並說明當前電影工業的結構與運作狀況。而後將這整體電影工業狀況置放於更大的政治與經濟脈絡下,探討一九八0年代以來電影工業的發展過程,並主要從國家電影政策與電影市場動態這兩層次的影響,來分析為什麼會演變出目前電影工業的面貌。由此辨明當今台灣電影工業發展的真正問題所在,並藉以提出較為適切的政策制定與產業營運的思考方向。
研究指出,台灣電影工業生產量五年來持續迅速下跌,票房收入也極差。市場中充斥美國與香港影片,瓜分掉大筆資源。但少量的本地製片中,又在內容與形式方面有呈現兩極化的現象:一部份為製作粗糙的低俗娛樂電影,一部份為製作較嚴謹的藝術電影。造成這些現象的原因,主要源自於早期國家設定了電影的商業娛樂取向以及依賴外來影片的電影市場供需狀況,在時間推移之中,美國與香港的通俗娛樂電影逐漸成為市場主流,大部分觀眾的電影品味也受到嚴重影響。於是台灣發行部門將資源轉向外來影片之發行,並集中於少數公司壟斷了發行管道,而台產影片在製片資源上的缺乏在娛樂性技術性上則更無法追上外來影片,產量與票房愈來愈少。除了這一趨勢隨著經濟自由化而愈形嚴重之外,八0年代以後架構於貧富差距拉大之上的文化品味分化,少部份文化資源較豐富的人也形成藝術電影市場。於是低成本的台產藝術電影有了基本生存條件,而低成本的娛樂電影也滿足了市場中最底層的縫隙。而不管是哪一類電影,受國外之電影標準的影響都愈來愈大。
因此研究建議,國家政策應從限制外片進口、化解發行管道壟斷,以及積極輔導獨立製片公司三方面齊頭並進,方能解決台灣電影生產日趨沒落的危機。而獨立製片公司、創作者,與評論者則應集結起來以較大的力量來制衡主要公司的壟斷,並監督國家進行改革。
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從國家安全觀點探討我國全民國防與軍備發展 / A study of the ROC's all-out defense and armament development in terms of national security viewpoint李永寧 Unknown Date (has links)
任何國家在面對安全威脅時,其關鍵在於強盛的國防軍力,現代戰爭已由「單純武力戰」轉為「全民總體戰」,而且台海一旦發生戰事,其作戰縱深短淺,已沒有前方和後方的分別,囿於國際情勢使武器外購受限,國防工業發展成為關鍵因素,我們應發展「小而精、小而強、小而巧」的國防武力,並建立全民國防理念與全民防衛動員機制,運用軍民一體的力量,共同來防衛我們的國土。本文將從「綜合性安全」的角度,以文獻分析法,透過國家安全的觀點,探討我國全民國防的建構、運用與軍備發展,並從中華民國國家安全遭受的威脅及全民防衛動員與軍備發展所面臨的挑戰,探討「全民國防」與「軍備發展」之涵義與重要性,並區分政策面、執行面兩個構面加以說明。在「政策面」的層次分析在「全民防衛動員準備法」的基礎上,闡述「全民國防的理念」與「軍備發展」;在「執行面」上,則針對塑造軍民共用之「國防工業發展」,以為「全民國防軍備體系」之實行方向等,說明全民國防與軍備發展的關係。俾整合全國產、學、研資源,推動國防和民生合一,釋出國防科技轉為民用,並藉由民生產業技術的提升,戰時能支持國防的需求,支援軍事作戰。達成「平時國防支持經建」、「戰時經建支持國防」的國家戰略目標。 / First of all whenever a country faces a threat security, the decisive point relies on the strength of its national power. This critical element has evolved over time from tangible arms forces into spiritual “All -out Defense”. Secondly due to our country’s long and narrow geography , as long as hostility breaks out across the straits, short battlefield depth makes no distinct from the area to frontline. Furthermore our foreign procurement for military we apons is subject to the international circumstance. Apparently “small but precise and strong” defense capability and All-out Defense Mechanism should be more suitable as the determining guidelines towards our defense industry. This study aims for the upcoming threats and challenges when it comes to our national security and is divided into 2 aspects: policy guidance and execution. The former focuses on the analysis of All-out Defense and Mobilization Law and sets forth concept and development tendency of the military preparedness. The latter direct at the relationship and interaction between the All -out defense and armament development. In the long term, we hope to consolidate efforts of the private sectors to develop defense technology industries, the public and civilian assets can be merged into a single whole; such combination can prompt the private sectors to support military missions in wartime and vice versa.
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台灣產業就業結構中去工業化因素之探討 / Examination on factors of de-industrialization in Taiwan's employment structure蔡濟安, Tsai, Chi An Unknown Date (has links)
自1987年以來,台灣製造業就業比例開始大幅下降。這樣的情形,一般又稱為「去工業化」,引起了很多的討論與擔憂。許多人把台灣的「去工業化」歸咎於對中國大陸的投資與貿易。然而本文發現,台灣早在1996年之後便停止「去工業化」。如此現象迥異於一般已開發國家的情形,因此本文研究目的即在於探討台灣為何發生「去工業化」以及為何停止。本文首先將製造業分為「三階段、三類別」,並比較台灣經貿之發展,進行對照分析,發現:台灣傳統產業受到全球化因素影響造成勞動需求萎縮,導致台灣1987年與1996年之間出現「去工業化」;然自1997年開始,技術密集產業之勞動需求隨著對外投資與貿易增加而成長,使得台灣停止「去工業化」;其次本文依照「Rowthorn 模型」,先將製造業就業比例分為傳統產業與非傳統產業,再將造成「去工業化」的因素分為三類:經濟發展、全球化、景氣循環,並以實證分析檢驗台灣案例後發現:景氣差、失業率高對於傳統與非傳統產業的就業比例都有負向影響,但經濟發展與全球化因素對於傳統產業就業有顯著的負向影響,對非傳統產業則有顯著正向影響,促使傳統產業釋放出來的勞動力被非傳統產業所吸收,因此台灣的製造業整體就業比例得以維持在27%左右,並未如西方國家般持續得「去工業化」。 / Since 1987, the manufacturing employment rate in Taiwan had dropped dramatically for almost 10%. This situation, so called de-industrialization, has drown much attention and at many times been attributed to the expanding investment and trade with China. However, the trend of de-industrialization in Taiwan, unlike cases in other developed countries, has been stopped since 1996. The aim of this article is to find out why de-industrialization had once taken place in Taiwan and why it then got stopped. Firstly, we employed the correlation analysis on the data categorized as “three sectors and three phases”. Results indicated the negative impact of outward investment and trade with China on conventional industries and positive impact on non-conventional ones. Secondly, based on the “Rowthorn Model”, we used regression analysis to examine whether economic development, globalization, or busyness cycle will affect the employment rate of conventional and non-conventional industries. We found out that both economic development and globalization factors had caused the decrease of labor demand in conventional industries and the increase in non-conventional industries. The declining of conventional industries was the cause of de-industrialization after 1987, while the non-conventional industries, not the service industries, keep absorbing labors from conventional ones and therefore stopped the trend of de-industrialization after 1996.
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阿多諾《美學理論》中的藝術雙重性 / The Duality of Art in Adorno’s Aesthetic Theory吳冠緯, Wu, Kuan Wei Unknown Date (has links)
面對著文化工業 (culture industry) 的崛起,藝術家高喊著「藝術自主性」 (autonomy of art) ,來對抗國家機器與資本主義對藝術的侵蝕。前衛的藝術家就已經面臨內部矛盾的論證:一部分認為藝術應該當作社會真實的反映工具,進而觸發社會的整體革命,另一部分則抱持著「為藝術而藝術」 (l'art pour l'art) ,不應該被任何社會的風潮牽動。本文挑選阿多諾的美學思想作為研究的課題,研究其批判文化工業的藝術哲學,並且就《啟蒙的辯證:哲學的片簡》 (Dialec-tics of Enlightenment) 的篇章〈文化工業:大眾欺騙的啟蒙〉 (The Culture Indus-try: Enlightenment of Mass Deception) 以及《美學理論》 (Aesthetic Theory) 當作本文研究之原典。
除了緒論與結論,本文共分為三個章節。第一章分析的是「文化工業」:藉由商品拜物教的形式,文化工業從藝術的外部性質──傳播媒體──來取得藝術的社會形式,卻也因此異化藝術本身的內在邏輯,甚至使得傳播媒體異化且取代了藝術作品本身。第二章分析的是「前衛藝術」:雖然前衛藝術是文化工業的對立面,但是它們都享有共同的外在語法與邏輯。因此,前衛藝術與文化工業的對立是基於什麼原因,則是本章所要分析的。第三章分析的是「藝術的雙重性」:藝術的雙重性是阿多諾《美學理論》的重要貢獻,也一直是後繼者研究其藝術哲學的重點。藝術的雙重性──社會性與自主性──都是藝術作品內部精神,而表現在它的物質形式上,這都可被視為藝術作品本身的物化。
從阿多諾的觀點中分析,藝術的自主性──就如同資本主義對於自由的形容──是不切實際的虛假意識,藝術是物質的、社會的產物,也只是反映下層建築的菱鏡、主體的附庸;另一方面,藝術卻又渴望不被他者束縛的自由,對於現實的理所當然是不屑一顧的,而試圖在化外之地找尋更好的理念。在阿多諾的美學理論,藝術的雙重性是其自身內部矛盾的辯證過程,卻也是藝術最迷人之處,無論傾向哪一個層面之體現,都無法完整表達藝術的真面目而使之終結。如果要為藝術找尋其雙重性的辯證,最終必然為找尋其動態的平衡,時而接近主體,時而離開主體,與主體展開曖昧不明又難分難捨的關係。也因為如此,藝術為達到自身辯證的平衡,就成為了縈繞於社會邊緣的遊蕩者。 / The artistic manifestation for “autonomy of art” is against the rise of culture in-dustry which corrupts art’s sake in the capitalist society. Those artists who claim self as the avant-garde argue whether their artwork should be the reflection of social real-ity or should be “l'art pour l'art”. My thesis is focus on T.W. Adorno’s aesthetic theory, and his critique against the culture industry. T.W. Adorno’s aesthetic theory should be rediscovered from his “The Culture Industry: Enlightenment of Mass Deception” from Dialectics of Enlightenment and his masterpiece Aesthetic Theory.
Besides the epilogue and the conclusion, there are other three chapters. The first chapter is focus on “culture industry”: from commodity fetishism, the culture industry claims art’s form by its externality: media. However, it also reifies the internal logics of art which media takes over art in its own sake. The second chapter is on “avant-garde art”: though it is the counterpart of culture industry, avant-garde art shares the same syntax and logic with the culture industry. The reason of their conflicts should be explored by the history of modern art. The third chapter is on “the duality of art”: as the most important part in Adorno’s aesthetic theory, the duality of art contributes the essential idea in the aesthetic history. Nevertheless, the autonomy and social faux are both elements of art’s spiritual perpective which will be reified as its form.
From Adorno’s theory, art’s autonomy and social faux are dialectical. Art must seek its own autonomy from its heteronomy, which avoids itself from its own fetish character. It circulates it own vital experience, then it terminates itself in the reification. Therefore, in Adorno’s theory, art’s duality is both dialectical and mysterious. Whether any aspect could not embody the truth content of art, and hence art is so amusing. The dialectical duality of art comes with its equilibrium with the social; real-ity, while the former is object and the latter is subject. While art approaches with the society, it also detaches from the society. The dialectical relationships has made art and society both indistinct and inseparable, therefore, art must become the edge of so-ciety in its own sake as the “flâneur”.
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工業電腦產業智慧資本與智慧財產經營研究-以研華公司為例 / Study on the intellectual capital and intellectual properity of industrial computer industry – A case study of Advantech張俊一, Chang, Chun-Yi Unknown Date (has links)
工業電腦產業為資訊電子產業中的利基產業,其產業特性為少量多樣、高毛利、客戶多而分散、競爭者眾多等特性。本研究以工業電腦世界第一大廠「研華股份有限公司」為主要研究對象,資料來源為個人在研華股份有限公司擔任產品開發(Product Manager)職務期間所親身處理相關事務與蒐集公司內部資料為主,並輔以其他工業電腦廠商之新聞、報紙、証交所資料等為輔,從「新產品開發」、「品牌經營」與「行銷通路」三個構面,來探討工業電腦廠商之「智慧資本」與「智慧財產」經營運作模式。
本研究在智慧資本方面的發現如下:
一、人力資本:
1、研華因為品牌效益高與相關人力資源與福利制度完整,招聘優質人才較為容易,且人才平均學歷高、國際化程度高、專業分工仔細。
2、不同事業群之間的跨部門人才互動機會不多,且企業內部缺乏輪調機制,難以培養對各產品事業部皆熟悉的高階主管。
3、目前由董事長兼任總經理的模式,親自來管理不同事業群,難以真正跨入高階主管專業經理人制度。
4、目前法務僅一人,且合併在稽核部門,並且無智財管理專業背景,難以將法務或智財管理提昇至企業策略層級。
(二)、結構資本:
1、研華的各項作業流程均高度電子化,舉凡財務、會計、出納、產品開發、生產、庫存管理、訂單處理、RMA、採購等等,均是透過電子化與網路的界面完成。
2、研華的電子商務系統服務的對象包含員工、業務、經銷商與終端客戶,並針對不同的使用者發展出不同的線上服務系統,產品開發主要的系統是NPI與PLM,客戶管理則是Siebel CRM,其他財務、採購、生產管理與Logistic則是透過SAP ERP系統,不同的系統之間,已完成資料共享與動態連結。
3、研華的主核心競爭優勢是其「全球行銷通路」與「電子商務系統」高度整合。只要一有新的產品上市,就能立刻透過公司的系統,讓全球的客戶知道、並透過網路下單與出貨。
4、研華目前的主要瓶頸是產品種類太多、生產線異動太頻繁、生產良率偏低,如何改善相關作業流程,簡化產品種類、彈性生產、提高良率,是一大考驗。
(三)、關係資本:
1、研發人員與供應商關係互動緊密,採購對供應商的議價權相對較弱。
2、研華公司透過WPC(World Partner Conference)、Global AE Training、Solution Day、Exhibition等活動,與分公司、經銷商及終端客戶(System Integrators)頻繁互動。
3、研華公司透過研華文教基金會,投入大專青年創業競賽與教育,並與國內多數大專院校建立良好的合作關係,建立人才召募網絡,並附帶社會公益的正面形象。
本研究在智慧財產管理方面的發現如下:
(一)、專利與積體電路電路布局保護方面:
1、專利申請前建議召開Braining Storming會議,並請擁有專利專業背景的人員在旁協助會議的進行,以提昇專利品質並達成專利知識內部共享與流通之目的。
2、將現有的212個專利製作成研華專利技術手冊,並分送每位產品開發相關人員,以達專利知識能在內部流程與使用。
3、加強發明專利的申請與大陸的專利布局,並主動分析「威達電」已申請之發明專利,研擬對手提起專利訴訟之因應策略。
4、將專利的維護與原申請單位掛勾,以利專利權之成本分攤與節省,甚至是適時放棄。
5、請專業智財管理人員Review目前研華已簽屬之授權合約與權利金給付之合理性。
6、積體電路電路布局保護在工業電腦產業之作用有限,建議相關產業及人員,改以營業祕密的方式保護即可。
(二)、商標與品牌:
1、研華的商標申請活躍,包含公司名稱、產品與服務等。
2、研華的品牌行銷活動有專人負責,制度完善且分工仔細。
3、研華並未有商標授權之營利行為與未來規劃。
4、研華公司透過WPC(World Partner Conference)、Global AE Training、Solution Day、Exhibition等活動的舉辦,增加品牌知名度與價值。
5、在D&MS的業務模式下,商標與品牌的效益重要性偏低。
(三)、著作權:
1、建議強化禁止員工使用非法軟體之教育,並進一步要求員工簽屬免責合同:若發生員工自行使用非法軟體,公司已盡教育與宣導之義務,並得以免責。
2、建議MIS人員定期抽檢員工的電腦使用非法軟體情事,並記錄備查,以利爭議發生時的權責歸屬。
(四)、營業祕密保護與員工競業禁止:
1、建議制定員工保密合同,並要求員工就職時簽屬。現職員工則由高階主管帶頭示範,要求其他員工比照辦理。
2、建議在員工就職時與離職前做保密教育,並查詢員工離職前夕是否有違反規定私自帶走機密資料。
3、由各部門主管自行決定該部門各類文件機密等級,並強化公司內部文件機密等級標示。
4、建議考量要求高階主管簽屬競業禁止的可行性,並與公司紅利配股制度包裏實施。
(五)、其他智慧財產經營運用:建議設立專責智財管理單位或強化法務人才智財專業,並由具備理工與法務背景人才擔任,其主要掌管事項可以包含一般法務、專利申請及管理與分享、合約管理、商標申請、企業內部智財稽核與教育、授權合約審核、競爭對手侵權確認等等。
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台灣地區製造業總部區位分布之研究田揚名 Unknown Date (has links)
2005年天下雜誌製造業一千大資料顯示,國內企業總部有四成比例分佈在台北都會區,而近年來新竹科學園區的崛起對台灣經濟發展有其不可忽視的力量,而其形塑帶來新的產業空間意象(知名地域品牌)、高科技產業群聚以及產業網絡發展更進一步帶動周邊廠商或總部在新竹縣市聚集。
回顧近代區位選擇理論及企業總部相關文獻,指出生產性服務業及創新氛圍對製造業總部在地理空間區位選擇具有關鍵性的影響;並透過觀察臺灣地區各縣市企業總部分佈情形及兩岸分工的現況分析,藉由logist統計分析並以深入訪談方式確認企業設置總部區位分佈因素,提出以下結論:觀察發現製造業企業總部空間分佈差異性頗大,其中制度因素透過統計分析結果證實會對企業總部區位分佈產生影響,尤其是大廠在總部區位分佈上比較偏好工業地域(台北及新竹縣市)。
在兩岸專業分工方面,形成特定地域擁有科技產業群聚,並可發現其地理空間分佈以新竹科學園區、南港軟體園區及內湖科技園區為主,前兩者為制度下的產物,而後者則為民間自主力量,由內湖科技園區、南港軟體園區以及新竹科學園區,以及北部地區充足的知識設施及產、官、學界共同建構出的創新氛圍確實影響企業總部區位分佈。
企業總部主要是組織上指揮系統的概念,總部提供各子公司所需要的技術、資金、行銷策略和在地化的配套措施,近年國內製造業廠商大量出走對岸,導致國內產業及組織發生結構性的改變,基於國際化競爭及全球化佈局之際,企業如何調適與轉型即成為未來生存的關鍵所在。建議政府未來持續培育優質研發環境及高素質人力資源,持續強化創新氛圍塑造產業發展優質環境。 / According to the 1,000 major manufacturing industry in Taiwan,’ 40% of domestic enterprise headquarters are located in the Taipei metropolis. In recent years, the emergence of Hsinchu Science Park shows strength of economic development in Taiwan. This strength further moulds and brings the new industry space image (famous region brand), the industry cluster, as well as the development of industry network. Moreover, these factors drive related manufacturer or general headquarters to assemble in Hsinchu.
Reviews of modern position theory and general headquarters point out that the productive service industry and innovative atmosphere have critical influence on sing geographical space position for the manufacturing industry. This study observes the general headquarters of enterprises of all counties and cities in Taiwan; By using logist statistical analysis and the interview method to confirm distribution factors of general headquarters position, this study propose the following conclusions. There is great difference in the space distribution of general headquarters between manufacturing industry enterprises. Among them, the statistical analysis confirms that the factor of system has influence on the position of enterprises general headquarters. Especially, as far as the general headquarters location is concerned, big factories have preference for choosing industrial regions.
For the part of division among specialized deartments of two sides, clusters of scientific and technological industry, which form specific regions, are located mainly in Hsinchu Science Park, Nankang Software Park, and Neihu Technology Park. The first two parks are products of government systems, while the third one is established by independent strength of private companies. It is showed that the innovative atmosphere, which is composed of the above three parks and sufficient knowledge facilities in northern Taiwan, indeed influences locations of enterprises general headquarters.
The general headquarters of enterprises are mainly the concept of the command system in an organization. It is suggested that the government should keep cultivate research/development environment and high quality human resources, and strength innovative atmosphere to mould better industry environments in the future.
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