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消費者搜尋行為與政府課稅之研究 / Consumer search and taxation陳君儀, Chen, Chun-Yi Unknown Date (has links)
搜尋理論是訊息經濟學中很重要的一部份,搜尋行為有助於決策約滿意度。本文研究的重點主要在於商品市場上的消費者價格搜尋、消費決策及其與政府課稅之間的關係。
在消費者採用連續搜尋,而且假設搜尋不可回溯,搜尋次數有限,價格分配已知時,搜尋決策其有保留價格的性質。以「向後求解」的方法,消費者可以得到各期之保留價格。保留價格是稟賦所得、搜尋成本、其他財貨價格、效用函數及價格分配型態的函數。假設其他條件不變,若稟賦所得減少,搜尋成本增加,則保留價格上升;隨著已搜尋約次數增加,保留價格跟著上升,亦即消費者在搜尋過程中會愈來愈願意接受較高的價格。
消費者從事搜尋行為時的保留價格和搜尋成本會對消費決策產生影響。保留價格不但決定停止搜尋的時機,也會影饗真正從事購買的價格;可以用來消費的淨所得因搜尋次數的多寡而增減,所以等於也受到保留價格的影響。外生變數變動會改變保留價格,進而間接影饗預期需求,包括改變可接受價格之範圍和停止搜尋機率;然而,同時也會直接影響需求函數,總合上述兩者才能決定對預期需求的影響為何,結果通常使預期需求增減不易判別。預期搜尋次數與保留價格成反向關係。
政府對需要搜尋的財貨課從量稅,使價格分配向右平移,保留價格會隨之上升,但上升的幅度不會剛好等於稅率。稅率愈高,保留價格上升幅度愈大。平均而言,消費者因為租稅轉嫁必須支付較高的價格,所以會減少需求,此為課稅的直接影響;再加上提高保留價格而封預期需求產生間接影響,結果需求增減不易確定。在政府追求社會福利極大且受限於固定稅收之下,得到價格訊息不完全的最適租稅法則,比價格確定時多出了社會搜尋效果,包括課稅對願接受價格上下限和停止搜尋機率的影響,主要是透過課稅改變保留價格來達成。
假若效用函數為 Cobb-Douglas 的型態,價格呈一致分配,則由模擬方析結果發現,課稅後需搜尋財貨預期需求量減少,不需搜尋財貨預期需求量增加,預期效用降低且搜尋次數減少。
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住宅價格指數之研究 / The Research of Housing Price Indexes楊宗憲, Patrick Young Unknown Date (has links)
過去由於國內住宅市場的資訊並不流通,以致市場上出現的價格資訊相當混亂,就價格的種類來看,各種名目住宅價格間的差異未有明確釐清,使一般人常會對不同的住宅價格產生誤解。就時間序列來看,不同的時間、地區及住宅類型,到底住宅價格的變動如何,也未能有一嚴謹且量化之指標表示。
本研究運用標準住宅的概念編製住宅價格指數,所謂標準住宅乃是指一定時間、地區、類型,市場上成交的住宅中,典型的住宅屬性及其數量的組合,也就是說,觀察市場上成交典型住宅的價格變動情形,作為指數編製的基礎,以控制住宅的異質性,再以特徵價格法來求得各屬性的單價以進一步控制品質。另外,由於住宅成交數量變動較大,因此運用裴氏公式作為指數公式,使加權權重的誤差不致太大。
由各地區的指數變動趨勢可得到以下幾點結論:首先,一般所認為的三次房地產價格高峰期(62至63年、68至70年、76至78年),從指數的變動來看並不明顯,只有76至78年的上漲趨勢較明顯,在經過幣值平減後,長期趨勢更顯平緩;其次,長期來看,住宅價格持續上漲,部分時期持平或下跌,但幅度及持續時間有限,故所謂房價下跌,其實跌的是上漲率;最後,就上漲幅度來看,台北縣、市的幅度最大,除台北市外,非都市地區(非省轄市)房價的上漲速度較都市地區(省轄市)為高。
最後歸納二個造成一般人對住宅價格變動之錯誤印象的原因。主要是品質未加控制,由於品質會影響住宅價格,且消費的住宅品質及數量會隨時間而改變,一般人未察覺此點,而造成對房價上漲的誤解。其次是未考慮幣值,由於「今天的一塊錢不等於明天的一塊錢」,因此以名目價格觀察住宅價格變動的作法,也會造成對房價變動的誤解。
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英雄史詩的結構與流傳-以中國少數民族文學三大英雄史詩為中心 / The Structure and Diffusion of Hero-epic - The Three Great Hero- epic of Minority Ethnic Literature in China黃季平, Huang, Chi Ping Unknown Date (has links)
本論文在結構上,除去「緒論」與「結論」外,「本論」共分成五章。第一章「三大英雄史詩的產生及其內容」,第二章「三大英雄史詩的情節類型」,第三章「三大英雄史詩生存的社會背景」,第四章「三大英雄史詩的流傳」,第五章「從比較文學看三大英雄史詩」。
第一章,是對「三大英雄史詩」作一個整體性的論述。英雄史詩與民族的關係不但非常密切,而且能成為該民族文學的活水源頭與象徵,變成後期文學攫取養分的精神寶庫。本論文以中國少數民族文學裡最具代表性的「三大英雄史詩」《格薩爾》、《江格爾》、《瑪納斯》為對象,它們比諸世界上其他民族的英雄史詩雖然內容相同(歌頌英雄的戰績),但是在類型上卻有很大的不同(已定型或仍在繼續生長)。了解「三大英雄史詩」的形成、發展、茁壯、消退,將會讓我們更清楚「英雄史詩」在民族文學史以至於世界文學史上的重要地位。
對英雄史詩的整體了解之後,我們進入英雄史詩的內部結構。「三大英雄史詩」作品內容都有大同小異的情節,經過比較和分析,可以找出相對固定的情節,也就是所謂的「情節板塊」。本論文大膽使用「板塊」這個概念,整理出《格薩爾》板塊13個、《江格爾》板塊10個、《瑪納斯》板塊20個。由於英雄史詩的情節大多是相對固定的「板塊」構成。歌手按一定的情節模式構造的「板塊」,以不同的方式連接拼綴起來,加上藝術的加工和個人的即興發揮,一個個完整的故事便千姿百態地呈現出來。因此只要掌握「情節板塊」,不管史詩故事如何的離奇怪異,都可以輕易指出它的故事結構。本論文第二章利用「板塊」來分析比較「三大英雄史詩」,這應該是「三大英雄史詩」結構分析的研究裡較為突出並呈現整貌的一坎。
透過英雄史詩作品的結構掌握到英雄史詩的內部之後,第三章是探討英雄史詩的生存的社會環境。宗教與娛樂的社會功能,是英雄史詩能夠廣泛流傳的重要條件,透過了解這兩項重要的條件,我們才能進一步知道英雄史詩能夠生存的背景環境。
第四章「三大英雄史詩」的流傳,本論文從四個方面下手,即「三大英雄史詩」的演唱環境、說唱藝人的傳承、書面版本的傳播、以及「三大英雄史詩」的跨族流傳現象。整章完全環繞「流傳」這個主題,從各種不同的面向,討論「三大英雄史詩」的傳播過程。因為藝人傳承在過去是比較被忽略的,而「三大英雄史詩」的版本也過於繁瑣散亂,無法理出頭緒,所以本章較費心力是在整理藝人傳承的發展以及書面版本的匯整。
本論文對「三大英雄史詩」的了解是先從外在大環境的分析開始,然後深入史詩內部結構剖析,再回到「三大英雄史詩」的生存環境,探討史詩的社會功能而明自「三大英雄史詩」的流傳現象。最後一章則從比較文學的角度來探討,「三大英雄史詩」的地位與影響力。
對「中國少數民族文學」而言,精華之所在是「民間文學」,而「民間文學」燦爛耀眼的地方在「史詩」,史詩則以「三大英雄史詩」聞名。反過來說,研究「三大英雄史詩」正是採擷到史詩的粹精。
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住宅價格與總體經濟變數關係之研究-以向量自我迴歸模式(VAR)進行實證 / A Study on the Relationship between Housing Price and Macro - economic Variable黃佩玲, Hwang, Pay Ling Unknown Date (has links)
由於住宅價格變動毫無預警制度,人民往往憑著個人主觀的判斷而決定何時購屋或售屋,而此種主觀判斷住宅市場利多及利空的觀念,對住宅市場的供需會產生失衡現象,因此是否可從經濟面的訊息找到住宅價格變動的答案,使住宅價格在尚未變動前,政府即已掌握資訊,提前做好穩定住宅價格的因應對策,使民眾依其需要而購屋,則是本研究之主要目的。
本研究從文獻中整理出影響住宅價格變動的七個總體經濟變數,這些總體經濟變數包含工資、物價、所得、貨幣供給額、股價、匯率及利率等,並利用向量自我迴歸模式(VAR)進行實證,以便較客觀的獲得變數間的落後期數及暸解變數間雙向、單向及領先、同步、落後情形,且進一步探討住宅價格與每一個總體經濟變數間影響程度大小及影響情形,以釐清各變數之間的關係。
本研究利用VAR模型進行住宅價格與總體經濟變數關係的研究,經由實證,得到下列的結論:
一、實證結果方面
本研究之實證主要有因果關係檢定與分析、變異數分解之分析及衝擊反應之分析三方面,其實證結果如下所述。
(一)因果關係檢定與分析
由因果關係檢定與分析中,得到股價、物價、匯率、貨幣供給額及利率均能做為住宅價格變動的領先指標。
(二)變異數分解之分析
由住宅價格之變異數分解中,得知住宅價格自身的解釋程度僅占三分之一,另三分之二被其他的總體經濟變數所解釋,顯示住宅價格受總體經濟變數的影響相當大;而從其他總體經濟變數之變異數分解中,得知住宅價格變動會干擾到總體經濟變數,而使總體經濟變數受干擾而變動變動。
(三)衝擊反應之分析
從總體經濟變數對住宅價格的衝擊反應分析圖中可以明顯看出除工資外,其餘總體經濟變數變動對住宅價格造成的衝擊均相當明顯,但匯率及利率對住宅價格的衝擊是負向的。
住宅價格對所得、股價、匯率及利率的衝擊相當明顯,而其對匯率的衝擊是負向。
二、政策應用方面
政府的決策過程中常會有時間落後的現象,而本研究實證的目的則是要使政府能事先掌握住宅價格的變動,並提前做好穩定住宅價格的因應對策,減少政府決策過程的時間落後現象,而實證結果應用至政策方面的內容則由以下說明之。
(一)藉由因果關係檢定與分析的實證內容,可以縮短政府對住宅價格不合理變動問題認定落後的時間。
(二)從變異數分解之分析的實證內容中,可以使決策者在解決住宅價格問題時,將行動落後的時間減少。
(三)由衝擊反應之分析中,可以使政府在執行穩定住宅價格政策時,將衝擊落後的時間縮小。 / Since there is no alarm system in the change of housing prices, people often decide when to buy or when to sell based on personal and subjective judgement. Such concept to judge subjectively whether the housing market is bull or bear will cause unequilibrium in the supply and demend of the housing market. There it is possible to find out the answers to the change of housing prices from economic side so that the government can have enough information and can be prepared in the reaction to stabilizing the housing prices, and so that the public can buy house according to their needs is the main purpose of this project.
Seven variables in macroeconomics influencing the change of housing prices have been taken from reative literature, including wage, commodity price, income, money supply, stock price, exchange rate, and interest rate. VAR has been employed to verify so that the more objective lagging period among variable can be known, and the bi-directional, uni-directional, leading, contemporaneous, and lagging situation among variables can be understood. Furthermore, the degree and the status of influence of each macroeconomic variable to the housing price will be investigated to clarify the relations among the variables.
The present project investigate the relations between housing price and macroeconomic variables. We have the following findings:
I、In Empirical Study:
The empirical study in this project includes causal relation test and analysis, the analysis of variable decompositon, and the analysis of impact response. The results are shown in the following:
(I) Causality Test and Analysis
In the causality test and analysis, we find out that stock price, commodity price, exchange rate, money supply and interest rate all can be the leading indicators in the change of housing prices.
(II) The Analysis of Variable Decomposition
It is learned from the variable decomposition of housing prices that housing price can only explain one third of the cause in its change, the other two thirds are explained by other macroeconomic variables. It shows that housing prices are subject to the influence of macroeconomic variables greatly.
From the variable decomposition of other macroeconomic variables, we know that the change in housing prices will affect macroeconomic variables so that the macroeconomic variables will change.
(III) The Analysis of Impact Response
It can be obviously seen from the analysis figure of the impact response of the macroeconomics to housing prices, all macroeconomic variables will cause obvious impact to housing prices expect for wage. However, both exchange rate and interest rate have negative impact to housing prices.
Housing prices' impact to income, stock prices, exchange rate and interest rate is quite obvious, among which, the impact to exchange rate is negative.
II、Policy Application
It is a common phenomenon that there often will be lagging in time in government's decision making. The purise of the empirical study in this project is to let the government to know in advance the change of housing prices and to let the government to know in advance the change of housing prices and to let the government be prepared in the reaction of stabilizing the housing prices to minimize the lagging in the decision making process. The contents of application of the empirical study to policy are explained in the following:
(I) With the empirical results of the change of the causality test and analysis, the time for the government to recognize the unreasonable changes in housing prices can be shortened.
(II) With the empirical results of the analysis of variable decomposition, the decision makers' lagging in the action responding to housing pricescan be minimized.
(III) With the analysis in impact response, the lagging in impact will be minimized when the government executing her housing price stabilizing policy.
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影響美妝部落格可信度因素探析 / Analysis of factors affecting cosmetic blog credibility葉凱凌 Unknown Date (has links)
根據經濟部統計,在全球經濟不景氣的情況下,彩妝業在2009與2008年同期相比,仍成長了2.72%,以金額來說,台灣彩妝一年有新台幣720多億元市場,而保養品的市場量則一直維持在美妝品市場40%以上比例,兩者合計之金額足見美妝市場之大。因此對於行銷人員來說,瞭解現代女性選擇美妝產品的方式成為一個重要的課題。
本研究認為,若能瞭解網友信任美妝部落格、部落客的原因,就可取得部落格行銷之先機。本研究發現20-29歲女性在制訂美妝產品購買決策時,除了價格因素外,最重要的因素來自於網友評價。美妝部落格部落客成為美妝領域的「意見領袖」,將影響力由虛擬網路世界深入實體世界。我們將影響部落格可信度因素分為:(1)使用時間、(2)使用動機:資訊搜索、人際互動與娛樂消遣、(3)部落格特性:更新快速、自主控制、互動性、多媒體與分眾化、(4)自我揭露、(5)商業意圖揭露等五大要素。結果發現「資訊蒐集」、「人際互動」、「多媒體」、「主題性」與「自我揭露」等五個變項對可信度有正向影響;而「內容詳盡」與「商業意圖揭露負面感知」對可信度影響為負向。
本研究建議在部落格行銷上,應改進過去多用「量產」的口碑行銷方式贏得市面上的曝光量與正面評價,以提升文章深度。多媒體方面可以提升圖文的質感,主題性上可以形塑部落客在美妝領域的專業角色,並利用自我揭露的方式拉近與網友的距離等方式提高可信度。另外要注意內容過於詳盡易帶給網友不信任的負面觀感,而商業意圖不僅是政府開始注意的議題,也是美妝部落格可信度的殺手。 / According to a Ministry of Economic Affair’s study, cosmetic industry in Taiwan is continuously growing under the global economic recession in recent years. The makeup product market is greater than NT 720 billion a year in Taiwan, in which the proportion of the skin care product market in cosmetic industry remains 40%., which may show the potential of this industry. Therefore, it is important for marketers to understand the behavior of consumers in this industry, especially women’s, accounting for most of the share.
Women between 20 and 29 will consider other users’ evaluation of products when they have to make decisions on purchasing cosmetic products. Therefore, it is natural to infer that cosmetic blogs and bloggers will become “opinion leaders” in cosmetic areas, and they may exert their influence on consumers’ consumption. If we know why and how users trust in cosmetic blogs and bloggers, we may help the cosmetics marketing in blogosphere. .
Factors affecting blog credibility were divided into five dimensions: (1) time, (2) motivation: information exchange, personal relationship and social recreation, (3) blog feature: quick update, independent control, interactive, multimedia and fragmentation, (4) self-disclosure, (5) business intention disclosure. We found that “information exchange”, “personal relationship”, “multimedia”, “fragmentation” and “self-disclosure” have positive effects on credibility. On the contrary, content of blog feature—“detailed content” and “disclosure of intention to sell” have negative effects.
Consequently, this study suggests that from a multimedia perspective, bloggers should improve quality of posts, and upgrade blogger’s professional images. Furthermore, using self-disclosure strategies may improve relationships between bloggers and visitors. Last but not least, detailed content easily brings negative impression, and intentions to sell in blogs were not only monitored by government but viewed as defect of credibility by visitors.
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當設計來敲門:臺灣文具業者以設計力創新打造風格競爭力 / The pursuit of design: Build the magic power of style via design-driven innovation吳俊瑩, Wu, Jyun Ying Unknown Date (has links)
臺灣文具產業發展至今超過一甲子歲月,環境局勢已經不同以往。各國特色文具來臺競逐池城,大陸東南亞低價文具搶食外銷市場;少子化與電子化縮減市場機會,環保意識加深品質要求;衣食無虞的現代消費者,追求心靈層次滿足。臺灣文具業者下一步該怎麼走?文具強國日本的發展可供借鏡。日本文具業者賦予文具產品新的意義,讓消費者使用意義創新產品打造新生活風格。
本研究探討臺灣文具業者開發意義創新產品的思考想法,從如何賦予產品新的意義,以及如何設計產品樣式,到如何運用意義創新產品打造新生活風格。以Verganti提出的設計力創新為理論基礎,融合Brown的設計思考,以及劉維公的生活風格定義與風格競爭力描述,整理成研究架構。本研究採取解釋性個案研究法,選取偷花(歲時紀)、Micia美日手藝館(Mini Cute印章)、好幫手彩藝(UBook)三家企業個案進行深入訪談,了解企業個案設計意義創新產品的整體歷程。
分析比較企業個案資料所得之結論如下。於構思創新方案階段,企業個案以產品設計團隊親自觀察產品的極端使用者,探尋產品隱藏需求;並以企業的價值理念做為首要評估項目,揉合產品原始意義與特殊用途,構思產品新的意義。於產品樣式設計階段,為了維持意義創新產品之產品意義與價值理念於開發過程前後一致,企業個案掌握設計自主權;為了獲得市場認同,選擇消費者偏好的生活文化題材開發產品內容,並提供產品原始意義觀點下的實用功能。於生活風格提案階段,企業個案以意義創新產品、周邊商品、互動場域構成各種美學體驗形式,讓消費者在體驗過程理解意義創新產品的產品意義與價值理念。意義創新產品開創認同產品價值的消費新市場,但若通路欠缺解說過程,則銷售成績較不好。
最後依據結論給予臺灣文具業者開發意義創新產品的建議,臺灣文具業者宜多研究文具產品於各種生活脈絡中的使用情形,挖掘產品潛在的新意義;在產品樣式設計過程,宜擁有設計自主權,並招募擁有設計管理與行銷管理的跨領域人才,控管意義創新產品的開發流程;宜發展各種美學體驗形式,宣傳意義創新產品,但也必須設想意義創新產品在無人解說的實體通路該如何因應。 / The The Taiwanese stationery industry has developed over more than 60 years, and both the market and the competition have changed a lot in that time. Many foreign stationery companies began operating in Taiwan, and companies in China and Southeast Asia are getting into the world market with lower-price stationery. Due to the decrease of birth rate and the trend of computerization, the market opportunity for physical stationery has decreased by 30% within the last five years. Consumer demand for sustainable products and packaging forces the industry to think innovatively about their products. After being satisfied with the basic needs in life, consumers are looking for a higher level of emotional and spiritual satisfaction from their non-essential purchases. What is the next step for the Taiwanese stationery industry? Recent developments in the Japanese stationery industry provide a good example of how innovation within an industry can lead to increased customer satisfaction by creating New-Meaning Products. A New-Meaning Product is realized when a well-known product with a specific function is integrated with additional form and function in a new way. For example, a video game console which can encourage kids to exercise is a New-Meaning Product. In many cases, the New-Meaning Product can have a powerful effect on the customer's lifestyle.
This thesis discusses the process of developing New-Meaning Products by The Taiwanese stationery industry. This process ranges from how to redefine the stationery, design the prototype, and create a new lifestyle for the customer with New-Meaning Products. The research structure is based on Verganti’s design-driven innovation theory, Brown’s design thinking, and Wei-Gong Liu’s definition of lifestyle and the description of the magic power of style. This thesis applies the method of Explanatory Case Study and chooses three business cases – Flowerthief (Chronology Schedule Book), Micia (Mini Cute Stamp), and UBook (UBook) – to do further research and discussion to understand the innovation process of New-Meaning Products.
The conclusions of the business cases analysis are as below. At the step of innovation program planning, the product design team would observe the extreme users, and search for the valuable insights and ideas. In addition, they list enterprise value as the main assessment to derive New-Meaning Products. At the step of product design, in order to keep the consistency of the concept of the new meaning and core value of the products before and after manufacturing, the company holds the decision-making power of design. To gain market recognition, they develop the product content based on the life cultural topics the consumers like, and provide the practical functions behind the product original meaning. At the step of lifestyle proposal, they construct variable types of aesthetics experience based on the New-Meaning Product, peripheral products, and interactive field to help consumers understand the New-Meaning Product and enterprise value. The New-Meaning Products has developed new consumer market for product recognition. However, the lack of product exposition will have negative impact on sales performance.
This thesis sums up by giving advice to the Taiwanese stationery industry on the development of a New-Meaning Product. First, the Taiwanese stationery companies should research more about the usage of stationery in all aspects of life, and explore the potential meaning in the existing products. To maximize the potential to create New-Meaning Products, the companies should retain decision-making power during the product design process, hire talent with design and marketing management experience, and prudently monitor the sustainability of their products. Lastly, they should pioneer marketing techniques to establish an emotional and spiritual link between the potential consumers and the new-meaning products, enabling customers to visualize the lifestyle benefits that the New-Meaning Products can provide.
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影響社群網站自我揭露行為之研究 / Study on the Impact of Self-disclosure on Social Network Site孫曉雅, Sun, Hsiao Ya Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以人際關係為出發點,希望了解在社群網站形成的人際關係網絡中,個人自我呈現需求和人際關係需求與自我揭露之關聯,揭露對象的差異以及人格特質的影響。本研究以問卷調查法進行,對擁有Facebook帳號者之使用者發放問卷。結果顯示,個人提升自我形象、主動包容和情感期待需求對於在社群網站中向普通朋友及親密朋友的自我揭露有正向影響,情感表達需求對於在社群網站中向普通朋友的自我揭露有正向影響;被動歸屬需求對則普通朋友及親密朋友的自我揭露有負向影響。
此外,外向與自戀人格特質的使用者自我揭露行為上,也有不同的發現。內向的人的被動歸屬需求對普通朋友及親密朋友的自我揭露有負向影響,且被動引導需求對親密朋友的自我揭露有正向影響。而自戀的人的主動控制需求對普通朋友的自我揭露有正向影響。
研究結果提供了基於人際關係需求的社群網站自我揭露動機,並分析面對不同揭露對象時,人際關係需求對揭露的差異,對社群網站使用者的動機和行為有更深入的了解,並提供理論基礎。而針對不同人格特質的使用者,比較在社群網站自我揭露之差異,了解社群網站使用者的不同面貌。 / This study tried to understand the influence of self-presentation need, interpersonal need on self-disclosure of normal friend and close friend at the social network sites. Sample survey was applied to investigate Facebook users. The result reveals that “self-promotion”, “expressed inclusion”, and “wanted affection” needs have positive impacts on self-disclosure of normal friend and close friend in SNS. “Expressed affection” needs have positive impacts on self-disclosure of normal friend. In addition, “wanted inclusion” has negative influence. Furthermore, there are some different findings among extroverted, introverted, narcissistic and non-narcissistic groups.
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價格促銷深度與消費者購買行為 - 以量販店餅乾品類為例 / Price Promotion Impact on Consumer Behavior – A Study of Biscuit Category in Hypermarkets陳惠玫, Chen, Ivy Hui Mei Unknown Date (has links)
摘要
隨著時代變遷,行銷手法愈來愈推陳出新,商品零售市場的競爭也愈來愈激烈,走進零售店會看到二件八折,第二件五折或是買一送一等降價促銷活動;剛開始做第二件五折的時候,業績瞬間成長,但是多做幾次之後,效益可能就開始往下降,因此可能開始加碼做買一送一,或是增加降價促銷的頻率,最後無法抽身,而陷入一個不得不做的僵局。所以,如何訂定適當的行銷策略,在價格促銷深度和頻率間取得平衡點,追求最大的效益,是製造商常常面臨的問題與決策。
本研究使用尼爾森量販店商品掃描資料,以餅乾銷售資料做為研究品類,探討價格促銷深度與頻率的相互關係,如何影響消費者購買趨勢。本研究根據迴歸線性模型,利用銷售資料先了解前期、節慶及競爭者等變數對該品類的影響,再分析不同的促銷折扣下的價格彈跳幅度,最後分別以二個月及三個月為單位搭配促銷的頻率,看前期有無促銷的時候,對最後一個月不同的價格促銷深度時的業績增加幅度影響。
最後以消費者預期下一次促銷時間與預期價格差異的行為理論,針對本研究結果做分析,提供行銷建議。
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價格敏感度與價格比較之關係-探討行動裝置自我效能之調節效應 / Mobile Device Self-efficacy as a Moderator for the Relationship between Price Sensitivity and Price Comparison魏啓源 Unknown Date (has links)
近年來行動裝置已是相當地普遍且普及率逐年快速成長,由Google在2013年對台灣的市場調查報告中可知,台灣智慧型手機普及率已達51%,而隨著各種不同功能的應用服務之增加,行動裝置已經改變了我們許多的生活習慣,其影響力更是不可忽視。
過去許多的文獻在探討與研究價格敏感度與消費者的比價行為之關係,但在行動裝置普及的情形下並沒有相關之研究,行動裝置對其關係之影響仍有許多探討之空間。因此本研究的目的是由行動裝置之自我效能作為調節變數,探討對價格敏感度與行動比價行為意圖之間關係的影響。
本研究採用網路問卷進行研究資料的蒐集,調查對象為擁有智慧型手機的一般消費者,共得有效樣本504份,並利用結構方程模式與多群組分析來驗證整體研究架構。研究結果顯示,行動裝置自我效能之調節效應被確立,當消費者的行動裝置之自我效能越高時,則會更加地影響價格敏感度高的消費者,使他的行動比價意圖相對變得更加強烈,且本研究揣測未來行動裝置自我效能高的消費者,只會隨時間而不斷增加,而商品資訊變得更加透明化,將造成消費者的價格敏感度大幅提升,使得消費者的行動比價意圖變高,進行比價行為。在行動裝置的普及下,消費者的價格敏感度與行動比價之間的關係會更加地強烈。未來後續研究可針對某感興趣的產品類別進行研究以便瞭解訂價策略之研擬,對於特定產品之研究在學術界與實務上皆深具意義。 / Mobile devices are more and more popular today. According to Google’s market report, smart phone penetration rate has reached 51% in Taiwan in 2013. With various features and increasing applications, mobile devices have changed our daily lives in many ways.
There is much literature exploring the relationship between price sensitivity and price comparison behavior. However there is no such research exploring the relationship in a mobile device setting. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to study price comparison behavior on a mobile device. Specifically, I explore the moderating effect of mobile device self-efficacy on the relationship between price sensitivity and price comparison on a mobile device. In the paper, I develop a conceptual model according to literature review. To measure constructs in the model, I identify appropriate items based on literature and revise the items to fit the study.
Data were collected using online questionnaires. The survey population is common shoppers in Taiwan who are using mobile device. Total 504 valid samples were obtained. As for data analysis, structural equation modeling (SEM) and multiple-group analysis were used to test the model. The results show that the moderating effect of mobile device self-efficacy is significant. Price-sensitive shoppers compare prices on a mobile device only when they consider themselves capable of operating the device. Specifically, for high price-sensitive shoppers, high mobile device self-efficacy make them much more intend to compare prices on a mobile device. The study has many implications especially when mobile device is becoming a commodity and product prices cannot be more transparent.
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カラの主語性に関する研究 : コーパス検索および文処理実験TAMAOKA, Katsuo, MU, Xin, 玉岡, 賀津雄, 穆, 欣 05 December 2014 (has links)
No description available.
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