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中國文人畫理論研究王, 俊鈞 23 May 2019 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(文学) / 甲第21944号 / 文博第803号 / 新制||文||676(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院文学研究科文献文化学専攻 / (主査)教授 宇佐美 文理, 准教授 池田 恭哉, 准教授 永田 知之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Letters / Kyoto University / DGAM
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調查回饋技術在機械行業上之應用研究張裕隆, ZHANG, YU-LONG Unknown Date (has links)
本研究計一冊,五萬字,分為五章。
本研究係「組織發展」中之「調查回饋」技術之初步研究,主要目的在於探討「調查
回饋」技術對於增進組織的健全與效能之影響,並嘗試建立一套調查回饋系統,以提
供企業各界診療之服務。
本研究之實驗對象為建德機械公司三重與平鎮兩廠製造課之全體員工,其中三重廠之
製造課為實驗組,進行「調查回饋」之實驗處理,調查之問卷內容包括有:工廠員工
心態調查問卷、組織氣候量表、工作士氣量表及工作滿足量表等四份量表,調查完畢
之後,加以列表摘要,並回饋給該課的所有成員,然後由其共同診斷組織□的問題,
並擬定行動方案,提呈上級栽決。另一平鎮廠之製造課則為「調查」控制組,其於三
重廠進行實驗處理三個月後進行問卷調查,但研究者只將結果回饋予該廠的高級主管
人員,之後,兩組共同逐步實施行動方案。
本研究係以員工對該項「調查回饋」研究計劃的支持程度與生產量以及離職率等為評
估之依據。由於本研究採「多重時間系列設計」,故分別收集兩組處理前後之有關資
料,以進行實驗處理效果之分析。
研究結果發現:
(1) 實驗組之員工對該項「調查回饋」研究計劃頗為歡迎。
(2) 「調查回饋」技術有助於提高該廠之生產量。
(3) 「調查回饋」技術有助於減低該廠之離職率。
(4) 「調查」控制組之生產量略有上揚之趨勢,但不若「調查回饋」組來得明顯。
(5) 「調查」控制組之離職率略有下降之趨勢,但不若「調查回饋」組來得明顯。
此外,本研究並進行相關等多項統計分析,以探討問卷內容中諸變項間之關係,其結
果詳見論文中之「結果與討論」一章。
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液化石油氣配管供氣之成本效益分析陳朝煌, Chen, Zhao-Huang Unknown Date (has links)
主要探討液化石油氣採用配管方式供氣和維持現行方式供氣兩者之間成本效益的差異
,從而引申出適當的建議,以作為國內統銷液化石油氣之管理當局的參考,玆將本文
內容扼要說明如下:
第一章共分為四節,闡釋本文的研究動機與目的、及研究的範圍、研究的架構、和研
究的方法與限制。第二章共有三節,分別說明液化石油氣產業的現況,發掘其中的問
題,和討論本文的研究方向。第三章共含六節,說明成本效益分析的定義、觀念和目
的,而且分別探討成本效益分析的程序面、要素面、技術面和成本面,及說明動態的
成本效益分析之意義。第四章分為兩節,說明液化石油氣的特性和配管的程序,以瞭
解配管系統的構成要件。第五章共有七節,說明及計算配管供氣制度和維持現行制度
兩者所發生的成本和效益,而得出在固定國家效益下最低成本的方案。第六章含兩節
,為針對研究所得,提出適切的結論和建議。
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台灣華語送氣與非送氣子音之對比:以語音實驗為例證 / The status of aspirated and unaspirated consonants in Mandarin: Evidence from phonological experiments李冠霆, Lee, Kuan Ting Unknown Date (has links)
送氣與非送氣的對比是台灣華語塞音及塞擦音之特性。為討論送氣的議題,本篇論文透過語音實驗,從兩方面來探討:其一為嗓音起始時間(voice onset time),另一則為語誤的方向性(directionality)及標記 (markedness)。
本研究有兩個實驗,皆以四字非詞為實驗材料。實驗一為語誤實驗,此實驗結合繞口令以及立即回想的方法來誘發語誤;實驗二則為嗓音起始時間實驗,只讓受試者回想,並未結合繞口令。這兩個實驗的設計由於受到中文本身音韻限制及詞彙空缺的限制,韻母使用了單母音(V)及韻母(VG或GV)兩種形式,因此實驗二亦將母音對子音數值的影響之比較結果納入討論。
嗓音起始時間實驗的結果顯示,使用四字非詞並結合回想作為實驗內容所測量出的數值與前人使用實詞所測量出的數值並無太大不同,並支持送氣子音的數值較非送氣子音的大。此外,塞音的研究結果支持Cho & Ladefoged (1999)所提出的原則,也就是塞音除阻的位置若越後面,則其數值會越大;若將塞音的數值套用Cho & Ladefoged (1999)的分類,則中文的非送氣塞音確為非送氣子音,而送氣塞音的數值則介於稍微送氣及送氣子音之間。塞擦音的研究結果若如Lai (2013)般套用Cho & Ladefoged (1999)之原則,則會發現送氣塞擦音符合此原則,但非送氣塞擦音卻非如此。另外,子音後接的母音或韻母亦會影響子音之嗓音起始時間。研究結果顯示當大部份子音後接單母音時,子音之嗓音起始時間較長;研究結果亦指出當子音後接的為單母音[a]或以[a]開頭的韻母時,子音的嗓音起始時間會較接其他母音如[u], [i], [ow]時短。
語誤實驗的結果顯示,除了[k], [kh]有以有標送氣塞音取代無標非送氣塞音的情形外,其他組塞音及所有塞擦音皆無以有標送氣子音取代無標非送氣子音(反之亦然)的情形。就方向性而言,研究結果顯示語誤來源出現在語誤之前(perseveration)的方向性顯著最多。 / The contrast of aspiration is one of the characteristics of stops and affricates in Taiwan Mandarin. Through the conduction of two phonological experiments, we discuss the issue of aspiration from two aspects: one is from voice onset time (VOT), and the other one from directionality and markedness of speech errors.
Non-word quadruple sets were used in both two experiments. The first experiment was speech errors, which combined tongue twister and immediate recall to induce speech errors; the second experiment was voice onset time, which only had the subjects to recall. Due to the limitation of phonological ill-form and lexical gaps, the rhymes of the two experiments had two forms, V and VG/GV; as a result, how vowels affected the VOT of stops and affricates were also discussed.
The findings of the second experiment (voice onset time) showed that the VOT measured by using non-word quadruple set was similar to the VOT measured by using real words as stimuli, and the findings also indicated that the VOT of the aspirated consonants was longer than that of the unaspirated ones. In terms of the results of the stops, they supported the principle proposed by Cho & Ladefoged (1999) that the duration of VOT has a further back relationship with the closure; furthermore, the categories proposed by Cho & Ladefoged (1999) were applied onto the results, it showed that Mandarin unaspirated stops were indeed unaspirated consonants, and the aspirated stops fell between slightly aspirated and aspirated consonants. The findings of the aspirated stops, if applied the principle proposed by Cho & Ladefoged (1999) like Lai (2013), revealed that aspirated affricates supported the principle, yet the unaspirated ones did not. Regarding the influence of vowels on the VOT, it was found that when the succeeding vowel was a single vowel [a] or rhymes beginning with [a], the VOT of the stops and the affricates would be shorter.
The findings of the first experiment (speech errors) indicated that with regard to the stops, the aspirated velar stop tended to replace the unaspirated counterpart, while for the other stops, the probability for marked aspirated stops to replace unmarked unaspirated ones or vice versa was of the same. With regard to the directionality of speech errors, the findings showed that perseverations significantly outnumbered anticipations and exchange.
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台灣房地產景氣循環之研究-生產時間落差、宣告效果、總體經濟之影響 / Real Estate Cycles in Taiwan -- The Influence of Construction Lags, Preannouance Effect, and Macroeconomic Variables彭建文, Peng, Chien-Wen Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要依據國內房地產市場的特性,以生產時間落差、預期景氣與宣告效果、以及總體經濟等三個項目為主軸,針對房地產市場的景氣現象進行探討。首先,由生產階段的生產時間落差為出發點,探討房地產景氣與政府政策衝擊對生產時間落差的影響。再來,探討房地產次市場間的互動關係,瞭解預期景氣與宣告效果對不同房地產次市場景氣的影響。最後,探討總體經濟對房地產景氣的影響。在上述理念體系下,本研究進行各項理論的推演與實證分析,所得結論說明如下:
一、房地產景氣對生產時間影響部份
本文以建照面積與使照面積數量之波動關係,分析房地產景氣對生產時間落差之影響,結果發現使照面積與建照面積間存在穩定的長期關係,但建照可能因景氣不佳而取消,此使得長期建照面積大於使照面積,且建商會視房地產景氣的變動而調整興建速度。當房地產市場景氣時,興建速度較快,不景氣時興建速度較慢,使得生產時間落差會因房地產景氣變動而有所不同。另外,建照面積與使照面積間的關係亦會因政府相關政策的改變而產生衝擊,進而改變生產時間落差的長短。
由此觀之,國內房地產市場應較無預售制度的國家有較佳的市場調整機制,不過國內房地產景氣的波動卻依然劇烈,其原因可能在於政府決策與執行有相當長的時間落差,往往造成介入市場的時機不恰當,使得政府政策不但未能發揮反景氣循環的功能,反而成為助漲、助跌的促媒。另外,建築投資業缺乏健全管理亦是可能的原因之一,造成市場良莠不齊,在未經協調而彼此競爭下,往往錯誤評估個別預期銷售額而惡性競爭所造成。
二、預期景氣與宣告效果對房地產景氣影響部份
透過不同次市場的連結,本文發現當政府政策提前宣告時,將會有明顯的宣告效果產生,使得建商雖面對節節高昇的空屋率,依然大量搶建,但建照面積的增加則會促使房價與租金下跌。當前房地產市場的長期不景氣,政府未充分掌握房地產市場的景氣波動,並審慎評估政策的可能衝擊可說是問題的關鍵。此也意味,若政府日後真有必要再對房地產市場實施類似管制措施時,實應於事前進行謹慎的評估,並慎選實施的時機。
其次,市場參與者的預期在市場運作過程中扮演相當重要的角色,對於不同次市場景氣之影響亦不相同,當預期資本利得愈高時,會使房價上漲,但租金卻會減少,因為屋主願意以相對較低的租金將房屋出租,並由長期的資本利得中獲得補償,此可解釋為何國內長期租金與房價比長期偏低的現象。不過,近年來房地產市場面臨相當長時間的不景氣,加以921大地震對於國人傳統「有土斯有財」的理財觀念應有相當程度的衝擊,在預期資本利得相當微薄、甚至為負的情況下,未來租金可能回到較合理的水準。
三、總體經濟度房地產景氣之影響部份
本文檢視總體經濟變數對不同地區房地產景氣的影響,發現不論台北市或台北縣的預售屋房價與貨幣供給、空屋數、建照面積等變數均具有長期均衡關係存在,表示房地產景氣會因總體經濟變數與房地產市場本身供需變化而調整,但在考量結構變遷下,預售屋房價與建照面積間之關係已有所改變,意味未來在分析兩者間之關係時必須更加慎重。
其次,空屋數對於預售屋房價的影響彈性相對大於貨幣供給以及建照面積的影響,且相關變數對於台北市預售屋房價的影響相對大於台北縣,但台北縣預售屋房價消弭均衡誤差的速度較台北市為快,此乃因台北市住宅供給與需求彈性相對較小,當其他影響變數發生變動時,其預售屋房價受到的影響相對較大,故一旦偏離均衡時,必須花費較長的時間來調整。此結果亦顯示,要解決房地產市場長期的不景氣,從消化空餘屋著手最為有效。另外,不論台北市或台北縣預售屋房價與其他變數間的短期領先或落後關係並不明顯,此可能是因房地產市場自1986-1990年這一波房地產景氣後,已產生結構性變遷所造成。 / This dissertation consisted of three relative essays about real estate cycles. The first paper explores the influence of the real estate cycles on construction lags by analyzing the fluctuations of total floor areas of building permits and usage permits as a reflection of construction lags. Results support that a long-run equilibrium is existing between them; however, building permits may be dropped during a downswing market. In addition, the duration of construction lags is affected by changes in the real estate cycles and by the impacts of policies. During a time of strong market, the duration of construction lags is cut shorter and is extended when the market is depressed.
The second paper presents a simultaneous equation to examine how expectation of market participants and preannouncement of zoning control influence real estate cycles through three housing submarkets: rental market, sales market, and new construction market. One interesting finding is that, before the government announced a change in its zoning policy, builders constructed at maximum capacity despite fact that the real estate market was already depressed. Such construction only worsens the real estate market condition and extends the duration of depressed period. Another interesting finding is that the expected real estate cycles have different effects on rent and housing price. Although high capital gain expectations drive up the housing price, rent continues to decrease. A high vacancy rate, although decreasing the housing price, has little influence on construction starts.
The last paper examines the long-term relationships between real estate cycles and macroeconomic variables by using cointegration test and error correction model. I found that both housing price of Taipei City and Taipei County do have long-term relationships with money supply, vacant houses, and new construction, but when considering market structure change, the relationship between housing price and new construction will change. I also found that the vacant houses have more influence on housing price than that of money supply and new construction, and the influences of these three variables on housing price are more sensitive in Taipei City than Taipei County. These results reflect the market structure of Taipei City and Taipei County is different, and the importance to solve vacant houses problem. Another surprise finding is that short-term lead or lag relationships among these variables are not significant. One possible reason is the structure change of real estate market after 1990.
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環境安全與國際建制-氣候安全建制之探討蔣欣如, Chiang,Hsin-ju Unknown Date (has links)
「安全」問題一直是國家不斷追求的利益,但相較於傳統安全問題,更多新的安全議題已浮上檯面。在新興的眾多非傳統安全議題之中,環境安全(Environmental Security)是相當重要的面向,乃由於環境的改變、破壞、退化,形成人類經濟活動、國家安全、國際和平的隱憂。面對如此的潛在危機,國際社會目前普遍已經體認到環境安全的重要性,也逐漸傾向尋求另一種不同於軍事武力的解決方案,有意願合作建立共同規範準則以面對問題,因而促成環境安全建制的成形。
本論文以「氣候變遷」議題做為環境問題的代表,回顧自1972年以來,以國家為主要行為者的全球多邊環境協定,探討氣候安全的特點及氣候建制的限制。同時採用「知識社群模式」與「制度議價途徑」的論點解釋環境建制的成因,前者影響國際社會對環境問題的共識、原則建立;後者則影響國家參與共同建制與制定、執行規範的意願。
雖然全球氣候治理的《京都議定書》已正式上路,氣候相關建制也都注重平等、公正、效率、補償等原則,力求使國際社會每個國家立足平等並有足夠的能力解決問題,但因為國家最終考量仍是自身利益,國際社會各行為者所重視的是平等而不損及利益的制度安排。所以,要建立有效的環境安全建制,首先要解決環境安全與經濟發展互相矛盾的困境,其次要調和國際社會成員的利益問題,需要各國共同努力,才能真正使環境建制的功能發揮到最大。
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跨國公司對在地國之影響: 以俄羅斯天然氣工業集團為例 / The impact of multinational corporation on host country: the case of Gazprom group李苑如 Unknown Date (has links)
本文研究重點為探討跨國公司對在地國之影響,分析與比較俄羅斯天然氣工業集團(Gazprom Group)在烏克蘭與白俄羅斯兩國之議價關係。
Gazprom為全球壟斷性天然氣公司,在2006年冬季俄、烏天然氣談判破局而發生歐洲大規模斷氣事件後,其對在地國的特殊影響力才逐漸成為各界熱烈討論之議題。一般而言,在全球化下的跨國公司研究多半聚焦在跨國公司的經濟影響力,然而Gazprom在母國政府的支持下,在全球市場上除了經濟面外,還對其他國家發揮著政治面向上的影響力,特別是在烏克蘭與白俄羅斯的例子上格外明顯。學界目前對於Gazprom的主流評論認為Gazprom為母國外交工具,然而追溯Gazprom、在地國與俄羅斯三方之天然氣關係背景,發現Gazprom在烏、白兩國之作為不能單純將Gazprom設想為「母國外交工具」,Gazprom與兩國之天然氣衝突是俄羅斯政府「外交目標」與Gazprom「商業獲利」考量下之綜合結果;以Gazprom為主體方向下思考,對Gazprom來說,俄羅斯政府是企業對在地國的「產業政策影響工具」,更正確地來說,Gazprom與俄羅斯政府是屬於互相為用的關係。
為破除既定「外交工具」思考方向,本文採議價能力衰減模型(Obsolescing Bargaining Model)作為基礎研究架構,以Gazprom為研究主體,突破以往傳統上單層議價模型中只論跨國公司與在地國之議價過程,加入母國政府與在地國政府之議價關係,分析俄與烏、白兩國政府議價結果與Gazprom影響力之關聯,以貼合本文案例實際研究需要。 / This paper examines the impact of multinational corporations (MNC) on host country, analyzes and compares the two cases in Ukraine and Belarus of bargaining relations between Gazprom Group and host governments.
Gazprom is a global natural gas monopoly, after the breakup of gas negotiation between Russia and Ukraine and cut-off of Russian gas to Europe, its special impact on host country has attracted people of all the different circles to discuss it. In most cases of globalization researches on MNC’s role, people concentrate on the economic impact of MNC; however, with the support from home government, Gazprom has shown not only its economic power, but also its political impact on host country, especially on Ukraine and Belarus. Till now, the academic circle has seen Gazprom as an instrument of Russian foreign policy, but after tracing back the historical background of gas relations between Gazprom, host country, and Russia, we can figure out Gazprom can’t be simply regarded as the policy instrument, in fact, the Russia-Ukraine and Russia-Belarus gas disputes between are the complex of Russian foreign policy consideration and Gazprom commercial actions. For Gazprom, Russian government is an instrument as well to influence host country’s policy in gas sector. More correctly, Gazprom and Russian government use each other for their own purposes.
To break through the existing “instrument of foreign policy” research direction, this paper uses obsolescing bargaining model as the basic framework, regarding Gazprom as the main subject, changing the traditional one-tier bargaining model into two-tier, including bargaining relationship between home government and host government, then analyzes the correlation between the governmental bargaining results and Gazprom’s bargaining power for the practical case study needs.
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台灣電視氣象播報傳播研究--以一個颱風的生與死為例 / TV Weathercast in Taiwan – A Case Study on the Life Cycle of a Typhoon陳秀鳳 Unknown Date (has links)
全球極端氣候、天災頻仍,氣象訊息與民眾生活息息相關,根據中央氣象局104年調查,民眾獲得氣象資訊的管道仍以「電視」占最多數,氣象傳播是科學傳播的一環,本研究以一個颱風從生到死為範圍,對四位電視氣象主播晚間新聞時段氣象預報,分訊息呈現、媒體設計、播報展演等三個層面進行內容分析,並輔之以四位主播的深度訪談,探討國內電視氣象主播在颱風警報發佈前、警報發佈期間與警報解除後,如何對閱聽大眾進行傳播。
近年來由於媒體競爭激烈,使得電視氣象預報從颱風還在一兩千公里外就開始眾聲喧嘩。本研究發現,氣象主播的科學背景會影響其颱風播報敘事結構,對於尚處遙遠的颱風,任立渝、林嘉愷用語比較保守,戴立綱語多暗示,王淑麗暗示性最強、使用篇幅也最多。在警報發佈期間,任立渝偏重颱風分析,林嘉愷擅長運用圖表解析即時風雨狀況,戴立綱敘事強調生活化提醒閱聽人防颱防淹水,王淑麗用語相對生動活潑、善用周遭事物比擬陳述颱風。在颱風警報解除後,任立渝、林嘉愷和戴立綱立即恢復平日氣象播報格式,惟王淑麗仍停留颱風訊息的陳述。在媒體設計上,林嘉愷使用的虛擬棚、鏡面和圖表,在視覺化的設計和呈現都較其他三人為佳。在播報展演上,四位主播各有風格,任立渝誠懇嚴肅、林嘉愷草根親和、戴立綱急切亢奮、王淑麗則走輕鬆活潑路線。手勢和觸控筆是氣象主播很重要的展演,手勢是一種肢體表演,觸控筆則是展現專業分析的工具,視覺性的動態展演是聚焦觀眾注意力的方式。
綜觀分析結果,本研究也提出颱風氣象播報準則,氣象主播的長期專業形象是其一,訊息呈現的敘事結構必須隨著颱風逼近而機動調整,當颱風地處遙遠時,對於颱風的敘事以「教育」觀眾大氣環境變化為主;當颱風逐漸靠近時,颱風動態路徑的解析說明展演能力,是氣象播報的決勝關鍵;當颱風警報發佈後,對台灣陸地影響的預估解釋能力則是觀眾收視關切的重點。至於搭配的氣象鏡面宜以視覺化為原則,追求圖表色調文字簡單明瞭且可視性高,並且讓觀眾熟悉且習慣這些圖表規格的呈現,惟須避免造成視覺疲勞。而展演方式則視個人風格特色而定,有些人適合沈穩嚴肅,有些人適合親切活潑,但考量電視是視覺展演的平台,動的畫面會比靜的畫面吸引觀眾,不論是眼神、表情、手勢、觸控筆、左右走動都是牽動觀眾視覺的重要元素,讓主播的講解、動作與鏡面三者在視聽感官上的互動,達到人機一體展演的效果。
氣象主播的個性發揮與風格確立,關係品牌形象與信賴感。專業氣象人有過實務或學術訓練,如果加上好的展演訓練及觀眾緣,或者是非氣象專業的新聞人,經由豐富的新聞訓練及額外自修,都能獲得觀眾的喜愛與信賴。本研究經由對四位氣象主播播報的分析與歸納,最後提出一套颱風氣象播報準則,俾以提供有志從事電視(影音)氣象播報工作者之參考。 / Since the world has experienced extreme weather and natural disasters constantly, weather information has been closely related to the lives of human being. According to the survey conducted by the Central Meteorological Bureau in 2015, TV is still the main channel for the public to access to meteorological information and meteorological communication is a part of science communication. Based on a typhoon from the birth to death, this study explores 4 weather presenters during prime time broadcasting by the use of content analysis which includes 3 aspects: message presentation, media design and performace. Also, by conducting in-depth interviews with the 4 presenters, this study examines how the domestic weather presenters communicates with the public before and during the authorities announces the typhoon alert, and after the alert is lifted.
News media face fierce competition in recent years which leads to the rise of infotainment. For example, TV weather presenter starts to dramatize the strength of typhoon when it's just 1000km or 2000km away. This study found that presenter’s academic background in science does affect the structure of narration. When typhoon is still far away and the impact is variable, Ren Li-yu and Lin Jia-kai are more likely to present with a conservative tone while Dai Li-kang is more suggestive. Wang Shu-li has the strongest suggestive tone. During the alert, Ren Li-yu focuses on the typhoon analysis, Lin Jia-kai is fond of using charts and graphics to analyze the current wind speed and rainfall. Dai Li-gang puts more emphasis on reminding audience to be cautious and to do as much as one can to prevent the typhoon. Wang Shu-li’s style is relatively lively and she tends to make an analogy with surrounding things to describe the typhoon. After the typhoon alert is lifted, Ren Li-yu, Lin Jia-kai and Dai Li-gang resumes to the usual weather broadcasting style immediately. However, Wang Shu-li’s way of presenting stays the same. From the aspect of media design, Lin Jia-kai presents in a virtual studio with particular TV screen layout, charts and graphics which is clearer and better than the other three. When it comes to performace style, the 4 presenters have their own style, Ren Li-yu is sincere and serious. On the other hand, Lin Jia-kai is more approachable and affinitive. Dai Li-gang seemed to be more aggressive and provocative. Lastly, Wang Shu-li tends to present the program with a lively style. Gestures and stylus could be important tools while presenting. Gesture weighs during broadcasting while the stylus could be used to show their professionalism, attracting more viewers.
From the results of the analysis, the study also proposed typhoon forecasting criteria, first of all, the weather presenter’s long-term professional image. The narrative structure of the message must be adjusted as the typhoon approaches. When the typhoon is far away, the narration should be focused on “educating” the audience the knowledge of the atmospheric environment. While the typhoon is gradually close, the capacity to analyze the typhoon is the key to prevail against others. When the typhoon alert is announced, the ability to explain how the typhoon would impact Taiwan is the concern of audience. The key principle for weather forecast's animated background is visualization. The graphics and texts should be simple and easily digestible. Also, the program should let viewers absorb and familiarize with these presented charts. One thing that needs be avoided is visual fatigue. In terms of performace, some presenters are calm and serious, some are cordial and lively. Since television relies heavily on visualization, moving pictures are more eye-catching than still images. Otherwise, both eye contact and facial expressions, gestures, the use of touch pen, or even the body movement all play a dispensable role. Combining weather presenter’s narrative, gesture and chart, can deliver the best weather forecasting performance.
TV weather presenter’s personality and personal style establishment is helpful to build brand image and earn the trust of the audience. Professional weather presenter with practical and academic training, plus good performance training; or for journalist without meteorological background, through abundant professional news training and self-study, they can win audience’s heart and trust.
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空氣污染防制法罰鍰之計算──以固定污染源為例馬小惠, MA,XIAO-HUI Unknown Date (has links)
管制空氣污染所根據的「空氣污染防制法」是屬於公害行政管制法規之一,著重事後
制裁。對於一般性空氣污染物的排放管制,按罰則第14條規定處罰之, 但由於罰鍰數
額太小, 對於工商場而言, 購置空氣污染防治設備往往需要千萬元以上的鉅額資金,
業主寧願受罰, 而無誠意購置空氣污染防治設備, 喪失了處罰的意義. 本文基於犯罪
經濟學嚴厲懲治提高犯罪者成本進而抑止犯罪之效果, 適用於污染者在污染防治法律
執行下追求利潤最大污染排放情形, 進而強調適當的罰鍰可以促使污染者自動遵守規
定。根據個體面與總體面的考慮, 適當的罰鍰在前者須等於污染者因違犯所得成本節
省之利益, 在後者則須等於污染造成的外部成本, 因此, 建議具有經濟誘因罰鍰結構
反映此二因素, 並依據理論及參考美國的清潔空氣法固定污染源罰金政策, 擬定一套
具有經濟誘因罰金之計算標準, 俾供主管機關作為處罰依據.
本文第二章犯罪與污染防治法律執行之經濟分析, 以經濟理論分析罰鍰額度之依據,
並討論有效的罰則才是促使污染者遵守法律之誘因。第三章我國污染管制政策之現況
與檢討一以固定污染源為例, 比較近年來空氣品質之趨勢, 並對現行管制政策加以檢
討。第四章罰鍰在國際使用之簡述, 主要介紹美國的民事罰金政策為一具有經濟誘因
之罰金政策。第五章罰鍰計算之擬議, 依據理論分析與美國民事罰金政策, 擬定一具
有經濟誘因之罰鍰, 並討論在其他政策搭配下, 罰鍰計算結構之變化。第六章, 結論
。
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空氣污染之反應函數與損害成本--台北市學童之實證分析胡玉蕙, HU, YU-HUI Unknown Date (has links)
第一章 緒論
第一節 研究方法與本文架構
第二章 理論基礎及前人研究
第一節 空氣污染對人體健康之影響
第二節 人體健康受空氣污染之損害成本評估
第三章 實證模型
第一節 資料之特性-被解釋變數為count data
第二節 count data計量模型之遞邅
第三節 本文採用之模型
第四章 台北市學童之實證分析
第一節 反應函數之估計結果分析
第二節 損害成本之評估
第五章 結論
第一節 本文限制
第二節 未來展望
內容說明:
由於經濟成長伴隨著人口增加及都市化,都市中空氣污染情形日益嚴重,為求最適之
污染水準,必須使污染之損害成本與防制成本之和最小,本文研究重點放在損害成本
之估計上。
污染損害成本之估計過程:步驟一,求出污染源之污染排出量以及大氣之擴散速度;
步驟二,人體對於污染物的反應程度;步驟三,人體對於污染所造成之貨幣損失,本
文以估計出污染的反應函數與損害成本為目的。
本文貢獻:
在估計空氣污染對人體健康之影響時,考慮資料為非負整數之特性,在計量模型上有
所修正,並以台北市學童受空氣污染而罹患氣喘病之資料抽樣估計,評估其因罹病而
遭受的貨幣損失。
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