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委外代工、國際分工對貿易傳遞效果及母國工資不均度之影響 / The Impact of Outsourcing and International Fragmentation on Trade Transmission and Wage Inequality林晉勗, Lin, Jin-Xu Unknown Date (has links)
本文內容包含三個主題相近的議題,首先我們探討在貿易互動的情況下,國際能源價格衝擊所帶來的跨國衝擊效果,接著根據多個年度的資料,延用第一個議題的模型分析跨國衝掔效果的演變,以及這樣的演變與貿易趨勢之間的關係,最後則探討委外代工的貿易活動對經濟體系勞動市場的影響,企圖尋找台灣近年工資不均度逐漸下降的原因。
由第一個議題的分析結果可以發現,若要有效降低原物料價格上漲所帶來的衝擊,可從國內高耗能的產業 (如石油煉製品業) 著手,藉由技術移轉、跨國產業合作或研發投入等方式提升耗能產業的技術,改善生產結構;此外,藉由分散進口來源,可以有效降低進口拉動的物價上漲;最後,在國際能源價格上漲時,公用事業部門的價格管制,可以有效控制物價上漲,尤其對於天然資源缺乏的國家效果較為顯著,且愈多國家採行價格管制策略時,對降低物價衝擊的效果愈好。。
由第二個議題的分析可得知,各國的個別產業在三個不同的年度受到相同衝擊時,當產業的中間投入裡,能源及石油煉製品的占比愈高,則價格衝擊反應便愈大,這樣的影響效果主要反應了直接效果。若仔細檢視國內的各產業委外代工活動對價格衝擊效果的影響,則可以發現在產業別資料時,兩者間的關係並不明顯,但若將分析層級提高到整體國家的話,便可以發現委外代工比例或是國際專業分工程度愈高的國家,其受到的物價衝擊似乎稍微較低,而此一部份則是反應了跨國貿易傳遞效果。
最後,由第三個分析議題可以發現,台灣過去25年來技能與非技能勞工的工資差距逐漸拉近,這樣的趨勢與近年文獻所觀察的結果有明顯的不同,仔細檢視其中的端倪,我們可以發現台灣工資不均度雖然與相對勞動雇用仍為正相關,但工資不均度卻受到委外代工與對外直接投資負向的影響,其中,僅電子電機及機械類別的委外代工對工資不均度具有影響顯著,但民生工業及重工業類別卻不顯著,這樣的結果與近年台灣電子業發展的模式有關,雖然此產業委外生產比例日益攀升,但隨著台灣電子業在全球舉足輕重的地位,產值逐年大幅成長,雖然其中零組件愈來愈多仰賴委由開發中國家生產,但於台灣進行組裝仍需大量非技能勞工,因此委外生產將使工資不均度的情形減緩。另外,從資料中也發現,近年台灣日益減緩的工資不均度情形,主要是由於相對勞動供給的增量大於相對勞動需求所致。 / This thesis contents three approximate subjects for discussion. First of all, we confer the interaction of trades when the rise of international raw material price influences multinational; according to the data taken from many years, we employed the model of the first subject to analyze the development of inter-regional impact, its effect and also the relationship between the development and the trade tendency. Lastly, the influence of outsourcing towards the labor market in the economy will be discussed, in order to search for the reason, which is responsible for the chronicle decrease of wage inequality.
The result of the first discussion shows us, to slow down the price impact which is caused by the rise of the raw material, we can undertake national companies with high energy consumption industries (e.g. petrochemical industry); on these excuses: Technique shifting, international industrial cooperation or investment of researches and so on, the technology of high energy consuming industries could be promoted to improve the production structure. Further than that, dispersing import resources could efficiently reduce the price increase caused by import. The price control at public utility could bridle price rise effectively, when international energy price is arising. This is especially obvious in countries with lack of natural resource, not forget to mention the more nations introduce price control tactic, the better it is to reduce the price impact.
By the analysis of the second discussion, it is said when each country in each industry at three different years experienced the same impact, the higher the industrial’s usage of energy and petro-products for intermediate inputs, the strong is the reaction of price impact and this influence mainly responded to the direct effect. If we examine the relationship between price impact and proportion of outsourcing, we could notice that the relationship is not very conspicuous in industrial level data. But if we move the analyze level higher to the whole nation, we could discover that the higher the percentage of outsourcing is, the lower is the resulted price impact. And this is because of the transmission effect of the international trade.
Last but not least, the third discussion let us know, that in the past 25 years in Taiwan, the wage inequality of high skill and low skill labor was reducing chronically. Such a trend is clearly different from the result which is shown in the recently studies. Even the wage inequality is positive proportioned with the relative labor employed, but it has been negatively influenced by outsourcing and outward direct investments. The negative relationship counts to the most outstanding in electronics and electrical machinery industries, but civil industry and heavy metal industry is not much remarkable. This result is related to the expand model of Taiwan in the recent years. Although, the percentage of outsourcing grows day by day, but with the importance of Taiwan’s electronics industry, the production arises substantially annually, even though more and more of its components is sourcing from development countries, but we still need many non-skilled personnel to fabricate those in Taiwan. That’s why outsourcing will decrease the wage inequality. Further than that, the recent wage inequality decrease in Taiwan is mainly effected by the surplus of relative labor supply.
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使用方向距離函數探討我國銀行業技術效率 —非貝氏方法考慮函數的單調與曲度性質 / Technical Efficiency of Commercial Banks in Taiwan on Directional Distance Function - A Non-Bayesian Approach Imposing Monotonicity and Curvature Conditions毛芝瑩, Mao, Chih Ying Unknown Date (has links)
本研究發展新的計量方法,運用隨機邊界法將單調性和曲度條件等性質納入迴歸模型,使用聯立迴歸模型進行估計,藉此讓係數估計值不易出現違反經濟理論的情況。
採用台灣2002年至2015年,51家商業銀行進行實證分析,發現本研究方法估計產出方向距離函數時,僅有5%以下的樣本點不符合單調和曲度等性質,用於估計產出面距離函數時,僅有2%以下的樣本點不符合。進一步探討台灣銀行業之非意欲產出--逾期放款--對估計技術效率的影響,顯示不考慮此非意欲產出造成整體銀行業、非金控本國銀行與外商銀行的技術效率被高估,而金控本國銀行的技術效率則被低估,此外,分析2007年金融風暴前後銀行業經營效率變化,顯示考慮非意欲產出銀行業經營效率顯著提升,然而,未考慮非意欲產出銀行業經營效率卻下降,兩者結果有著極大的差異。 / The aim of the paper is to develop a new approach, which is stochastic frontier analysis imposing monotonicity and curvature conditions, then using simultaneous regression model to estimate. By the approach, it can solve the problem of most of the coefficient estimates violating the economic theory.
The study uses the data of 51 commercial banks in Taiwan from 2002 to 2015 to conduct the empirical analysis. It indicates that by output directional distance function, less than 5% sample points violate the monotonicity and curvature conditions; by output distance function, less than 2% sample points don’t obey the restricted conditions. Further, the paper discusses the effect of commercial banks’ undesirable output- non-performing loan- on estimating technical efficiency. The results show that ignoring the undesirable output cause the technical efficiency of overall banks, non-finance holding banks and foreign banks are overvalued, and the technical efficiency of finance holding banks are undervalued. Furthermore, analyze the change of business efficiency after financial crisis in 2007. It points out that using the model consider the undesirable output, the banks’ efficiency rises. However, using the model no consider the undesirable output, the banks’ efficiency decreases. There is an extremely conflict between two approach.
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綠色稅制改革所得重分配之研究 / Study on income distribution of green tax reform許景威 Unknown Date (has links)
綠色稅制改革始於1990年代,在此前歐美主要稅收所得來源為所得稅,隨著歐美國家面臨經濟與財政困境,課稅項目漸漸地轉向環境稅,最先實施的國家為北歐國家,目前我國正面臨經濟衰退,且新政府上任後,增稅政策屢屢遭到民眾的反彈,有些學者認為,環境稅有辦法達成「雙重紅利」,既能增進環境品質且改善所得分配,不失為一向好的課稅工具。
本研究以民國100年行政院主計處的「產業關聯表」與「家庭收支調查報告」估計綠色稅制改革的所得重分配效果,利用投入產出分析法,估計環境稅對於消費支出項目價格影響,再將環境稅稅收金額作為所得稅減免與移轉收入減免用途,最後估計吉尼係數,觀察實施綠色稅制改革後的所得重分配效果。
實證結果顯示,環境稅是一具有累退性質之租稅,故單純課徵環境稅會造成所得分配惡化,且課徵越高之金額,所得分配惡化越嚴重;實施綠色稅制改革後,所得分配都較原始值平均,且綠色稅制改革金額越大之方案,改善所得分配效果則越好。
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台灣製造業貿易型態結構轉變之檢定鄒孟文, ZOU,MENG-WEN Unknown Date (has links)
本論文主要目的在檢定近二十年來生產因素秉賦與台灣製造業的貿易形態及其結構性
的變化。過去文獻中,有關台灣對外貿易形態的實證研究,大都應用生產因素的「投
入產出分析法」與「迥歸分析法」二種,而且皆是單一年的橫斷面資料之分析,然而
卻缺乏長期性的觀察。本文研究之目的的即在於融合橫斷面與時間序列資料,對台灣
自民國55年至75年製造業對外貿易形態的轉變作一分析。
本文可分格為三大部分。首先,依據民國55.60.65.70.與75各年度「工商普查報告」
,配合「進出口貿易統計月報」,分別以製造業細分類與中分類之資料作「迥歸分析
」。其次,再以上述資料應用「機率模型」之 Probit(或Logit)分析則是由「質」的
觀點來衡量。
第三,根據「勞工統計月報」、「工業生產統計月報」與行政院主計處估計之逐年製
造產業別固定資本存量,配合「進出口貿易統計月報」,融合了民國55年至75年製造
業橫斷面與時間序列之合併資料,應用Multivariate Cusum Test,來檢定台灣地區貿
易型態的結構性變化,並測量個別生產因素對結構轉變的影響程度。
根據橫斷面資料可瞭解生產因素秉賦和貿易比較利益型態,而由橫斷面與時間序列合
併資料分析,能瞭解長期性各產業貿易結構的轉變。
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團體決策在管理過程中功能之研究朱楠賢, ZHU, NAN-XIAN Unknown Date (has links)
茲將史褚主要內容分述如次:
第一章緒論。先闡述本文之研究動機,方法與範圍,次分別討論團體、決策之相關概
念用以引介團體決策之意涵。
第二章列舉影響團體決策之主要投入(INPUT
)因素,分別從問題、團體、個人及領首四面向討論。
第三章探討團體決策之運作過程(OPERATIONAL PROCESS
),兼採規範及描述模型觀點分析其互動階段,最後並說明決策過程中的特徵。
第四章從事團體決策產出(OUTPUT)之功能分析 分別檢視其正、負功能及影響功能
之權變因素。
第五章對團體決策之產出功能,作一回餽(FEEDBACK),尋求增進決策效能的各種技
術,其中包括腦力激盪術(BRAINSTIRMING )、達非法(DELPHI)、名義團體術(NO
MINAL GROUP TECHUIQUE )、品管圈(QUALITY CONTROL CIRCLE)暨分析層級過程法
(ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS)等。
第六章結論。以權變(CONTINGENCY
)觀點探討團體決策之使用契機與最佳組合,最後並總結性地提出對團體決策的未來
展望。
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資產評價理論投入價值與產出價值之比較研究詹茂焜, Zhan, Mao-Kun Unknown Date (has links)
本論文主要內容在討論會計資產評價理論之各種不同方法,及資產評價之重要性,其
市場不同,將評價理論歸納為投入價值及產出價值兩種,投入價值評會係以投入市場
的觀念為出發點,主要的方法有歷史成本法,重置成本法。產出價值係以產出市場之
觀念作出發點,主要的方法有現值法、淨變現值法(或當期現金等值)。除了各法之
介紹及優劣點外,就投入價值與產出價值兩種方法作一比較研究。
第一章緒論
第二章資產評價理論之概述
第三章投入價值理論學派
第四章產出價值理論學派
第五章投入價值與產出價值之比較。
第六章結論及建議。
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考量預期損失之台灣商業銀行效率與生產力分析 / The Efficiency and productivity analysis of banking industry in Taiwan considering expected losses翁祥容 Unknown Date (has links)
本文以資料包絡分析法衡量2004年第一季至2008年第三季台灣商業銀行之效率與生產力,並以其代表銀行之經營績效。不同於過去文獻之處在於本文以前瞻之觀點(沈中華,2005)求出放款預期損失以衡量放款風險,作為放款過程中的非意欲產出。本文並利用Ray and Desli(1997)架構拆解Malmquist總要素生產力指數,探討銀行績效變動之來源,此外,亦將該拆解結果與Färe et al.(1994)拆解方式比較,發現在技術變動部分有明顯不同。本文並探討影響銀行效率之因素以及檢定不同類型銀行之生產力表現是否有顯著差異。 / The purpose of this paper is to examine the efficiency and productivity change of Taiwan’s banks over 2004Q1-2008Q3 using data envelopment analysis. Unlike the literature of the past, this paper uses the forward-looking viewpoint to derive expected losses from loans to measure the credit risk. In addition, the loan expected loss is thought of as an undesirable output in the estimation of efficiency and productivity. On the other hand, this paper uses a VRS frontier benchmark (Ray and Desli, 1997) to analyze the sources of productivity change. This paper also compares this result with that of Färe et al.(1994)decomposition, and finds that the estimated technical changes of two approaches are significantly different. Further, this paper analyzes the factors influencing banks’ efficiency, and investigates the productivity differences between different ownerships.
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運用隨機方向距離函數法探討非意欲產出對銀行經營效率之影響 / Do Undesirables Matter on the Examination of Banking Efficiency Using Stochastic Directional Distance Functions鍾銘泰, Chung, Ming Tai Unknown Date (has links)
本文採取隨機方向距離函數方法,探討制度變革前、後(第一次金融改革)對台灣銀行業技術效率的影響。資料期間涵蓋1999年至2012年。相較傳統Shephard距離函數,隨機方向距離函數方法最大優點係可同時考量增加意欲產出、減少投入與非意欲產出。本文依循Koutsomanoli-Filippaki et al. (2009a) 模型,並納入考慮非意欲產出。本文採取隨機邊界法進行實證估計,以最大概似法估計方向距離函數,依據Battese and Coelli (1995)的模型將環境變數納入實證模型 (主要模型),並考量未包含環境變數之模型,與主要模型比較。此外,為凸顯非意欲產出之重要性,本文亦估計未考慮非意欲產出之模型以及傳統距離函數,以茲比較。
實證結果顯示,考慮非意欲產出與環境變數的主要模型,其估計結果相較其他模型之無效率明顯高估。2002年以前,技術無效率逐漸攀升。一次金改期間,技術無效率明顯下降,證明制度變革下,銀行效率獲得改善。惟2004年後反轉向上,尤其在雙卡風暴與次貸風暴期間,技術無效率明顯惡化。此外,本文將資料分群進行分析,發現公營銀行或是金控銀行較有效率。 / This paper aims to gain further insights into whether the policy of First Financial Restructuring (FFR) does improve the technical efficiency of banks in Taiwan during the period 1999-2012 by using the directional technology distance function (DDF). Compared to the conventional distance function, DDF simultaneously allows for the expansion of the desirables and the contraction of the undesirables. We follow Koutsomanoli-Filippaki et al. (2009a), and differing from them, we include undesirable outputs in DDF to depict a bank’s true production activities.
We find on average that the banks have a lower technical inefficiency with the main model compared to the other models. However, prior to 2002, the technical inefficiency exhibits a gradual upward trend and then posts a downward trend during the FFR period. These results suggest that the improved efficiency in the FFR period is possibly due to enhanced banking and benefits obtained from compliance with FFR. After the FFR period, the inefficiency scores deteriorate sharply, especially during the “credit card and cash card crisis” in 2006 and “the subprime mortgage crisis” in 2008. Public banks are more efficient than private banks. Banks belonging to a financial holding company (FHC) may operate more efficiently than those belonging to a non-FHC.
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運用新共同邊界法探討多重產出銀行業市場競爭度與成本效率 / A New Approach to Jointly Estimating the Lerner Index and Cost Efficiency for Multi-output Banks under a New Meta-Frontier Framework江典霖, Chiang, Dien Lin Unknown Date (has links)
過去文獻大多使用Lerner指數來衡量銀行業之市場競爭度,但在計算過程中有可能出現其值為負之問題。為解決上述問題,本文運用關聯結構函數建立聯立隨機邊界模型,它由銀行成本邊界與兩條產出價格邊界所組成,可以同時衡量放款市場及投資市場之市場競爭度與成本效率。另外,為比較西歐五個國家的銀行市場競爭度與成本效率,本文進一步採用Huang et al. (2014)所提出的新隨機共同邊界模型,此模型除使用共同成本邊界計算技術缺口比率外,還透過產出價格共同邊界衡量潛在Lerner指數,進一步拆解成Lerner指數與MC gap ratio (MCGR)兩部分,可以比較不同國家間的市場競爭程度。 / This paper proposes the copula-based simultaneous stochastic frontier model (CSSFM), composed of a cost frontier and two output price frontiers for the banking sector, in order to measure cost efficiency and market power in the markets of loans and investments. The new Lerner index can be estimated by relying on the simultaneous equations model, consisting of three frontier equations, which avoids obtaining negative measures of the Lerner index. We then apply the new meta-frontier model to simultaneously estimate and compare cost efficiency and market power across five countries over the period 1998-2010. The salient feature of our proposed approach is that it allows for calculating the technology gap ratio on the basis of the cost frontier, as well as evaluating the potential Lerner index from price frontiers, which can be decomposed into the country-specific Lerner index and marginal cost gap ratio.
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簽訂自由貿易協定之貿易與福利效果 / Estimates of the Trade and Welfare Effects of FTA吳米琪, Wu, Mi Chi Unknown Date (has links)
近年來雙邊甚或區域間簽訂自由貿易協定之風盛行,本文欲探討其影響。參考Caliendo and Parro(2015)的方法,以考慮部門異質性、投入產出連結以及中間財貿易之模型,計算1995-2013年間三個模型的福利效果。旨在分別檢視1995-2005年間WTO成立十年之影響、2005-2013年間全球120份自由貿易協定生效之效果,以及韓國此段期間內簽訂自由貿易協定之成果。本文結果顯示,WTO於1995年成立至其後10年間,確實為會員國帶來正面影響,總體而言,多數國家福利效果變動率為正。到了2005-2013年,全球有120份區域貿易協定生效,亦提升多數國家的福利,然成長幅度不如1995-2005來的顯著。惟韓國受惠於其簽訂自由貿易協定的成效,福利成長得與先前維持相近水準。此外,透過不同模型間的比較,本文發現各模型間的福利效果有明顯差異,顯示現今複雜的國際分工鏈下,完善考量部門間的互動因素實為衡量國際貿易效果的重要課題。
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