本論文「客語「放」及其同類動詞：框架語義與構式之互動」以Fillmore (1985)提出的「框架語義」以及Goldberg (1995)等學者提出的「構式語法」觀點為基礎，分析客語「放」字構式呈現的多義現象。客語「放」字涉及「使動事件」：空間位移與狀態變化。本文著重分析「使動結構」與客語「放」字在動賓、動補及句子等構式中語意－句法的互動。同時藉助隱喻與轉喻的強化，說明客語「放」字延伸語意之間的關聯性，並進一步闡述客語「放」字在動賓結構中詞彙化為複合詞的現象。此外，本文亦檢視客語其他放置類動詞：方向同類動詞、工具同類動詞、方式同類動詞，經由審視其詞彙化類型與框架語義之互動，說明其語意內涵與句法上的表現。因此，本論文經由分析詞彙化類型與探討事件架構中參與角色的展現與否，說明客語放置類動詞語意與句法間的相互關係。 / English verbs describing putting, a prototypical exemplar of a caused-motion activity, have been pervasively found to be the first acquired and the most frequently used verbs in many languages. Their semantic compatibility with various syntactic structures reinforces the association between verbal meanings and the constructions, giving rise to a grouping of related but distinct senses (Goldberg et al. 2004). Piong3 (放) ‘to put’ in Hakka is abundant in semantics. The basic meaning of piong3 designates a common pattern of human experience: An animate entity exerts manual force upon a physical object and causes the object to move. Adopting Goldberg’s (1995) Constructions and Fillmore’s (1985) Frame Semantics, this study aims to account for the meaning relatedness latent in piong3 and explicate the shades of meaning rooted in the set of its congeners with different degree of family resemblance. It is argued that the delicate nuances denoted by piong3 are derived from the interaction between frames and constructions while the extended meanings of piong3 are linked to its typical use through various metaphors and metonymies such as CONTAINER, EVENT STRUCTURE, CHANGE OF STATE AS CHANGE OF LOCATION metaphors and ACTION FOR RESULT metonymy. Furthermore, with regard to congeners of piong3 in Hakka, it is maintained that differences in profiling and lexicalization patterns capture the primary difference between piong3 and its congeners. Specifically, piong3 does not lexicalize other semantic elements (i.e. path, means, manner, result, and etc.) into its lexical meaning whereas its congeners explicitly do so, in that three subtypes of the congeners can be identified: directional congeners, means congeners, and manner congeners.

本論文藉由分析三十二位主修英語的研究生所寫的克漏字測驗以及引導寫作來探討其使用完成式的情形。文中的討論主要涵蓋了三個面向：語言形式和語意之間的連結，語法體(grammatical aspect)與情狀體(lexical aspect)之間的關聯，以及語法體與篇章組織(discourse organization)之間的關係。本篇研究發現，進階學習者能將完成式的語言形式正確使用，但是似乎仍未能達到高度的適當使用(appropriate use)。此外，研究發現學習者有使用完成式的動詞似乎偏向於其語意中帶有終點(endpoint)或結果狀態(result state)的類別，此項發現並支持之前文獻的研究結果。最後，結果亦顯示學習者在篇章中所使用的完成式似乎具有情景建立的功能(scene-setting function)，幫助他們在文章的開頭建立起背景。 / This study aims to explore the advanced learners’ use of the perfect aspect from the perspectives of form-meaning matching, lexical aspect influence and discourse organization influence. Thirty-two English-majored graduate students participated in the present study and they had to complete two tasks: a cloze test and a composition. With a careful examination over the collected data, these advanced learners’ use of the perfect aspect could be summarized as the following. First of all, they showed better formal accuracy than appropriate use of the perfect aspect. Although they presented more underuse in the task of cloze, they had more overuse in their compositions. Secondly, it was found that the perfect aspect was closely related to the verbs involving a semantic endpoint. These verbs, according to Vendler’s classification, are ACCOMPLISHMENTS and ACHIEVEMENTS. Finally, the learners in the present study showed a tendency of using the perfect aspect as the scene-setting function in the opening paragraph of their compositions.

在「設計易調整的電子病歷存取控管機制」論文中，針對病患隱私的保障，設計了一套XML格式的存取控管規則語言，讓安全管理者可以藉由設計安全組態檔，動態並細緻化地切換電子病歷的存取控管程式碼。根據前述論文的需求，我們建構出一套可融合於Eclipse開發平台中的存取規則編輯環境。除了具備XML編輯器的基本功能外，我們的編輯環境針對此存取控管規則語言提供使用者自訂屬性與規則變數的機制，以半自動化的方式免去記憶屬性值的困擾；並在存取規則的限制條件編修畫面當中，加入語法解析功能與基本格式驗證功能，協助使用者編輯限制條件，早期發現錯誤，大幅簡化安全管理人員設計存取控管規則的工作。 / This thesis presents a Configurable Editor for Specifying Access Control Rule in Electronic Medical Records based on the XML rule schema designed in another thesis, "Using Aspects to Implement Adaptable Access Control for Electronic Medical Records". Our editor is developed as a plug-in in the Eclipse development platform. It has three distinguished features. First, the user can configure the specific attributes and rule variables referenced in the rule schema and rule instances. Second, the user can edit access control rules as any XML documents and view the rules in multiple views, such as tree view. Third, the editor performs static checks on the constraints specified in the rules to provide early error detection. Thus, we argue that the editor will of significant help to the security administrators.

本研究旨在探討如何將漢語中詞彙的產出，建構在過去的語言生成模型(speech production model)之上。 在過去文獻中，語言生成模型主要有兩大流派：序列模型(serial-ordering model)主張各階段的激活過程只能單向進行，而連接模型(connectionist model)則允許各階段之間有雙向互動。此外，兩大模型闡述綜合性詞誤 (同時在語意及語音方面相關的詞誤)的生成也略有不同：序列模型認為綜合性詞誤起因於功能層次(functional level)與位置層次(positional level)同時發生錯誤，但若綜合性語誤的比例顯著高於機率，則較不支持此說法；連接模型則認為綜合性詞誤來自音系層(phonological stage)和詞條層(lemma stage)間的交互作用，倘若大部分的縱向聚合詞誤(paradigmatic errors)皆具有語音相似度，此說法較能得到驗證。 因此，為估算漢語詞彙選擇中語音的相似度，本研究分析了421個在自然語境中收集的單音節縱向聚合詞誤，結果發現綜合性語誤所佔的比例顯著偏高，此外，所有詞誤在字首、語音特徵、韻母、音節結構和聲調各方面的效應都達到顯著，這說明了語音和語意的確會同時影響詞彙的選擇，這也表示連接模型可能較接近中文的語言生成過程。 另外，語料分析的結果也顯示出漢語詞彙產出的特性。第一、在詞彙提取的過程中，字首比語音特徵和韻母扮演了更重要的角色，這同時也支持音節結構應以字首(C)和韻母劃分(CV/CVC)的假設；第二、聲調效應的顯著顯示聲調應存在於字彙的底層結構，因此聲調的促發應先於詞彙結的激化；第三、目標詞彙(target)的音節結構應在音系層的初期就已指定，因此有相同音節結構的詞彙結容易勝出。綜合以上可知，漢語的生成過程較傾向連接模型的架構，唯聲調和音節結構等語言特色宜納入模型討論。 / This study aims to investigate the process of word production in Mandarin, to see how it can be structured in previous models. Speech production models have two primary sects—the serial-ordering model versus the connectionist model—arguing for uni-directional and bi-directional activation respectively. Besides, between these two models, the generation of both semantically- and phonologically-related lexical errors (mixed errors) is different. On the one hand, the serial-ordering model (Garrett, 1988) interpreted mixed errors as malfunctions occur at both functional and positional level. It may not be favored if mixed errors occur more than chance in the corpus. On the other hand, the connectionist model (Dell, 1986) explained it as the feedback activation from the phonological level back to the lemma level. It would be supported if most paradigmatic substitutions show phonological similarities. Therefore, in order to facilitate the phonological similarities in lexical substitutions, 421 single-syllable paradigmatic (non-contextual) lexical errors collected in natural settings are examined. It is found that the percentage of mixed errors is significantly higher. Moreover, in the corpus the initialness, similarity, rhyme, syllable structure and tone effects are all prominent, which proves the joint effect of semantic and phonology in word selection. In other words, the connectionist network might better account for the processing of Mandarin. In addition, the analysis reveals certain issues of word-production in Mandarin. First, initials are primary activation units in word retrieval, rather than phonetic features or rhymes. It also supports the division of hierarchical syllable structure as an onset (C) and rhyme (VC/CVC). Secondly, the significance of tone effect suggests that tone may be stored in the underlying phonological organization of lexicons and thus is prior in word-activation. Thirdly, the syllable structure of the target is assigned at the beginning of phonological stage and thus lexical nodes with the same syllable structure tend to be selected. In conclusion, the analysis proves that the connectionist model could be applied to Mandarin Chinese if the status of tone and syllable structure is included.

本論文主要在探索間接請求語的回應策略，針對以英語為外語的台灣高中生做討論。共有120位受試者，分為3組，即以英語為母語的(Native American)高中生，以中文為母語的（Native Chinese）高中生，及以英語為外語的(Learning English as a Foreign Language)高中生。每組均有40位受試者，且男女數目相同。主要的實驗工具是「完成對話問卷」(DCT)，設計上有12個真實生活的情境，並以請求語的種類(傳統間接請求、非傳統間接請求)作為變因。所有回應策略被分成四類。策略(一)僅有是否、(S1 yes/ no alone)、策略(二)是否加上資訊或動作(S2 yes/ no plus information or action)、策略(三)資訊或動作(S3 information or action)及策略(四)其他(S4 others)。本研究量化方面以卡方檢定來辨別三組間是否有顯著差異，並輔以質性研究作為進一步的分析以求更全盤瞭解各策略的使用。 結果發現，普遍來說，台灣高中生在語用能力上仍顯不足。第二點、三組受試者在回應間接請求語上有不同的表現。以英文為母語的受試者偏好使用策略(二)是否加上資訊或動作(S2 yes/ no plus information or action)，而以英語為外語的高中生和以中文為母語的高中生卻都較偏愛使用策略(三)資訊或動作(S3 information or action)。第三點、以英文為外語的高中生在英語的使用上雖然有受到外語文化的影響，但其母語(即中文)對於其第二語言的使用影響更深遠。此外，三組受試者對於不同形式(CID, NCID)的間接請求語，在回應上採用不同的策略。再者，本研究顯示社會文化在請求語及其回應上扮演著重要的角色，在某個文化中被接受的語言使用可能在另一個文化中是不恰當的。最後，根據本文的探討，提出一些在英語學習與教學及日後研究的應用與建議。 / This study aims to explore and discuss the strategy use of EFL senior high school students in Taiwan when they respond to indirect requests. One hundred and twenty senior high school students participated in this study. They were divided into 3 groups--- native Americans (NA), native Chinese (NC), and EFL (English as a Foreign Language). There were 40 participants in each group, and the number of males and females were the same. The main instrument in this study was Discourse Completion Task (DCT), designed with 12 real life situations. One variable in the DCT was the different types of indirect requests--- Conventional Indirect (CID) and Non-conventional Indirect (NCID). The participants’ responses were divided into four exclusive categories, namely, S1 (yes/ no alone), S2 (yes/ no plus information or action), S3 (information or action) and S4 (others). To provide the quantitative results, Chi-square was employed to test the presence of statistically significant difference existing across the three groups. In addition, qualitative analysis was conducted to fully understand the employment of each strategy. The result showed that high school students in Taiwan generally had deficient pragmatic competence. Second, the three participant groups performed differently when responding to indirect requests. It was found that the NA group tended to select Yes/ no plus information or action (S2) whereas the NC and EFL groups preferred to employ Information or action (S3). Third, the performance of the EFL group heavily followed their L1’s cultural norms, although some of their behavior was influenced by the culture of their target language. In addition, participants among three groups tended to use different respondent strategies when encountering different indirect requests, namely, CID and NCID. Furthermore, this study also found that cultural norms play a crucial role in responses to requests. The influence of cultural norms should never be neglected because an acceptable behavior in one culture may be very inappropriate in another. At last, according to the findings, this study hoped to give some suggestions and implications for English learning and teaching as well as the future research.

本文旨在探討英語人士在中文否定句的習得過程中，是否呈現系統性發展。本研究以訪問的方式進行語料的收集，以比較性問題引導語者產製否定句型。受訪者中八位在國立政治大學語言視聽中心學習中文，二位為長期居住在台灣之英語語者。十位語者的語言表現將視為一個整體，以Implicational Scaling的方法進行結果分析。 中文最主要的否定詞為「不」與「沒」。中文否定句不同於英文否定句在於中文否定句除必需考量句法結構之因素外，否定詞的選用尚必需考量語意因素。除傳統所認為「沒」乃由「不」所衍生出來，且「沒」適用於變化後的（inflected）動詞外，根據石毓智（1992）的分析，「不」與「沒」的使用，具有清楚的分工，「不」用來否定具「連續量」的字詞（word of continuous quantity），而「沒」用來否定具「離散量」的字詞（word of separate quantity）。此外，否定詞的使用，尚受限於被否定的字詞，其定量（fixed quantity）與非定量（non-fixed quantity）的約束。 就表面結構而言，受訪者總共產製了四十二個句型。將這些句型歸納成深層結構而後進行Implicational Scaling。研究結果顯示，英語人士依一系統性的發展順序習得中文之否定句。同時結果亦顯示學習乃由易到難，由普遍到特殊的發展順序。 / The present study aims to explore the developmental sequences of Chinese negation by adult English speakers. The study collects data by interviewing and uses comparative questions to elicit negative structures. Ten adult English speakers are interviewed in which eight study Chinese in The Language Center in Chengchi University and two work in Taiwan over ten years. It is hypothesized that most learners develop a language in a common sequence of steps even though there are deviations of individual speakers. Therefore, the ten informants are regarded as a whole to explore the developmental sequence of Chinese negation by Implicational Scaling. Two main negators in Mandarin Chinese are bu and mei. Traditionally, it is proposed that the two negators are in complementary distribution. Bu becomes to mei when the following verb is you or as an "inflected verb." Besides, according to Shi (1992), the two negators have definitely different functions: bu is used to negate words of continuous quantity and mei words of separate quantity. In addition, whether a word or a phrase is fixed-quantity one or non-fixed-quantity one also influences the occurrence with the negators. Accordingly, It is obviously that Chinese negative structures differ from English and is much more complicated than English. There are 42 surface structures of negation produced by the informants which are generalized into eighteen ones based on the rules of deep structures. And then they are scaled into an implicational ordering. The results are valid and we can infer the development of negation into several stages. Furthermore, it shows that negative structures which are specifically used in Chinese are acquired latter. Therefore, it is proposed that adult English speakers acquire Chinese negation in a common sequence, developing from general structures to specific ones.

本篇論文引用Hopper在1993年所提出的五項原則，論證漢語中「起來」、「下去」、「上來」的多義現象是反映語法化的現象。在「起來」、「下去」、「上來」語法化的過程中，可以發現許多語意和語法的痕跡，例如語意選擇的限制、受詞位置的限制、受詞限定的要求、與完成貌時貌標記使用的限制。根據Lehmann 1991年的研究，這些痕跡說明「起來」、「下去」、「上來」在語法化的過程中是由「子句中」向「子句間」變動。這樣的語意變動主要來自於概念上由空間向時間的比喻轉換。除此之外，在「起來」、「下去」、「上來」的句子中，這樣的轉換還受到不同的語意角色要求所限制。 / This thesis applies Hopper*s Principles (1993) to assert that the semantic varieties of Mandarin directional verbs qi-lai, xia-qu, and shang-lai are reflections of grammaticalization. The grammaticalization of Mandarin qi-lai, xia-qu, and shang-lai has left traces on selectional restriction, syntactic constraints on object positions, object definiteness, and requirements of perfective aspect marker. Based on Lehmann (1991), these traces lead to the conclusion that Mandarin qi-lai, xia-qu, and shang-lai shift from clause-internal to cross-clause grammaticalization. The semantic shifts of Mandarin qi-lai, xia-qu, and shang-lai are considered to be motivated by SPACE-to-TIME metaphorical transfer. The transfer is also constrained by theta-role requirements.

本論文擬論述臺語述補式結構之語法與語意特性。述補式複合結構由兩個動詞或一個動詞及一個表示此一動詞之時帽組合成。由於臺語文獻中缺乏此類結構之研究，我們瀏灠了漢語中有關術補式複合動詞之研究，並採用張郇慧教授以論旨結構為本之分析模式。此結構之形成與論旨結構及句法上之及物性密切相關。除了此結構之形成外，我們亦討論其句法及語意系統與論旨結構之關聯。我們希望能藉此研究對此結構提供清楚而基本之概念。 / The previous studies on Taiwanese focus on the phonology and written forms, but few on other fields.In the thesis, we adopt a widely usde structure: Verb-Complement Construction to explore the syntax and semantics of the construction.Verb-Complement Constructions consist of two verbs or one verb plus a functional item which specifies verbal of the first verb. Due to the lack of previous studies on the topic, we first review several analyses on Mandarin Verb-Complement Compounds and adopt Chang's (1994) argument-structure-based analysis as the research approach. We propose that two factors contribute to the formation of this construction: syntactic transitivity and argument structure.The argument structure is divided into two categories: full-fledged and degenerated. Verb-complement Constructions, syntactically speaking, are formed by the combinations of transitive-transitive, intransitive-intransitive, and transitive-intransitive. Verb-Complement Constructions with full-fledged argument structure are distinguished into eight types based on the five types of this construction in terms of syntactic transitivity; Verb-complement constructions with degenerated argument structure are classified into four types based on the four kinds of this construction in terms of syntactic transitivity. We argue that different syntactic structures such as middle forms, verb copying constructions, HO construction, and KA construction as well as semantics of the construction can be effectively accounted for by argument structure.By the study, we hope to provide a fundamental and clear picture on the construction.

語言是人類重要的溝通工具，其目的是用來傳達思想、交流觀念和意見等，故語言除可傳承各民族特有的文化、教育和藝術資產外，完善的多語政策，更有利於各民族互相尊重以減少紛爭。歐盟於1973年至2007年歷經了6次擴大，自2007年加入羅馬尼亞和保加利亞後，會員國從6國增加至27國，語言的多樣性不僅包含23種官方語言，亦包括60多種區域與少數語言；本研究除探討歐盟東擴後所產生60多種區域與少數語言對歐盟的重要性外，並以此為例，研究歐盟多語政策下，如何有效保護境內區域與少數語言，以達最終整合目標。 / Language is an important tool for human communication, which aims to covey concepts, exchange ideas and opinions. In addition to passing down unique cultures, education and art assets, language can educate people to show mutual respect so as to reduce conflicts differences. From 1973 to 2007, the European Union experienced six expansions. Ever since Romania and Bulgaria joined EU in 2007, Member States have increased from six countries to twenty-seven countries. Linguistic diversity includes not only twenty-three official languages, but also sixty kinds of regional and minority languages. This study is to pinpoint the important influences these sixty regional and minority languages have brought to EU since the expansion. Take EU multilingualism policy as an example to better understand the ways to protect regional and minority languages in order to reach the goal of final integration.

論文提要內容：（共一冊，17770字，分六章） 本研究用雙音節詞來探討不同音段和聲調在臺灣華語的口語詞彙辨識歷程中的重要性。Cohort模型（1978）非常強調詞首訊息的重要性，然而Merge模型（2000）認為訊息輸入和音韻表徵的整體吻合才是最重要的。因此，本研究企圖探索不同音段和詞首詞尾在臺灣華語的口語詞彙辨識歷程中的重要性。然而，聲調的問題並無在先前的模型裡被討論。因此，聲調在臺灣華語的口語詞彙辨識歷程中所扮演的角色也會在本研究中被討論。另外，詞頻效應也會在本研究中被探索。本研究的三個實驗均由同樣的十五名受試者參加。實驗一是測試不同音段在臺灣華語的口語詞彙辨識歷程中的重要性。實驗一操弄十二個雙音節高頻詞和十二個雙音節低頻詞，每一個雙音節詞的每一個音段都分別被噪音擋住。實驗二是在探索詞首和詞尾在臺灣華語的口語詞彙辨識歷程中的重要性。實驗二操弄十二個雙音節高頻詞和十二個雙音節低頻詞。這些雙音節詞的詞首CV或詞尾VG/N都分別被雜音擋住。實驗三操弄二十四個雙音節高頻詞和二十四個雙音節低頻詞。這些雙音節詞的聲調都被拉平到100赫茲。在這三個實驗中，受試者必須聽這些被操弄過的雙音節詞，並且辨認它們。受試者的反應時間和辨詞的準確率都用E-Prime來記錄。實驗結果顯示，傳統的Cohort模型不能被完全支持，因為詞首訊息被噪音擋住的詞仍能被受試者成功的辨識出來。強調聲音訊息和音韻表徵的整體吻合度的Merge模型，比較能解釋實驗的結果。然而，Merge模型必須要加入韻律節點才能處理臺灣華語的聲調辨識的問題。本研究也顯示，雙音節詞的第一個音節的母音在口語詞彙辨識歷程中是最重要的，而雙音節詞的第二個音節的母音是第二重要的。這是因為母音帶了最多訊息，包括聲調。另外，雙音節詞的詞首和詞尾在臺灣華語的口語詞彙辨識歷程中是扮演差不多重要的角色。母音對於聲調的感知是最重要的。詞頻效應也完全表現在臺灣華語的口語詞彙辨識歷程中。 關鍵詞：口語詞彙辨識歷程、臺灣華語、華語聲調、音段、Cohort模型、Merge模型 / The present study investigated the importance of different segments and the importance of tone in spoken word recognition in Taiwan Mandarin by using isolated disyllabic words. Cohort model (1978) emphasized the absolute importance of the initial information. On the contrary, Merge (2000) proposed that the overall match between the input and the phonological representation is the most crucial. Therefore, this study tried to investigate the importance of different segments and the importance of onsets and offsets in the processing of Mandarin spoken words. However, the issues of tone were not included in the previous models. Thus, the importance of tone was also investigated in this study. The issues about frequency effect were also explored here. Three experiments were designed in this study. Fifteen subjects were invited to participate in all three experiments. Experiment 1 was designed to investigate the importance of different segments in Taiwan Mandarin. In experiment 1, 12 high-frequency disyllabic words and 12 low-frequency disyllabic words were selected. Each segment of each disyllabic word was replaced by the hiccup noise. Experiment 2 was designed to investigate the importance of onsets and offsets. In experiment 2, 12 high-frequency disyllabic words and 12 low-frequency disyllabic words were chosen. The CV of the first syllable and the VG/N of the second syllable were replaced by the hiccup noise. Experiment 3 was designed to investigate the importance of Mandarin tones. In experiment 3, 24 high-frequency disyllabic words and 24 low-frequency disyllabic words were selected. The tones of the disyllabic words were leveled to 100 Hz. In the three experiments, subjects listened to the stimuli and recognized them. The reaction time and accuracy were measured by E-Prime. The results indicated that traditional Cohort model cannot be fully supported because words can still be correctly recognized when word initial information is disruptive. Merge model, which proposed that the overall match between the input and the lexical representation is the most important, was more compatible with the results here. However, Merge model needs to include the prosody nodes, so that it can account for the processing of tones in Taiwan Mandarin. In addition, the current study also showed that the first vowel of the disyllabic word is the most crucial and the second vowel of the disyllabic word is the second influential since the vowel carries the most important information, including tones. The results of experiment 2 demonstrated that the onsets and offsets are almost the same important in Mandarin. Furthermore, vowel is the most influential segment for the perception of Mandarin tones. Finally, frequency effect appeared in the processing of Mandarin words. Keywords: spoken word recognition, Taiwan Mandarin, Mandarin tones, segments, Cohort, Merge