在英文學術論文寫作上，引述動詞在文獻的重述、引用等方面扮演著重要的角色。透過引述動詞的使用，寫作者能更清晰、有力的陳述其論點。目前雖有許多關於引述動詞在句子中表達評論語氣與修辭功能的探討，但卻少有研究提及短語詞組的使用情形。引述動詞短語詞組的進一步探究能使學生在建構學術論述寫作的同時，對於經常與之共現的搭配字詞、句構有更敏銳的覺察能力。本研究從語意及句式兩方面著手，觀察常與PROPOSE和SUGGEST兩個高頻近義引述動詞共現的字詞與詞組。此二動詞所具有的共通點為：(一)字義上皆可表示「提出某事以作進一步考量」、(二)經常用於降低或弱化陳述句中的肯定語氣。本研究的目的在於釐清這兩個近義引述動詞的特點，並更完善地歸納出它們各自所偏好的短語詞組。 本研究的研究工具為擁有近四十五億詞彙的當代美式英文語料庫(Corpus of Contemporary American English)，蒐集了其中PROPOSE 和SUGGEST於學術寫作中的相關語料，以觀察此二動詞的不同詞形(V-base型、V-s型、V-ed型與V-ing型)在句子中的表現。至於本研究的分析則分成了三個部分：(一) PROPOSE 和SUGGEST的語法模組、(二) PROPOSE 和SUGGEST的搭配中，有生命性或無生命性的主詞在主要語法模組中的分布情形、(三) PROPOSE 和SUGGEST後的受詞語義分類。量化分析之餘，本研究也引進了語料庫中的索引行(concordance line)以進一步展示PROPOSE及SUGGEST出現的語言環境，分析模組在不同語境中的特點。 研究結果顯示此二動詞的用法有許多相異之處。SUGGEST具有強烈明確傾向與that子句共同出現，而PROPOSE和that子句共現的機率與其和名詞片語共現的機率相近；除此之外，PROPOSE較常與有生命性的主詞共現，SUGGEST則是偏好與無生命性的主詞共現。至於受詞方面，我們發現PROPOSE後的受詞，多屬「認知觀點」、「方法」、「規則」等語義類別，而 SUGGEST後的受詞則多與「可能性」、「狀態」、「性質特徵」有關，以上的對比結果使我們發現，在學術英文寫作中，PROPOSE通常表「提供計畫或行動供他人參考決定」，而SUGGEST則通常表「傳達可能的推論或概念」。我們也發現此二動詞若是以不同詞形呈現時，偏好的字詞也不同。舉例來說，[suggest that-clause]偏好與表達「研究結果」意義相關的主詞共現，[suggests that-clause]則多與表「研究文獻」有關之主詞一同出現。整體而言，若我們從功能的角度出發，PROPOSE通常用於表示某人提出、建議某事項，SUGGEST則多用於詮釋解讀本研究結果或先前文獻中所提出之觀點。 本研究結果揭示了近義詞間短語詞組使用上的不同，並且也證實了當動詞以不同詞形呈現時會選擇不同的搭配，產生不同的語境。本研究透過系統化分析近義引述動詞的搭配情形，期許能為語言教學教材設計及未來與動詞共現詞組相關之研究帶來啟發與助益。 / Reporting verbs are important in academic research papers for paraphrasing and reviewing previous studies to support a writer’s positions. While a large number of studies have been carried out to investigate the evaluative potential and rhetorical functions of reporting verbs in citations, comparatively little research has focused on the phraseological patterns of particular common reporting verbs, the exploration of which can be beneficial in raising student awareness of the recurrent associations of words and structures of reporting in academic written discourse. This study aims at examining the syntactic and semantic environments of two frequent near-synonymous reporting verbs, PROPOSE and SUGGEST. According to Hyland (1998a) and Hinkel (2016), PROPOSE and SUGGEST both can mean ‘putting forward something for consideration’ and are frequently applied to mitigate the certainty of a statement (e.g., Hyland, 1998a; Hinkel, 2016). We expect to distinguish the two verbs from each other and offer a more comprehensive phraseological profile of them in academic writing. We used the subcorpus of academic writing in the 450 million-word Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) as the source data to investigate the performance of PROPOSE and SUGGEST in V-base form, V-s form, V-ed form, and V-ing form. Based on the corpus, the analysis focused on three aspects: (1) the grammatical patterns of PROPOSE and SUGGEST; (2) the distribution of animate and inanimate subjects of the dominant patterns of PROPOSE and SUGGEST; (3) the semantic classification of the objects of PROPOSE and SUGGEST. In addition to the quantitative methods, qualitative-based concordance line analysis was also implemented to reveal the characteristics of the broader stretches of discourse where PROPOSE and SUGGEST occur. The results show that the two reporting verbs are distinct from each other. While SUGGEST has a rather strong propensity for co-occurring with that-clause, for PROPOSE, the possibilities of co-appearing with a simple noun object and with a that-clause are similar. In addition, PROPOSE is more likely to have animate subjects, whereas SUGGEST prefers inanimate subjects. As for the simple noun objects of the two verbs, a large number of instances occurring with PROPOSE systematically belong to the semantic groups of COGNITION, METHOD, and STANDARD; SUGGEST shows more preference for POSSIBILITY nouns, STATE nouns, QUALITY nouns and RELATION nouns. The inter-comparison of the results of PROPOSE and SUGGEST suggests that, in academic writing, PROPOSE usually carries the sense of ‘to offer a plan or action for others to consider’, whereas SUGGEST tends to mean ‘to communicate or show an idea, which is likely to be true’. Moreover, the differences across four word forms of PROPOSE and SUGGEST were also identified. It was found that [suggest that-clause] prefers subjects referring to research results, but [suggests that-clause] occurs with the subjects referring to articles or studies on a particular topic more frequently. Overall, in terms of functions, PROPOSE is mainly used for describing the action of offering something as a choice for people to think carefully; SUGGEST, in contrast, serves to interpret a research finding or present an argument suggested by previous studies and literature. The present study sheds light on the phraseological difference between synonyms. It has also proved that different word forms of the same lemma have different choices of collocations and phraseologies. The research findings will contribute to the teaching and research of English for academic purposes since they provide a systematic analysis of the different habitual collocations of two frequent and similar reporting verbs in research articles. We believe this study will bring some insights to the designs of language teaching materials and can serve as the basis for future studies on the co-occurrence patterns and phraseologies of verbs.

「溝通」為語言學習的主要目的，如何能使中級華語學習者自然流暢地表達個人觀點並更貼近母語人士的語言習慣是本研究所探討的議題。研究顯示「電影」應用於第二語言教材可以幫助學習者提升溝通能力，更可持續激發語言學習的興趣。然而台灣目前使用電影主要以文化課程輔助進行，尚未規劃專門的電影華語課程，且普遍以成人為主教學對象。 因此本文主要探討如何應用華語電影於青少年華語課程，並分析華語電影教材的學習成效。本研究採用文獻回顧探究電影教學相關研究、中英教學中的電影教學發展、青少年華語教學、教學法與教學模式，以第二章節作為理論架構，依據此架構設計電影華語課程並實際執行。研究結果顯示使用溝通式教學法所延伸的教學活動，同時搭配ADDIE教學模式能有效地將電影教材應用於華語課程中，不僅符合學習者的學習需求，更使教學更具系統性。研究者依電影主題歸納成11種類型，針對青少年學習者選取「愛情類」、「勵志類」類型，以此兩種主題作為框架列舉出20部適合用於華語課程的電影，另外參考電影作為第二語言教材的標準，制定5項華語電影選取原則提供教學者參考。回饋結果顯示，學習者認為電影華語課程能提升聽、說能力，其次為閱讀能力，最後為寫作能力。整體而言，青少年學習者對於電影運用於語言課程中抱持正面的看法，大部分的學習者表示喜愛電影主題和課程中所討論的話題，透過課程中不斷地問答和多元的任務練習活動，學習者溝通時能以自然的表達方式和他人交流想法，並以尊重、包容和分享的情懷欣賞跨文化的議題。最後，研究者於文末提供未來電影華語教學之研究建議。 / Communication is the main purpose of language learning. This research is concerned about how to assist intermediate-level learners in expressing fluently and using the language according to the native speaker's habits. Research shows that using “ Film” can help to improve the communicative ability of the learners, which can also trigger more interest in language learning. However, the use of films for teaching Chinese in Taiwan is limited to culture classes of the adult, not planned for specialized classes. Hence, the main purpose of this research is to analyze how to apply Chinese films in adolescent Chinese courses, and the effect of Chinese film courses. The method of this research is based on the literature review in both teaching Chinese and English by using film, teaching Chinese for adolescent, teaching method and teaching model. Through this framework, the author has planned and implemented the lesson on teaching Chinese through Chinese films. The result has shown that using Communicative Language Teaching and ADDIE teaching model at the same time can incorporate film materials into courses more effectively. According to the film genre, the author has classified 11 types of films, analyzed romance and inspiration topic for adolescent learners, listed 20 films through which are suitable for Chinese courses. Besides, this research has drawn up 5 criteria for selecting Chinese films. The result of the survey has shown that listening and speaking ability can be increased after courses, but not much practice on reading and writing ability. Overall, using film as class material receives a very positive feedback from adolescent learners. Most of the learners show their high interest in themes and topics of the courses, learners can share ideas and express themselves naturally with others through diverse tasks in the class. Meanwhile learning to show respect to different cultures in cross-cultural issues. Pedagogical implications and suggestions for further research are included at the end of this thesis.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(教育学) / 甲第19252号 / 教博第179号 / 新制||教||155(附属図書館) / 32254 / 京都大学大学院教育学研究科教育科学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 耕治, 准教授 西岡 加名恵, 准教授 石井 英真 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Education) / Kyoto University / DGAM

英語の冠詞システムは、冠詞システムを持たない日本語を母語とする日本人学習者にとって、習得の難しい文法項目であるとされている。その原因の1つとして、冠詞使用に影響する英語名詞の可算性について正しく理解できていない、という理由が考えられる。本研究では、2つの実験研究を行い、日本人学習者が名詞の可算性を学習することで、英語冠詞を適切に使用できるようになるのかを調査した。 / The acquisition of the English article system is difficult for learners of English, especially when these learners do not have any article systems in their first language. One reason for their difficulty with English article usage is considered to stem from their inadequate understanding about noun countability. The present study examined the extent to which learning noun countability prompts Japanese learners' appropriate usage of English articles. / 博士(英語学) / Doctor of Philosophy in English Linguistics / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

本篇論文主要研究漢語兒童的否定表達，與其性別對否定表達方式之影響。使用的語料來自四位平均年齡五歲一個月的兒童，在家中與母親的日常對話。參與研究的兒童共使用八種語用策略與其組合，來對他們的母親表達七種否定。分析語料後顯示，此年齡層的兒童表達方式與成人不同，他們偏好使用單一策略做否定。此外，有別於同儕互動中主要使用間接否定來維持友誼，兒童對母親表達否定時較為直接。而他們的間接否定策略，大多出現在可能危及聽者面子的拒絕（Rejection）與否認（Denial）這兩者，也較常出現在表達自己能力與知識上的不足時（Inability & Epistemic negation）。在性別對否定表達的影響方面，女生在否定時有注重關係的傾向（care orientation）。她們拒絕或否認她們母親的次數比男生少，表達拒絕或否認時，也比男生使用更多間接策略與提供較容易理解的原因。在其他的否定語意方面，女生比男生更常表達自己在能力或知識上的不足，此外也更常述說物品的不復存在（Nonexistence）。本研究提供了漢語兒童在否定表達上的結果，也為兒童性別對否定表達的影響提供說明與證據。 / The study investigates children’s expression of negation, and how each gender expresses it to their mother. We observed 4 Mandarin-speaking children of age 5 (mean age= 5; 1) when they were having natural conversation with their mother at home. We found that children used 8 pragmatic strategies (account, nonverbal, correction, temporizing, challenge, countering move, partial agreement, and appealing) to express 7 negation meanings (Nonexistence, Non-occurrence, prohibition, rejection, denial, inability, and epistemic negation). The results showed that children preferred to use single strategy to negate, unlike adults. In contrast with peer interaction in which children preferred to use indirect strategy to maintain their friendship, the amount of direct strategy and indirect strategy were quite even in our data. Their indirect strategies tended to appear in negation meanings that are potentially face-threatening (rejection and denial) or reveal their own insufficiency (inability and epistemic negation). They also inclined to use a combination of strategies to deliver rejection, denial, and prohibition. When we further examine negation in boys and girls, we observe ‘care orientation’ in girls’ negation. They denied and rejected their mother less than boys did, mainly using indirect negation or understandable accounts while boys did the opposite. As for other negation meanings, girls revealed one’s insufficiency (Inability and Epistemic negation) and reported nonexistence of entities (Nonexistence) more often than boys did. The findings provide Mandarin children’s results and evidence of the expression of negation in mother-child interaction, and suggest gender does affect how boys and girls deliver various negation meanings.

華語乃具有「分類詞」的語言，華語人士在溝通時利用分類詞為人物分類，溝通乃人我互動，既是客觀行為，也關涉主觀態度，分類詞的選擇足以顯現華文化的價值觀。華語人物分類詞隨世代推移亦迭有消退與增生反映文化、價值觀的傳統與新變。本論文旨在探討華語人物分類詞的文化意涵，辨明語言表層現象背後的文化深層結構。 本論文的研究議題包括：人物分類詞於固定的形式語意指涉之外，是否有功能意義？如果有功能性意義，華語人士在擇用分類詞指涉人物時社會文化的宰制條件何在？華語人士擇用分類詞指涉人物可表達何種態度、達成哪些溝通目的？世代變遷之下人物分類詞的功能意義是否有變異或變遷？是否有所增長、消退、創用、維持？ 本論文的研究方法有二，一為歷時研究，一為共時研究。歷時研究旨在區辨人物分類詞的種類，說明個別分類詞的意義以及歷代使用情形。共時研究旨在瞭解世代變遷與語言變遷的關連，分辨華人價值觀是否隨時代改變而變動，釐清現代華語人士在指涉人物時擇用分類詞背後的原因，並觀察語言使用情境與分類詞的選擇的關連。歷時研究與共時研究互相對照，以期瞭解分類詞使用的世變，以及分類詞彰顯的華文化價值觀。 歷時研究採文獻蒐集法，利用語料庫檢索上古、中古、近代、現代書面語料之人物分類詞。歷時研究以《上古漢語標記語料庫》、《中古漢語標記語料庫》、《近代漢語標記語料庫》、《現代漢語平衡語料庫》以及素語料庫《古漢語語料庫》為語料來源，耙梳典籍文獻以及歷代辭書，以釐清人物分類詞的詞語來源及指涉意義。歷時研究並探索人物分類詞的種類，以及比較歷史時期與現代時期分類詞的用法、功能之異同增減。歷時研究觀察歷史文獻中顯示人際意義的華語分類詞，分為指涉個體人物的分類詞與指涉群體人物的分類詞，指涉群體人物的分類詞有分為具有社會評價的群體人物分類詞以及顯示社會連結意義的群體分類詞。本研究據余英時（1984）、文崇一（1989）、彭泗清（1993）、傅佩榮（1999）、徐復觀（2003）對華人價值定位的主張，以及楊中芳（1994）、黃光國（1984、1991、1999、2005a、2005b）、危芷芬（2000）對華人的人際關係的看法，以華文化價值觀區分華人評價人物價值的價值維度有六，其中道德維度、知識維度、財富維度以及權勢維度四個維度關涉俗世人物，神聖性則關涉個體之聖俗，集團大我共同性則關乎群體成員之間的聯繫。 共時研究以歷時研究及先導測試（pilot test）為基礎，以探討現代漢語的人物分類詞使用情形。從先導測試得知道德維度、知識維度、財富維度、權勢維度以及神聖性有等級之分，道德及知識維度有正負、高低，財富及權勢維度有多、中、寡及強、中、弱之分，神聖性有高低有無之分，依據維度挑選符合各維度正負、高低、多寡、強弱趨向的人物名詞。本研究亦經由先導測試取捨要測試的人物分類詞，由先導測試發現有些人物分類詞為晚近才成為人物分類詞如「坨」，便納入研究。此外，依據陳志信（1997）、黃光國（1984、1991、1999、2005a、2005b）主張「尊尊」「親親」為文化價值之所在，先導測試從「親親原則」、「尊尊原則」得到畫分人際圈子顯示社會連結的群體分類詞如「門」「派」「宗」等。從先導測試獲取施測的人物分類詞和人物名詞，做為本論文共時研究的設計基礎。 共時研究蒐集當代口語語料，觀察現代使用分類詞的習慣。共時研究探討今日的口語表現，以明語言的變遷，以及語言背後支撐語言表現的華文化價值觀，並對照訪談語料與語料庫現代書面語料，分辨現代分類詞的多元功能。共時研究區分華人評價人物價值的價值維度與歷時研究相同，皆為道德、知識、財富、權勢、神聖性以及集團大我共同性六個價值維度。 共時研究採訪談法蒐集口語語料，以長程深度訪談調取當代華語人士口語語料。訪談對象共36名，受訪者的社會變項依據年齡、教育程度區分。年齡層分為老年（60歲以上）、中年（40—55歲）、青年（18—30歲）三的年齡層，教育程度分為高教育程度（大學及大學以上）、中教育程度（高中）、低教育程度（國中及國中以下）三個教育程度。共時研究訪談問題為檢測受訪者對名詞與分類詞共現的選擇，並瞭解說話者擇取分類詞的理由。訪談問題分為由受訪者主動提供答案的開放式訪談問題（open-ended questions）及由本研究者提供選項讓受訪者選擇的封閉式訪談問題（closed-ended questions），訪談問題利用個體人物名詞檢測分類詞與名詞共現，問題共三部分，每部分之下另分題組。第一部份檢測人物名詞與個體人物分類詞之共現，第二部分檢測人物名詞與具有社會評價之人物分類詞之共現，第三部分檢測名詞與顯示社會連結的分類詞之共現。 研究結果經量化統計及質性分析，證實本研究的假設（一）人物分類詞除了固定形式語意之外，的確有功能意義。（二）由於功能意義浮動，人物分類詞與名詞之間未必是固定共現關係。（三）人物分類詞的功能意義受華文化的「親親原則」與「尊尊原則」宰制。（四）華人利用分類詞指涉人物以滿足文化功能、社會功能及語用功能。（五）分類詞的功能意義的確隨世代變遷而有所增減、創用、維持。本研究並發現，雖然分類詞與名詞的共現有其規則，但是說話者於溝通時未必遵循分類詞與名詞的共現規則。說話者違反分類詞與名詞搭配常例，以傳達讚揚、貶抑、嘲諷、玩笑、友善、不友善等溝通目的。 最後本論文藉歷時研究及共時研究瞭解語言的使用功能反映溝通的情境特色，華語指涉人物的分類詞區分個體與群體之尊卑、親疏，其背後深層結構乃是華文化崇尚人際協合（solidarity）的「親親」原則，以及明辨社會位階（power）的「尊尊」原則兩大禮制精神。華語分類詞隨世代推移而有更迭，詞語的文言化、新興詞的出現、方言逆向入注等現象證明語言與時俱變。分類詞的增生、消退、維持、創用反映華人社會真實狀況，印證語言為滿足社會的需求而不斷變化。

本論文研究《馬氏文通》，其研究之重點在於探討馬建忠《馬氏文通》的語法理論，以及《馬氏文通》對后來語法研究的影響。 本論文凡六章。 第一章緒論，分為兩節。第一節略述筆者撰述本論文之研究動機、研究目的及研究方法。第二節略述《馬氏文通》以前的語法研究概況。 第二章為《馬氏文通》的概說，敘述《馬氏文通》的作者、撰述動機、體例和用例，并且分析馬氏所用的主要語法術語，以作為研究《馬氏文通》的基礎。 第三章論《馬氏文通》的詞法理論，分為實字和虛字兩節來探討《馬氏文通》對名字、代字、動字、靜字、象字、介字、連字、助字、歎字各詞類的界說、分類、用法及用例。 第四章論《馬氏文通》的句法理論。第五節以起詞、語詞、止詞、轉詞、加詞、司詞句子成分及頓、讀、句為研究對象，探討馬建忠的句法理論。第二節以主次、實次、偏次、正次、前次、同次和平比、差比、極比為研究對象，探討《馬氏文通》的「次」和「比」語法範疇論。 第五章論述「馬氏文通」對后來語法研究的影響。主要陳述「馬氏文通」對后來語法術語、詞類體系及分類、各詞類的小分類、句子分析、句子分類和語法範疇研究的影響。 第六章為結論。先將本論的內容扼要整理，再論《馬氏文通》在語法理論上的特色，探究《馬氏文通》中國語法文學史上的地位，并予以評價。

當我們在處理語句的訊息時，即使接收到的訊息是處於一種模糊不清的狀態之下，我們仍然可以藉由語境或者是儲存在長期記憶中的知識表徵來幫助我們理解語句。然而，在可以被視為一般語句處理的篇章中以及去除儲存在長期記憶的知識表徵的非篇章段落中的基本的言語的處理單位，甚少被提及。在本文中，我們將探討在兩種韻律結構的篇章語句以及非篇章為主的言語基本處理單位為何。 接著，我們將用具有心理實證的語句基本單位檢視詞彙學派以及範疇學派在句法分析上所使用的初始單位，探討哪一個學派的句法分析同時具有理論性以及實證性的證據支持。此外，經由探究韻律結構、詞語分斷之間的互動，來檢驗語言以及句法的獨立性假說。更進一步的，我們比較男女之間，對於語句提取的效率是否存有差異。分別有六男、六女，共十二名的大學生參與這次的實驗。實驗的材料是由實驗者將兩種韻律結構的篇章以及非篇章的段落分別錄音之後，讓受試者對所聽到的語句，做斷詞的工作。我們使用分斷派典以及統計考驗，來驗證本文中提出的各個假說。結果發現，在相似於我們一般說話語句的篇章中，基本處理的言語單位是詞，而在去除韻律結構以及分篇章為主的段落中，處理的基本言語單位是音節。這樣的結果符合工作記憶模式的預測。另外，詞彙學派的句法分析得到了理論上及實證上的支持。構詞、音韻、句法、以及長期記憶中的知識表徵，應該被視為是一個整體，而非句法、語言是獨立於整個認知系統之外的。至少，在本文中，利用語句產生證據來看，是反駁這個觀點的。大體上，男女之間對於語句處理的基本單位是沒有差別的，但似乎女孩子在語句產出時，更依賴韻律結構存在的與否。作者在文中提出了社會語言學的解釋。由本文可以得知，在語句產出的證據看來，詞彙句法學派得到了理論上及實證上的支持。語言是和整個認知系統互動的一種機制。而男女在提取言語單位上的效率並無不同。 / It is widely accepted that the routine of the perceptual processing of ongoing speech can be comprehended even in a degraded quality through the aid of the context or real-world knowledge stored in LTM. However, the basic units processed in the discourse-based text that can be recognized as the normal sentential input and those processed in the non-discourse-based text which removes the contribution of the knowledge representation stored in LTM are not yet investigated. In this study the basic units processed in these two textual patterns were discovered. The basic unit processed in normal prosodic, discourse-based text was employed to resolve the controversy between lexicalists’ and categorical syntacticians’ primitives of syntactic analyses. In addition, purposes of the interaction between prosodic patterns, namely the prosodic pattern, prosody-free pattern and the syntactic segmentation were examined to testify the autonomy hypotheses whether they gain the support from the speech production. Furthermore, the retrieval efficiency between genders were analyzed as well to investigate whether different genders employed different retrieval efficiency in different textual and prosodic patterns. 12 undergraduate students, six male and six female students participated in the two experiments. Discourse-based texts with two prosodic patterns and non-discourse-based pattern were recorded in the auditory form to conduct the experiments. Segmentation paradigm and statistical analysis were used to make the production analyses. Results indicated that a word is the basic unit processed in the prosodic, discourse-based text while a syllable is the basic unit processed in the prosody-free discourse-based text and non-discourse-based text which confirms to the prediction of WM model. The evidence favors lexicalists’ primitive of syntactic analysis psychologically. The cooperation between morphology, syntax, phonology and knowledge representations in general cognitive system argues against the autonomy hypotheses. Language should be recognized as a submechanism embedded in the cognitive system. The results suggested that, in general, there was no difference between genders but it seemed that female subjects tended more to rely on phonological cues. A plausible sociolinguistic reason was proposed. The results suggest that lexicalists’ primitive for syntactic analysis has theoretical as well as psychological support. In speech production, language seems to interact with other cognitive mechanisms rather than isolate to form an independent, self-contained domain. No retrieval difference exists between genders.

本研究主要在探討幼兒時期「英語學習經驗」對國小階段「國語學習態度」與「國語學習成就表現」之影響性。研究中分別以「有/無學習英語」、「學習起始年段」、「學習年數」及「每週學習時數」作為幼兒時期英語學習經驗之代理變數；「國語學習態度」的評量包括認知、情感及行為三個成分；而「國語學習成就表現」係採用國語能力測驗分數與在校國語成績作為評量。 本研究採用問卷調查及深度訪談法，問卷調查方面，係以台北市文山區市立國小二年級339名學童及四年級341名學童為研究對象。訪談方面，共訪談44名學童、45位家長、以及15位國小教師。 本研究結果顯示，雖然幼兒時期英語學習經驗對學童國小階段的國語學習態度不具有顯著的影響性，但本研究獲得若干證據支持幼兒時期英語學習經驗有助於學童國小初期的國語學習成就表現。具體的研究結果指出：(一)幼兒時期「有學習英語」的學童，其小學二年級的平均國語能力測驗與國語學年成績優於幼兒時期「無學習英語」的學童；(二)幼兒時期「有學習英語」與「無學習英語」的學童，其小學四年級的平均國語學習成就表現無明顯差異。 另外，本研究從學童、家長及教師之深度訪談中，彙整出如下意見：(一)雖然幼兒時期英語學習與國語學習在時間上會產生相互排擠的問題，然在學習過程中，二者關係可以為正向或負向，而家長及教師的態度是其主要的中介變項；(二)當英語學習年段早於國語，或太晚學習國語，學童之學習態度較可能受影響；(三)幼兒時期英語學習年數愈長的學童會傾向認為國語的學習較英語難；(四)幼兒時期每週學習英語時數愈多，學習年數愈長，即有可能影響國語學習態度；(五)幼兒時期每週學習英語時數愈多，學習國語的時間相對減少，因此在小學初期，其國語學習成就會較差。然而，此影響會隨著日後學習及使用國語越多(年級越高)而降低。最後，本研究並提出若干建議供教育主管單位、國小教師、幼稚園教師及家長參考。 / This study aims to explore the impact of English learning experience in early childhood on Mandarin learning attitude and achievement at the stage of elementary school. Variables ‘English-learning dummy’ ‘age of English learning’ ‘number of years of learning English’ ‘hours per week in English-learning’ are used as proxies for experience of English learning. Learning attitude in Mandarin is measured in three dimensions (cognition, affection, and behavior), and learning achievement in Mandarin is represented by ‘score’ on Verbal Ability Development Test Battery(VADTB) and ‘academic achievement’ of Mandarin in school(MAA). Questionnaire survey and in-depth interview are concurrently used in this study. The Six hundred and eighty subjects were drawn from six elementary schools in Mucha Area of Taipei City. The other sample, used for in-depth interviews, includes 44 students, 45 parents, and 15 elementary school teachers. The results show that no relationship exists between English learning experience in early childhood and learning attitude at the stage of elementary school. However, some evidence indicates that English learning in early childhood does help Mandarin study at the subsequent stage. Specifically, this study demonstrates that, for the 2nd grade student group, VADTB and MAA scores of students with early childhood’s English learning experience are significantly higher than those students without any childhood English learning experience. In addition, MAA score of students with 2-3 years’ English experience prior to elementary school is significantly higher than those without any English experience. Moreover, the in-depth interviews with students, parents, and teachers indicate as follows: (1) there is a mixed outcomes when estimating the impact of early-childhood English learning on Mandarin learning, depending on teachers and parents’ attitude; (2) if students learn English before Mandarin, or learn Mandarin in later years, their attitude toward Mandarin learning will not be so positive; (3) the longer the students learn English in early childhood, the more they will prefer English. 4) Finally, suggestions are given in the end for policy making and people related.

After almost two years of residing in the Republic of China, the author of this business plan together with her business partner came to realize that there is market potential for offering Spanish Language teaching services abroad. Every year, there are more than one thousand Taiwanese students enrolled in one of three modalities of college or university Spanish Language courses: as a major or minor; as an elective course; and, as a non credit course. A small percentage of the students who study Spanish Language travel abroad to increase their abilities in the language. Most of them choose Spain simply because it is the only choice they have been offered. On the other hand, most of the students who don’t travel abroad to practice the Spanish language don’t do it because traveling to Spain to study the language is too expensive for their budgets. This business plan describes a business model to promote a Language Center in La Antigua, Guatemala, which represents a less expensive alternative for those Taiwanese students who want to practice the Spanish Language but are not willing to pay the higher price charged for similar services in Spain. The business logistics include setting a Promotion Company in Honduras, which will work through a Promotion Office in the Republic of China to promote the services of Language Center located in Guatemala. A separate business plan will be elaborated for the operations of the Language Center in Guatemala. To determine whether the proposed business model is feasible or not, a market research was conducted. Through the results of this research it was established the potential demand and marketing mix. An operational study was also conducted to determine the optimal structure of the business and a financial study and analysis was conducted to determine the profitability level of the investment. The market research revealed that Taiwanese students would be willing to spend around NT$100,000 for a 10 week intensive course in La Antigua, Guatemala. The demand for these services has been forecasted to go from 58 to 193 in a period of 5 years, generating revenues ranging from NT$5.8 to 23.4 million in the same period. According to the calculations, the business would repay the investment in a 13-month period and would bring an average of 84% of return on equity during the first five years of operations, making it an exceptional investment opportunity.