在台灣的英文學習環境中， 閱讀能力ㄧ向被視為學習中最重要的ㄧ環 ， 然而， 閱讀所帶來的沉重負擔， 讓許多學生在有限的教學時數之下往往成為了犧牲品，特別是低成就者。班上參差不齊的英文程度,也對老師造成了教學上極大的困擾。 本研究旨在探討 ，以合作式學習法來縮短學習者程度上的差異，進而提升整體的閱讀能力。此外, 互動式閱讀技巧也分別在實驗組與控制組中教授， 以檢視其對閱讀能力的影響。 參與本研究的學生為 79名台北某公立高中的兩班九十四學年度高一新生， 實驗組施以合作式學習法，控制組則為傳統老師講授的方式， 兩組在同一時間內閱讀同一本教科書， 並分別施以前測， 後測。 最後， 並再針對所有研究對象施以問卷調查， 以期了解研究對象對合作式學習法及互動式閱讀技巧之回應。此外, 老師上課的觀察紀錄及小組的檢視表也一併在本研究中被採用。 本研究的結果摘要如下: 1. 在學生閱讀成就方面，實驗組以漸進的方式，最後超越控制組。 2. 在一學期互動式閱讀技巧實施之後， 研究對象之閱讀能力明顯提升。 3. 在實驗組中 ，高、中、 低成就者對合作式學習法展現許多雷同與少許差異的反應，但整體而言，皆傾向於正面的肯定。 4. 閱讀技巧在實驗組與控制組中似有明顯之差異， 顯見研究對象會依教學活動採取不同的閱讀技巧。 根據研究結果， 本論文擬提出對現行高中閱讀教學之建議，俾為教師及未來研究者提供參考。 / In an EFL environment in Taiwan, reading is regarded as the most essential skill. However, for most students, abundance in reading material makes them feel stressful--especially the weaker ones who tend to be sacrificed due to limited instruction time. For teachers, how to deal with a big mixed-level class has therefore become the most important task. An aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of cooperative language learning (CLL) skills in bridging gap among students with differing academic abilities and in enhancing students' overall reading comprehension. In addition, the interactive reading approach was adopted in both the experimental and the control groups to examine its effect upon them. Participants of this study included 79 tenth-graders from two intact classes in one public senior high school in Taipei in the fall semester of 2005. The experimental group was engaged in three CLL activities and the control group was instructed in the traditional teacher-centered methods. Both groups were taught by the researcher with the interactive reading approach. During the span of this study, the participants in both groups were assigned to read nine lessons from the textbook. In the meantime, they were instructed under the CLL methods and the traditional teacher-centered methods respectively. Besides, they were given a pretest and four posttests during and after the study. In time, two questionnaires were adopted: one for investigating the reading strategies used by the participants in both groups and the other for measuring the CLL group participants' attitudes and responses of the CLL group toward CLL teaching. Besides, the teacher's classroom observation and the group processing checklists were also employed in this study. After four months of experiment, the main results of this study can now be summarized as follows: 1. The experimental group gradually outscored the control group on the reading comprehension test during the experiment. 2. The participants’ reading comprehension ability improved significantly after the implementation of interactive reading approach. 3. The results showed some similarities and differences among the high/low achievers and the average students in their perceptions toward the CLL. However, the participants' attitudes toward and responses to CLL may be described as being supportive and positive. 4. The adoption of reading strategies seemed diverse between the two groups. On the whole, when exposed to different teaching activities, the participants adopted different reading strategies accordingly. This study concludes that the effects of CLL might be better than those of individual learning in a big class on senior high school students' reading proficiency. It also suggests that the interactive reading approach can be used to enhance senior high school students' reading ability.

臺灣之地籍圖，乃係承襲自1903年日治時期所測製完成而以人工方式謄繪的地籍副圖，經國民政府於1945年接收後，由本省各地政事務所延續使用迄今，其齡高達103歲，為我國現今以圖籍記錄人民財產權範圍的唯一原始依據。 / 但日治土地調查規則早於1898年7月的前清時期即已制定，而土地法及其施行法係國民政府在1936年3月訓政時期所令頒施行的產物，兩者法制規範相隔達40年之遙，何以在不同政體下各所依據之法理卻能取得一致？否則臺灣地籍圖依法即無立錐之地。由於歷史承接，混沌不明，以致成為謎樣的年代，相關研究普遍缺乏深入分析，本文為使原貌重現，填補歷史影像，故為論述傾注重心。 / 臺灣省行政長官公署在光復初期，認為：日治時期臺灣省地籍測量與地籍調查之程序與精度符合我國土地法規定，故免予重辦地籍測量，並以局部改正之「修補」方式替代「整理」地籍，一舉完成臺灣土地總登記。 / 事實上，透過我國土地法典分析，雖然日治地籍測量外觀上之「程序」符合土地法第44條之規定，但深入剖視後，其「實體」部分則完全無法見容於我國地籍測量法制規範，縱使1945年5月間存置於臺灣總督府之日治地籍原圖未遭炸燬滅失，仍不能治癒其在法制上之闕失病症。 / 臺灣光復後未及數載，圖籍病態逐漸接踵浮現，已難再掩飾其症，非重新「改測」無以回春。惟臺灣省政府自民國45年度起實施地籍圖修正測量至64年度止之試辦地籍圖重測，在長達二十年間的臺灣圖籍重建工作，竟係處於無法律明文依據之情況下所進行，除明顯未臻妥適之外，更不符「法律保留」原則。 / 迨1975年7月間修正土地法，增訂第46條之1、第46條之2、第46條之3等三個條文，始為臺灣地籍圖重測建構法制根基。但由於立法層面思慮不盡周全，形成重大缺漏，非僅未能有效釐整地籍，反因重測地籍調查指界衍生出更進一步的爭議。諸如：到場指界者顯然逾越至毗鄰未到場之土地所有權支配範圍、抑或毗鄰未登記土地時，剝奪私有地之指界權，但公有土地則自成免疫系統排除法規範約制、甚至限縮各土地共有人依法均得單獨指界之權利及義務、…等多項法制闕失，主管機關仍縱任三十年而未正視，與憲法保障人民財產權意旨似相背違。 / 由於臺灣省猶有高達400萬筆以上之土地，亟待實施地籍圖重測，仍須面對上述各項法律疑義癥結；因此，歸結本研究結果，提出改進方向及相關條文之修法建議，為未來地籍圖重測，尋覓出賡續發展之經營脈絡。 / The Taiwan Cadastral map adopts basically the code of Japanese statutes, which is a manually drawn copy of the cadastral map of a cadastral surveying project completed in 1903 under the Japanese statutes. Since the time it was received by the R.O.C. central government in 1945, it has been used by the various local offices of land administration ever since. It is 103 years old and is now the only original foundation being used as the map document recording the scope of people’s property right. / But the land survey regulations under the Japan statutes was enacted back in July 1898 during the period of the Ching Dynasty, while the land law and its implementation regulation were enacted in March 1936 during the period of political tutelage. There were 40 years between the times of enactment of the two laws, but how could the bases of law principles under different political entities be coinciding? Otherwise, the Taiwan Cadastral map would have no ground to stand. Because of the historical transitions, information and data are indefinite, which was a time of ambiguity. Besides, the related researches are generally lack of in-depth analyses. In order to reappear the original look and to supplement historical images, this writing places great emphases on the studies. / In the early stage of the retrocession, the administrative chief office of Taiwan province deemed that the procedure and accuracy of the Taiwan cadastral survey and cadastral investigation under the Japan statutes were in compliance with the regulations of our country’s land law. Therefore, a second cadastral survey was not needed, and took the way of partial “supplement” instead of “overhaul” of the land file, thus the general Taiwan land registration was completed with a single blow. / In fact, through an analysis of land law of this country, though the “procedure” of cadastral survey under the Japan statutes is in compliance with the regulation of article 44 of the land law; when it is paid an important examination, its “entity” is completely unacceptable to the regulations of our cadastral survey law. Although the original cadastral map of the Japan statutes placed in the Taiwan Viceroy office did not destroyed or damaged by the bombing in May 1945. it would not cure the diseases of the legal system. / In a few years after the Taiwan retrocession, the flaws of the land file began to emerge. It is impossible to cover any more the defects, and the only way to get its healthy condition back was a new “corrective survey.” However, the Taiwan Provincial Government implemented a trial new cadastral survey from 1956 to 1975 for a corrective survey. During the 20-year long Taiwan cadastral reconstruction operations, it was inappropriately conducted under a condition without a legal written basis, which is obviously improper and let alone the principle of “Gesetzesvorbehalt.” / It was not until July 1975 when the Land Law was amended with the addition of Article 46.1, Article 46.2, and Article 46.3, the reconstruction of Taiwan Cadastral map was established. Nevertheless, the considerable flaws were resulted due to the incomplete planning and research in the legislate area beforehand. Not only the operations of survey and reconstruction were not effectively performed, but also more controversial issues were produced. For instance, the present landmark indicator obviously goes beyond the boundary to the neighbor land ownership control scope of the absent one; or to deprive the landmark indicating right of private property while the neighbor scope is not property registered. On the contrary, the public property with what is called immune system, is free of the legal constraint of regulations and rules, and further to limit or minimize the legal rights and obligations of single landmark indicating of joint tenants, etc. Such numerous lawful defects are intentionally ignored by the responsible authorities for as long as thirty years, which is apparently against the purpose of protect the people’s property right of the Constitution. / There are more than 400 million land cases in Taiwan demanding a second cadastral survey, with the objective to resolve the above-mentioned crucial problems. To summarize the research result, a correct direction for future development and improvement, as well as some suggestions for amendment of related articles and clauses are consequently presented, with the objective to perform continuous advancement and operation of prospective cadastral survey.

摘 要 行政機關為求順利行使其行政權，需有蒐集資訊的行為，國內稱為行政調查，由於對人民基本權利的著重，對於行政調查的限制也逐漸增加，在學說上逐漸出現應適用刑事訴訟法中令狀原則及不自證己罪的聲浪。又刑檢察機關欲為刑事偵查時，需有犯罪嫌疑的存在，因此嫌疑可說是刑事訴訟中的核心要件，刑事訴訟法第二百二十八第一項所稱「....知有犯罪嫌疑者，即應開始偵查。」屬於檢察機關的義務，德國學說則稱之為法定原則（Legalitätsprizip），符合法定原則的嫌疑程度，因可開啟偵查程序，又稱為初始嫌疑（Anfangsverdacht）。由於嫌疑本身是個範圍相當不確定的概念，亦無法量化，僅能確定需達一定的程度後始得稱為刑事訴訟法第二百二十八條第一項的犯罪嫌疑。 由於在現實中，國家機關於行使行政調查權時（尤以警察於臨檢時最容易發生），時有無意中發現有觸犯刑事犯罪的情形，但因「嫌疑」本身的不確定性，而國家機關在發現有犯罪可能後所為的行為常處於行政與刑事法間的灰色地帶。為有效間隔出行政與刑事區別，以明確定性國家行為並得出正確的救濟管道，特將兩者間的灰色地帶單獨類型化，此種雖有犯罪的可能性，卻尚未達到初始嫌疑程度的行為，德國則是將之稱為前偵查（Vorermittlung），而刑事追訴機關於此種情況下所為的資訊調查行為，就其整體則稱為前偵查程序（Vorermittlungsverfaren）。 本文引用德國前偵查的概念，以比較、區隔行政調查行為及刑事偵查行為，並以前偵查的概念，針對我國與德國法制面上相異之處做出對前偵查概念不同的解釋，並由前偵查的角度評析我國警察職權行使法。 關鍵字：前偵查、前偵查程序、行政調查、刑事偵查、起訴法定原則、初始嫌疑、資訊自我決定權、警察職權行使法

台灣擁有豐富而多樣的自然生態資源，而物種調查將有助於維護物種之多樣性與生態平衡。然而，台灣生物多樣性高且分布廣闊，調查工作往往需耗費龐大的人力、物力、經費與時間成本。故本研究採用自願性地理資訊 (volunteered geographic information, VGI) 的方式，鼓勵社區民眾參與社區之物種調查工作。藉由社區民眾對社區當地的瞭解與使命感，有效且快速地蒐集物種調查資料。望社區民眾可經由親身參與物種調查之工作，更加瞭解及關注社區生態環境之現況，體認生態保育及生物多樣性的重要性，提升環境保育意識。 而近年來隨著行動科技的快速發展，智慧型手機與平板電腦等行動裝置日益普及。為使物種調查之工作更加快速且便利，本研究利用多數智慧型行動裝置所擁有的即時定位、無線網路及照相等功能，建置社區物種調查系統App。該App可作為物種調查之工具，並提供適時適地之物種資訊查詢服務。此外，本研究亦透過物種空間資料庫與網際網路地理資訊系統 (WebGIS) 平台之建置，提供社區物種資料分享、管理與分析等服務。 / Taiwan is abundant in ecological resources, and species investigation will contribute to preserve species diversity and ecological balance. However, due to high biodiversity and wide distribution of species in Taiwan, the traditional investigation works cost a lot of money, time, human and material resources. Therefore, this study uses the concept of volunteered geographic information (VGI) to encourage the public to collect field data and to participate in species investigation for local communities. With local knowledge and enthusiasm about the community, residents are capable of collecting species data more effectively and efficiently. On the other hand, through volunteered participation in species investigation, residents will have better understanding about the current status of ecological environment in the community. Thereby the residents can realize the importance of ecological conservation and biodiversity, and promote their awareness of environmental conservation. With the rapid development of mobile technology in recent years, mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers are gaining popularity. In order to make the investigation of species for communities more quickly and conveniently, this study makes use of the functions of most smart mobile devices such as real-time positioning, wireless networking, and digital camera to build a mobile App system for community-based species investigation. The mobile App system can serve as a tool for species investigation, and it also provides with location-based inquiry services timely and efficiently. In addition, Geographic Information System (GIS) is applied to manage the geodatabase, and a WebGIS platform is built to facilitate data sharing and analysis.

日人領台後，以母國利益為最高統治方針，積極從事殖民地治理，為獲取殖民地資源與利益，在台從事資本主義化經濟發展。領台之初，首先宣佈維持台人私有土地權利，承認原有交易舊慣，並以律令排除日本民事不動產法在台實施，建立私有地權制度。1898年9月，後藤開始進行土地調查事業，劃分公、私所有權；收買大租權，將複雜地權關係，轉變為單一性土地所有權，建立現代性地權制度，成果非常豐碩，對台灣發展甚具貢獻。1910年後開始辦理之林野調查事業，因未經詳細籌備規劃，加上經費人力不足，草率進行調查，致成果有限，由於林野調查時土地產權歸屬之查定不當，引發地權爭議，延續至今仍未解決。 1905年首創土地登記制，以土地調查時申報手續及所製作之地籍圖冊，視同完成土地總登記程續，頒布「台灣土地登記規則」，規定業主權、典權、胎權、贌耕權之得喪變更，非經登記，不生效力，此期屬強制登記時期。1922年受到內地延長主義統治方針影響，決定從1923年起，日本內地民法、不動產登記法在台實施，改採任意登記制，規定不動產物權之取得、設定、移轉變更，只要當事人間書面契約簽定後，即生物權變動效力，但登記則可對抗第三人。另外，允准祭祀公業繼續存在，得為土地登記之主體，讓祭祀公業土地續存下來。 台灣總督府獎勵資本主義化經濟發展的結果，導致地權分配不均，形成小佃農大地主結構，租佃制度盛行，更由於租佃關係惡化，引發農民運動，要求政府從事地權改革，但因受台共份子滲透，導致被嚴厲鎮壓，台灣農民運動因而終止。 1945年日本宣布無條件投降，台灣改由國民政府接收，接收時，保留土地私有制度，承認台人原有土地權利，但排除日人於外，將日人及官有土地，一律收歸國有。將土地登記制度加以變更，由任意登記制改為強制登記制。經土地清理之後，就著手租佃制度改善，實施三七五減租，保護佃農權利，將租佃關係徹底改良，然後再推行耕者有其田，扶持自耕農，對日人所留不良地權重新調整分配，戰後地權改革成功，具有時代重要意義，對台灣爾後發展有所貢獻。 本文以歷史研究法，透過對地權制度變遷之考察，探析台灣地權制度形成與變遷之要因，進而掌握日治時期地權制度之主要面貌。研究發現整個制度之變遷，是緩慢逐漸進行，非遽然大改變；整個制度的變遷屬強制性，由台灣總督府主導推動，引進日本近代化地權概念與現代性民事法，對台灣舊地權制度進行改革，這種具現代化地權制度與法規，對當期經濟有所裨益，更對台灣百年來發展具深遠意義。 / After the Japanese rule in Taiwan, safeguard national interests of Japan ruled Taiwan as the highest policy and actively engaged in colonial governance. To obtain the resources and interests of the colonial, capitalist engaged in Taiwan's economic development. When Japan began to rule in Taiwan, was first announced to maintain private ownership of land rights to the people of Taiwan and recognize the original trading habits. Civil law and real estate law to exclude Japan in Taiwan to implement the establishment of private land rights system. September 1898, after the vines begin investigating the cause of the land, dividing the public and private ownership; buying large rental rights, the complex relationship between land ownership, land ownership into a unity, establishing a modern system of land ownership, the results are very fruitful, Taiwan development of a great contribution. Because of the investigative career of forest land which implementation at 1910 years. Owing without detailed plan and lack of funding on the procession. Cause had a bad result, It have lead to land ownership disputes, continues to this day remains unresolved. In 1905 the first land registration system in order when the land survey reporting procedures and the production of cadastral atlas, deemed to have satisfied the total land registration procedures, promulgated Taiwan land registration rules require owners the right to have funeral lien rights, fetal rights, farming rights change, and by the registration, not take effect, this is a mandatory registration period. 1922 by the mainland to extend the principle of domination influence decisions from 1923 onwards, the Japanese mainland civil law, real estate registration law implemented in Taiwan, shift to any registration system, made of real property provisions, setting migration changes, as long as between the parties in writing after the contract was signed, that the effect of changes in biological rights, but may be registered against a third party. In addition, the public sector continues to exist authorized worship, was the subject of registration of land for public sector land ritual survives. Results of the Taiwan Governor award capitalist economic development, resulting in uneven distribution of land ownership, structure formation sharecroppers Squires, tenancy system prevailed, but due to the deterioration of the tenancy relationship, causing the peasant movement, asked the Government to engage in land tenure reform, but because by the Taiwan Communist infiltration, resulting in back harsh repression, Taiwan peasant Movement terminated‧ Japan's unconditional surrender in 1945, Taiwan changed files received by the national government, to retain private land ownership receive, recognize Taiwan original land rights, but the Japanese are excluded, the Japanese and the Crown all the land, should be nationalized . To change the land registration system by any registration system to a mandatory registration system. After the land is cleared, proceed tenancy system and land ownership reform, the implementation of rent reduction, protection of the rights of tenants, the tenancy relationship completely modified, then the implementation of land to the tiller, to support farmers, bad for the Japanese left re-adjust the distribution of land ownership, land rights reform postwar success, the era of great significance for the future development of Taiwan's major contribution.

戶口普查的主旨在於瞭解一個國家或地區的人口及其相關特性，國家的政策制訂及人力規劃需仰賴正確的調查結果。但隨著社會變遷等諸多因素，即使增加費用也無法提高普查的完訪率，資料的品質也因民眾配合意願而降低。為提高資料品質與降低調查成本等因素，部份國家積極發展新的普查方法，預計在2010年普查正式實施，取代傳統的戶口普查。 本研究整理新的普查方法，包括登記式普查、登記式普查結合抽樣調查、滾動式普查等方法。其中也包括行政院計畫預計在2010年以登記式普查結合抽樣調查取代傳統的戶口普查，效法新加坡、北歐四國與荷蘭，整合公務登記系統取得普查短表資料，抽樣調查代替國外長表問卷，希冀獲得較為詳細的教育、生育、居家老人照護等社經議題之統計資料。除了整理資料外，本文也將討論2010年台灣的戶口普查，以常住人口為調查目標，可能衍生的問題。 另外，本研究也將整理美國與法國即將採用的調查方法，包括美國社區調查（American Community Survey）的設計與抽樣方法，用於普查以取代長表問卷的可能，並研究抽樣調查蒐集人口的限制，比較普查及調查蒐集資料的優缺點。 / The objective of the population and housing census is to collect the demographic information on the population in a nation or an area which will be used as a reference for government planning and policy making. Because of the dramatic change in the social environment, some problems were generated as a result, such as the increase in survey cost, non-response rate, and data demand. Although many countries are still using the Traditional Census method for the 2010 census, some are active in developing new methods to improve the quality of data collected and to decrease the survey cost. Following the examples of Singapore, Netherland, and the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden), the method for conducting the 2010 Taiwan Census will be different, changing from the traditional census to registered-based census with sampling survey. This method will integrate the official registry system to acquire the basic demographic characteristics, and collect more detailed information on the social and economic topics, including the aspects of education, fertility, and elder care by using sampling methods. Consequently, this research will be separated into two parts. The first part will introduce and analyze several common census methods used, including the Traditional Census method, Registered-Based Census, Registered-Based Census with Sampling Survey, and the Rolling Census. In addition, the target population of 2010 Taiwan Census is De Jure population and we shall also discuss its potential problems. In the second part, the research will further examine the survey methods that will be used for the U.S. and French census, including the design concept and the sampling method executed by the American Community Survey (ACS) to replace the long-form questionnaire for the 2010 U.S. Census. Finally, we will discuss the restrictions of using sampling to collect data, compare the strengths and weaknesses of census and the different sampling methods, as well as analyze the problems related to the registered population and the permanent residents.

隨著時代背景的轉變與傳播科技的進步，閱聽人調查研究發展出各種的質化與量化的調查方法，以因應不同研究的需求。 根據許多的研究報告顯示：網路使用人口的持續增加，電子商務與網路廣告大幅成長，網際網路已經成為另一個重要的傳播管道與行銷通路。有鑑於網路兼具媒體，行銷與線上交易的功能，網路閱聽人的角色相形重要。究竟目前在網際網路上如何調查閱聽人？閱聽人的資料如何被使用？會不會侵犯個人隱私權？由於網際網路無遠弗屆與匿名的特質，使得網路閱聽人的身份錯綜複雜難以辨認。但是，這個新媒體的出現，也使得閱聽人的調查又多了一些新的辨識方法。 有關網際網路閱聽人調查方法的文獻不多，因此，本研究採取文獻分析並與業界進行深度訪談，包括內容、入口網站、網站行銷公司、測量軟體公司、學者專家以及台灣四家市調公司相關人員等，將目前網際網路閱聽人的調查方法分別就各種方法的適用性與優缺點逐一分析；經由文獻蒐集與深度訪談，調查國內目前四家網路市調公司的現況，瞭解各家網際網路調查所使用的方法；並針對際網際網路調查方法目前所遇到的爭議點與相關問題，包括網路隱私權的問題、廣告流量計算的爭議、現階段是否該進行流量稽核、日誌檔分析與第三者調查的差異等問題提出探討，最後並提出美國FAST對產業界的調查方法與稽核改良的建議。 研究結果發現：網際網路閱聽人調查方法有(1)頻寬流量的調查(2)網站日誌檔的分析(3)網路廣告效果的調查(4)第三者的固定樣本調查(5)電腦問卷調查(6)ISP用戶數統計調查方法等六種。其中網站日誌檔的分析屬於媒體端的調查；網路廣告效果的調查屬於廣告端的調查；第三者的固定樣本調查屬於閱聽人端的調查。研究中並將台灣最近成立的四家網路市調公司的調查方法詳細分析與比較。 在網路調查上，最引起爭議的就是隱私權的問題，歐美各國逐漸重視網際網路上個人隱私權的保護，並提出許多保護政策，國內對隱私權保護的措施還有許多問題待解決，相較於國外，國內對隱私權的保護並不重視。由於網際網路的跨國性，在政策與法規上未來可能也必須注意國外政策的發展。其次，廣告效果計量因廣告主、媒體網站、聯播中心三方所處的位置不同，往往獲得不同的調查數據因而引起的爭議，研究中並探討影響調查數據的因素。由於對網站自我報告的流量數據不信任，業者紛紛提出稽核的建議。研究者認為稽核應由第三單位的非營利機構來執行，稽核應有階段性的任務，現階段適合從調標準與調查單位的制定著手，以期網路調查有共通的基準可比較。最後，本研究提出FAST對網路媒體測量方法的建議，包括八點測量方法的原則、對測量方法未來的建議以及對稽核原則的建議等，以供產業界及後續研究者參考。

全民健康保險制度在台灣開辦以來已經快二十年了，在全民都有保險、給付的範圍從基礎到複雜的醫療照護完整、合約醫療機構相當普遍、就醫的方便性等，得到大多數台灣民眾的肯定。 但全民健保這一路實施下來卻為台灣帶來的龐大國家赤字。健保局針對於每年五千餘億的健保費用其中的藥品費用(為第二大支出，占了其中的25%)多次長期進行多種的藥費及藥價管控措施，低廉的新藥核價加上每兩年的藥價調查後的藥價調降，國外藥廠除了要配合健保的藥價政策外，還需要面對醫療機構對於現有藥品再降價的要求。長久下來，藥廠利潤逐年下降影響甚劇。 其中以今年七月所要實施二代健保中「藥品三同」對於原開發藥廠藥衝擊最大。衛生署所實施的三同政策，即是針對健保給付超過15年的藥品，實施「同成分」、「同品質」、「同價格」，調整為同價格。此一政策倘若實施，原開發藥廠利潤嚴重下降，可能會導致會放棄台灣市場，民眾只剩下國產學名藥可以選擇。再者，三同政策最大的瑕疵，在於只單方面考慮健保給付的藥價，卻忽略了藥廠製藥成本，此舉明顯不顧成本不同卻硬性規定價格，明顯違反市場機制，也違反健保精神。 專利藥到期的原開發藥藥廠要如何因應以縮小品質及價格的爭端，只著眼於一昧砍藥價來填補健保財務虧損，不仔細思考同成分就一定同品質的問題而將藥品砍至同一價格的健保署藥物品質認定及給付標準。 本研究探討之研究問題包括: 1)在台灣健保逐年調降藥價的政策下藥品三同政策前，原開發藥廠在台的經營模式為何,2)在政府政策培育下的學名藥如何日益茁壯來影響專利藥到期的原開發藥廠市場活動，3)藥品三同政策實施後對專利藥到期的原開發藥廠的衝擊4)主要獲利的專利藥品皆到期的台灣武田藥品公司未來的經營模式從主要價值活動面該如何調整因應。 本研究以Afuah A.(2004)經營模式架構，先從過去健保政策下原開發藥廠的營運模式做說明，再以目前健保政策環境因素的變化，如何影響個案公司的市場行銷活動，而活動又如何影響公司的資源、定位及成本。 本研究發現「藥品三同」對台廠學名藥因具有較佳的成本競爭優勢，對原開發藥廠產生威脅，但因原料的不穩定性讓病患、處方醫師無法信任。所以原開發藥廠除了監督政府長期對學名藥廠品質加以把關、用訴訟延緩學名藥的上市外、另外一方面併購國內學名藥廠，以配合醫療院所對於低價高品質藥品的需求。最後，專利藥到期的原開發藥廠從健保政策中與學名藥廠價格競爭獲得利潤，就必須改變營運模式，首要的就是降低成本。如何從採購及製造方面有效降低成本著手，進一步調整有形、無形資產投入、人員配置培養與組織等策略資源，以及定價、市場區隔等定位修正，是原開發藥廠需要深入思考的問題。 / National Health Insurance (NHI) program has been implemented in Taiwan for almost 20 years. It has earned recognition for the compulsory enrollment for all residents in Taiwan, the benefits covered from basic to complicated medical care, the prevalence of contract medical facility and the convenience of going to doctors. NHI, however, has caused fiscal deficit for the past few years. Drug cost, among the over 500,000,000,000 NTD health insurance fee, is the second largest expenditure, which takes up 25 percent of health insurance fee. Therefore, Bureau of National Health Insurance has taken measures to manage and control drug cost and drug price multiple times for a long period. Foreign pharmaceuticals have cooperated on the low-priced pricing for new drugs and have lowered drug price after drug price evaluation every two year. However, there is still demand from medical institution for lowering drug price. The profit is therefore significantly affected in the long run. Among the impacts, the significant one for research-based pharmaceutical companies is “three sameness of drug” in the 2nd generation NHI, which will be implemented in this coming July. This three sameness policy is to adjust those drugs which are covered by NHI for over 15 years and are of the same ingredients and quality to the same price. If this policy is put into practice, the profit of research-based pharmaceutical companies would plunge, which may result in their leave of Taiwan market. The domestic generic drugs, as a result, would be the only choice for the general public. Moreover, the major flaw of this three sameness policy is that it merely considers the drug price NHI covers, not the costs of pharmaceutical companies. That the drug price is set inflexibly without taking costs difference into consideration is against not only market mechanism but also the essence of NHI. The questions this study aimed to investigate were: 1. What have been the operating models of research-based pharmaceutical companies in Taiwan in the circumstances of drug price drop year by year before “three sameness policy”? 2. How have the government-sponsored generic drugs affected the market activities of drug patent expiration of research-based pharmaceutical companies? 3. What have been the impacts of “three sameness policy” on drug patent expiration of research-based pharmaceutical companies? 4. How should the operating model of Takeda Pharmaceuticals Taiwan, Ltd. adapt to, from the aspect of primary value activities, the condition of drug patent expiration of its profitable drugs? Based on the framework of operating model by Afuah A.(2004), this study began with the operating model of research-based pharmaceutical companies in former NHI policy. It then elaborated on how changes of the present NHI policy have influenced the marketing activities of the case company and how these activities have influenced the company’s resources, position and costs. This study reveals that “three sameness policies” is favorable for Taiwanese generic manufacturers for their costs competition. However, the instability of raw materials could not gain the trust of patients and doctors. Therefore, in order to cooperate on the demand for low-price and high-quality drug, researched-based pharmaceutical companies supervise the government’s check on the quality of generic manufacturers, employ litigation to suspend the launch of generic drugs or merge domestic generic manufacturers. If research-based pharmaceutical companies with drug patent expiration would like to compete with generic manufacturers and make a profit in NHI policy, they would have to change their operating model. How to reduce costs of purchase and manufacture and go further to adjust the input of physical and intangible assets, strengthen professional training of personnel and organization and modify strategies for pricing and market segmentation are the main issues worth considering.

我國行政院在1982年即訂定《行政院所屬各機關民意調查作業要點》，透過社會科學研究方法的運用，瞭解相關人員對政府施政之意見，以作為政策研擬、評估及提升服務品質與機關內部管理等之參考。隨著1987年宣布解嚴，以及後續政黨政治、公職選舉、媒體發展等等因素，使得民意調查的應用更為廣泛，並且成為台灣民主政治發展歷程中相當重要的一環。同一時期，Sidney Blumenthal於1980年出版《永無止盡選戰》(The Permanent Campaign)一書，指出民選首長當選之後，即不斷為連任作準備，為了達到此一目的，不僅過去的輔選團隊會隨著進入到白宮擔任政治顧問的角色，並且選戰思維也會影響著民選首長的決策作為，讓選戰模式變成是一種治理方式，當中最明顯的特點就是民意調查的執行與應用。 台灣從解嚴之後，選舉次數亦十分地頻繁，從地方到中央，從民意代表到行政首長，儼然已經形成一個相當完整的職涯歷程。為探求我國民選首長就任之後，是否會藉由民意調查機制協助他們解決問題並進行相關的決策，本研究透過次級資料分析法、深度訪談法、民意調查法，針對我們地方政府的民意調查執行及應用情形進行調查。研究發現我國地方政府在民意調查的執行部分受到行政程序及財政狀況之影響，因此不若選舉時期來的有彈性。其次，在民意調查機制的應用部份，受訪者表示對於政策環境的釐清相當具有幫助，可以協助他們決定政策方案的採行。最後，為了瞭解「從眾效應」策略性民調結果的公佈是否會影響到一般民眾既有的認知，本研究透過兩階段民意調查的實驗，分別針對雲林縣、台中市的民眾進行電話民意調查，依據差異分析顯示，無法證實民意調查結果的公佈的確對於民眾既有的認知會造成改變。 / In the field of public opinion polls initiated in the 1930s, seeking collective preferences of citizens and customers for the government and the business sector by means of mail, telephone, or face-to-face interviews has brought about a significant impact on human political and business life in the 20th century. In the 1980, Sidney Blumenthal published the book "The Permanent Campaign". In this book, Blumenthal explained how the changes in American politics from old-style patronage and party organization to that based on the modern technology of computer driven polling created a fundamentally new system. The concept of a permanent campaign describes the focus which recent presidents have given to electoral concerns during their tenures in office, with the distinction between the time they have spent governing and the time they have spent campaigning having become blurred and political consultants had replaced the party bosses and brought with them a new model by which campaigning became the forms of governing. Is campaigning becoming the forms of governing in Taiwan? To answer this questions, this dissertation is beginning with the theory discussion of the perspective of the “permanent campaign” and the “democratic governance”. Then, with the help of the method of interview and secondary data analysis, author discuss the application and limitation of the public opinion poll using in the governance of the local government. Public opinion poll can help the elected leader to find out the problems but it is limited by financial condition of the government itself. The author also designed a two-stage public opinion poll and divided the respondents into experimental group and contrast group. The author hypothesizes that respondents will change their choices because of the impact of “Conformity” and used an evidence-based analysis to testify the hypothesis. Finally, the author gives his conclusion and suggestion.

金融科技是當前歐美先進國家之潮流趨勢，由於資訊科技的進步，現今金融業者面對外在競爭者不再只侷限於傳統金融業者，新創科技業者也加入角逐金融服務這塊大餅，破壞式創新正在我國加速發酵中。金融科技新興商業模式的興起，涉及各個不同面向與關鍵成功因素，這些面向與關鍵因素之間的相對權重，乃是相關產業與政府部門值得深入探討的課題。 本研究旨在探討台灣金融科技關鍵因素之權重分析，藉由相關文獻的蒐集與彙整，建立層級架構，主層級架構包含四個面向：政府面向指標、業者面向指標、顧客面向指標、以及技術安全指標，藉由此四項指標整合出各項次層級之影響因素，透過層級分析法進行研究分析，整理出各項影響因素的權重排序。 本研究透過市場調查，將問卷對象分為兩類，包括專家以及學生群組，經過問卷調查後發現，不論專家或是學生群組，皆認為「技術安全指標」是金融科技發展中最重要的關鍵指標。在整體問卷實證結果中，關鍵因素之權重排序依次為：「提升消費者信賴程度」(0.0864)、「法規的鬆綁與調整」(0.0563)、「使用者身份加密機制」(0.0523)、「勒索軟體之威脅」(0.0488)、以及「殭屍病毒之威脅」(0.0475)。 不同群組的問卷對象之調查結果顯示，專家群組認為「提升消費者信賴程度」(0.1112) 以及「擴增消費者體驗」(0.0586)為前二重要的影響因子；學生群組認為「提升消費者信賴程度」(0.0630)、以及「使用者身份加密機制」(0.0575)為前二重要的影響因子。專家以及學生群組皆認為「提升消費者信賴程度」為金融科技發展中相對重要的影響因子。 / Financial technology is the current trend of the advanced countries such as Europe and the United States. Due to the progress of information technology, the current financial industry that faces the external competitors are no longer confined to the traditional financial industry, the new technology industry also joined the financial services. Disruptive Innovation is accelerating fermentation. The rise of the emerging business model of financial technology involves various different aspects and key success factors. The relative weight between these and the key factors is the subject of the relevant industries and government departments that are worthy of further study. The purpose of this study is to explore the weight analysis of the key factors of Taiwan's financial science and technology, and to establish a hierarchical structure through the collection and compilation of related literature. The main level structure includes four aspects: government-oriented indicators, industry-oriented indicators, customer orientation, and technical safety Index. Through the four indicators of the integration of the sub-level of the influencing factors, and also through the hierarchical analysis of research and analysis, it is sorted out the impact of the weight of the factors. Through the market survey, the questionnaire will be divided into two categories, including experts and student groups. It is found that regardless of the expert or student groups, both of them think that "technical safety indicators" is the most important financial technology development Key indicators. In the whole questionnaire, the key factors are ranked as follows: "Enhancing the degree of consumer trust" (0.0864), "Relaxation and adjustment of regulations" (0.0563), "User identity encryption mechanism" (0.0523)," the threat of the software " (0.0488), and "the zombie virus threat " (0.0475). The results of the questionnaires of the different groups show that the group of experts considered " Enhancing the degree of consumer trust" (0.1112) and the "Expanded Consumer Experience" (0.0586) as the first two influencing factors; the student groups consider " Consumer trust" (0.0630), and the" user identity encryption mechanism" (0.0575) for the first two important factors. Experts and students consider that "Enhancing the degree of consumer trust" for the development of financial technology is a relatively important factor.