自1970年起，東南亞女性以不同形式陸續來到台灣，其中以婚配來台居多。隨著人口的增加，新移民的議題與衍生的社會問題，逐漸受到政府與學術界重視，然而新移民各種議題的研究，結論都指出新移民必須處理文化適應的問題，才可能突破生活許多困境。因此，本研究從文化適應的脈絡，探討新移民社群組織，對於新移民在文化適應上的協助方式，以及所扮演的角色。並且透過三年在南洋台灣姊妹會的參與觀察與深度訪談，分析台灣新移民政策與社群組織在實際執行層面上的差異。 文本結構方面，第一章論述問題意識、研究方法以及對過去的文獻進行分析；第二章就新移民來台的背景、現行台灣對於新移民的政策有何不妥之處，使的新移民社群組織有存在的必要性；第三章針對二十至三十位的新移民以深度訪談的研究方法，瞭解她們來台後在文化適應上所遇到的問題；第四章是探討社群組織與政府，在輔導新移民文化適應策略與方式上的差異；第五章分為兩個小節，先對上述的論述作結論，歸納出社群組織比起政府對於新移民在文化適應上，又多了一項情感支持的功能，第二節則是針對政府及社群組織提供筆者的建議做為本文的結論。 關鍵字：新移民組織、跨國婚姻、文化適應、東南亞文化、性別研究

台灣社會隨著醫療及衛生水準提升，平均餘命亦逐年提高，人口高齡化趨勢日益顯著。又伴隨退休觀念的轉變，及退休年齡的提前，退休者步入退休生活，身處現今的休閒時代，除有大量的休閒時間外，並將面臨20年至30年以上的老年生活。爰退休人員休閒生活、生活規劃與生活適應情形所關乎其退休生活的良寙，並如何於高齡化社會中，啟開退休黃金歲月的新頁益顯重要，此課題值得深究。 本研究採取深入訪談法，以考試院暨所屬機關退休公務人員為研究對象，依退休人員性別及退休時所具之官職等，邀請12名退休公務人員為訪談對象。旨在瞭解退休公務人員休閒生活的情況、探究其生涯規劃的情形及分析生活適應的情況，本研究有以下發現： 一、休閒多元化、心境樂活遊：退休公務人員於卸除壓力及空閒增加後，多依興趣多元選擇休閒，心境隨性樂活。 二、隨科技進步、休閒種類新：上網、騎自行車、學習進修、旅遊等休閒活動，成為退休生活中較新及普及的活動項目。 三、揪團結伴行、休閒新模式：利用淡季或平日揪團結伴同行，成為退休公務人員省錢、享受高品質休閒的新模式。 四、休閒幾滿檔、生活多色彩：休閒成為多數退休人員生活的重心，讓生活充滿色彩，並藉不斷提高休閒動能，防止衰老。 五、退休觀念轉、黃金歲月啟：生命是動態，是學習、工作、休息、退休，不斷循環的圓形人生；退休為另一黃金歲月的開啟。 六、獲親友支持、退休助益大：獲得親密的家人及親友支持力量，更能享有美好的退休生活。 七、年齡漸老化、憂醫療開支：退休金為主要經濟來源；又隨著年齡漸長，通常未能預期的醫療開支，是較擔心的經濟負擔。 八、退休有規劃、生活滿意高：退休生活有規劃者，有較高滿意度。 九、照護的政策、瞭解真有限：對相關照護政策，有瞭解的渴望。 十、身段未放下、生活適應難：退休後未適時轉換角色、心境，以及學得生活基本技能，易面臨退休後生活適應的困擾。 十一、體認終須老、期活出意義：“死是生的開始＂要善待自己，生能盡歡，死亦無悔，以活出尊嚴及意義；能以正面、健康與坦然，對退休生活適應有所助益。 最後，根據本研究發現提出下列建議，予退休人員及相關單位參考： 一、退休人員在退休前即應培養興趣，增加退休生活調劑、改變退休心態，學著放下昔日頭銜官職位、作好退休準備及規劃，增加退休生活適應。 二、相關機關及單位可依退休人員需求、增進休閒設施普及性，並安排退休相關講習、提高退休人員退休生活概念。 三、建造退休人員樂齡村、提供退休人員再就業、志工、學習進修等優質環境。 四、建立退休人員專屬網站平臺、提供食、衣、住、行、育樂等資訊，並暢通退休照護訊息。 五、建立退休人力資料庫，以期借重退休人員長才及經驗、增進機關與退休人員互動機制，多加關懷退休人員。 / Since the quality of medical and health care in Taiwan has being improved, life expectancy has gradually risen and population aging is getting serious. Furthermore, because of the concept of early retirement, retirees have longer life of leisure and 20-30 years of aged life. Therefore, the life of Civil Servants’ leisure, life plan and accommodation of life will influence the quality of retirement life. Facing rapidly aging society, initiating a golden retirement life becomes even more important and is worth to be studied. This study adopted the method of In-depth interview. The objects of study are all retired from The Examination Yuan and its subordinate agencies. Invited 12 interviewees who were retired civil servants with different genders and job positions to understand their life of leisure, life plan and l accommodation of ife . This study has the following findings. 1.Diversified leisure and LOHAS (lifestyles of health and sustainability): After releasing the pressure as well as getting more leisure time, most of retired civil servants participate in diversified leisure activities by interest, and live a LOHAS life. 2.Scientific and technological progress, as well as new leisure activities: Surfing the internet, biking, extension education, and traveling become the most popular activities after retirement. 3.Traveling together and new leisure style: Traveling together during low seasons or on weekdays to save money and enjoy higher quality tourism becomes a new lifestyle. 4.Leisure activities and colorful life: Leisure activities become the life focus of most retirees, and engage them frequently in leisure activities to delay aging. 5.Changing concept and initiating a golden life: Life is dynamic and is a circulative circle which consists of learning, working, leisure and retirement. Retirement is the origin of another golden life. 6.Benefit from the family support: Getting support from family and friends can enrich one’s retirement life. 7.High medical expenses due to aging: Retirement pension is the major income. Therefore, unexpected medical expenses become an economic burden. 8.A good retirement plan can make a satisfactory life: Retiree who has a good retirement plan has higher satisfaction. 9.Limited understanding of care policy: Retirees are keen to understand the care policy. 10.Difficult to adjust oneself to new conditions because of not coming down off one’s high horse: Easy to worry about retirement life because retirees have not changed mind and learned the basic living skills. 11. Recognize aging and live with meaning: “Death is the beginning of another birth”. Be nice to yourself. With positive thinking, healthy lifestyle, and composed mind, retirees can accommodate themselves easily to retirement life. Enjoy oneself thoroughly even in death without regret to live with dignity and meaning. In light of above findings, this study propounds the following to retirees and the authorities concerned for references. 1. Before retirement, retirees shall cultivate hobbies to enliven spice to retirement life, change attitude and forget the last job positions and titles, make a good retirement plan and prepare for retirement to adapt quickly to the retirement life. 2. Catering to the need of retirees, the proper authorities shall promote the opportunities for them to participate in leisure activities, and arrange seminars to enhance their comprehension. 3. Build senior villages for retirees. Offer the opportunities for re-employment, volunteer work, and extension education. 4. Set up the internet platform to provide the information regarding the basic necessities of life (food, clothing, housing and transportation) for retirees, and circulate the information of retirement care. 5. Build the data bank of human resource to utilize retirees’ abilities and experience, build up the interaction mechanism between organs and retirees, and show more concern for retirees.

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

本研究旨在探討外籍配偶子女的自我概念、生活適應與學業成就之相關研究。主要目的有七：（一）了解並分析目前外籍配偶子女就讀國中自我概念與生活適應情形。（二）探討背景變項不同的國中外籍配偶子女之自我概念差異情形。（三）探討背景變項不同的國中外籍配偶子女之生活適應差異情形。（四）探討背景變項不同的國中外籍配偶子女之學業成就差異情形。（五）瞭解國中外籍配偶子女的自我概念、生活適應與學業成就之相互關係。（六）分析國中外籍配偶子女背景變項、自我概念與生活適應對學業成就的預測情形。（七）分析並歸納研究結果，提出具體建議，作為政府機關規劃相關政策和學術研究的參考。 本研究採用問卷調查法，係以就讀桃園縣公立國中外籍配偶子女為研究對象，採立意抽樣共取樣 536人，有效問卷508份，回收率95.67%。測量工具包括「個人基本資料調查表」、「學業成就」、「自我概念量表」、「生活適應量表」等四部分。依據所得資料，主要運用描述統計、單因子變異數分析、多變項變異數分析、逐步多元迴歸分析等統計方法驗證假設。 本研究的主要結果分述如下： 一、整體而言國中外籍配偶子女自我概念程度是在中等以上，最高的是學校 自我，最低的是生理自我。背景變項（性別、年級、父親教育程度、經 濟狀況、父母管教方式、學校地區）在自我概念上有顯著差異。 二、整體而言生活適應程度是在中等以下，人際適應最佳，學校適應較差。 背景變項（性別、經濟狀況、父母管教方式、學校地區〉在生活適應上 有顯著差異。 三、國中外籍配偶子女學業成就最高的是國文，最低的是數學。背景變項 （性別、年級、父親教育程度、母親教育程度、居住狀況、經濟狀況、 父母管教方式）在學業成就上有顯著差異。 四、國中外籍配偶子女對自我概念瞭解程度，自我概念越高生活適應越好。 在生活適應層面中個人適應、學校適應、家庭適應及人際適應具有顯著 差異。 五、國中外籍配偶子女在自我概念層面中的家庭自我、學校自我及道德自 我，與國文、英文及數學學業成就具有顯著差異，顯示自我概念層面其 中家庭自我、學校自我、道德自我得分越高，表示學業成就越好。 六、國中外籍配偶子女整體生活適應及各層面的個人適應、家庭適應、學校 適應、人際適應越好，國文、英文及數學學業成就越高。在生活適應層 面中個人適應、家庭適應、學校適應及人際適應，與國文、英文及數學 學業成就具有顯著差異。 七、國中外籍配偶子女當人際適應越好時，數學領域的表現會越好。當人際 適應越好時，國文領域的表現會越好。對家庭自我瞭解程度越高、人際 適應越好時，數學領域的表現會越好。 八、在預測國中外籍配偶子女國文領域學業成就層面，以學校適應最具預測 力，可解釋或預測8.7%。在預測英文領域學業成就層面，管教方式最具 預測力，可解釋或預測9%。在預測數學領域學業成就層面，以管教方式 最具預測力，可解釋或預測4.8%。 最後，根據研究結果，提出具體建議，以供家長、教育工作者及未來研究參考之用。 / The purpose of this research aims to investigate the correlations among self-concept, life adjustment and academic achievement of foreign spouses’ children. There are seven main objectives: (1) to find out and analyze self-concept and life adjustment of foreign spouses’ children in junior high school nowadays; (2) to make careful inquiry about the variation of their self-concept with different background variables; (3) to make careful inquiry about the variation of their life adjustment with different background variables; (4) to make careful inquiry about the variation of their academic achievement with different background variables; (5) to realize the correlations among their self-concept, life adjustment and academic achievement; (6) to employ self-concept and life adjustment as variables to predict their academic achievement; (7) to draw a conclusion of the research and propose concrete suggestions as references for the related policies of governmental organizations and academic studies. This research used the questionnaire survey method and chose foreign spouses’ children who study in Taoyuan junior high school as objectives. The research selected 536 students as purposive samples in which 508 questionnaires were returned, yielding a 95.67% response rate. The measurement applied in this study includes “Personal Information Survey”, “Academic Achievement”, “Self-Concept Scale” and “Life Adjustment Scale”. According to the collected data, the hypothesis of the research is verified by the statistical methods including descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, multi-way ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. The findings of this research are illustrated as follow: 1.On the whole, the degree of self-concept that foreign spouses’ children have is above the average. They have the highest degree of school-self, the lowest degree of physical-self. The background variables (including sex, grade, their father’s education level, economic status, parenting style, and school region) act significant differences on their self-concept. 2.In general, the life adjustment of the foreign spouses’ children lies under the average level. Their interpersonal adjustment works the best within this variable whereas the school adjustment performs the worst. The background variables (including sex, economic status, parenting style and school region) act significant differences on their life adjustment. 3.The academic achievement of junior high school students born of foreign spouses shows the best performance in the subject, Chinese. On the contrary, they present the worst in mathematics. The background variables (including sex, grade, their father’s education level, their mother’s education level, economic status, and parenting style of parenting style) act significant differences on academic achievement. 4.As for the degree of the self-concept the foreign spouse’ children in junior high school have, the higher degree of their self-concept leads to the better performance of their life adjustment. At the level of life, personal, school, family and interpersonal adjustment show significant differences. 5.The self-concept within which consists of family, school and moral self shows significant differences from the academic achievement of Chinese, English and mathematics. The higher scores of family, school and moral self they have at the level of self-concept will cause better academic achievement. 6.The better their life adjustment and its components (the personal, family, school and interpersonal adjustment) act, the higher academic achievements they possess in Chinese, English and mathematics. There are significant differences between the level of life adjustment (personal, family, school, interpersonal adjustment) and academic achievements of Chinese, English, and mathematics. 7.The better interpersonal adjustment the foreign spouses’ children have, the better they show their academic achievement in mathematics and Chinese. It has also been revealed that they present better interpersonal adjustment and better achievement in mathematics if they understand their family self better. 8.While predicting Chinese academic achievement of foreign spouse’ children, the research shows the best predictable variable is school adjustment which can explain and forecast the degree of accuracy at the rate of 8.7%. Besides, at the level of predicting English academic achievement, the best predictable variable is parenting which can describe and foretell the degree of accuracy at the rate of 9%. As to the prediction for mathematics academic achievement, the best predictable variable is also parenting which can predict accurately at the rate of 4.8%. Finally, according to the results of the research, I propose specific suggestions for the parents, educators and future researchers are proposed subject as a reference resource.

世界許多國家的兵役制度不斷變革，以因應局勢及潮流。國內社會大眾對降低服役期限的要求呼聲一直不斷，行政院於2005年1月26日臨時院會通過「現行兵役制度檢討改進方案」，將徵募兵比例由現行6：4，調整為4：6，轉變以募兵為主、徵兵為輔。預計每年招募志願役士兵人數約1萬5千人， 而這些投入軍中的志願役士兵是否能夠肩負保國衛民的重責大任，其在「環境認知」、「動機取向」、「生活適應」、「生涯發展」等方面的程度與意向，對台澎防衛作戰之成敗均將有重大影響。 本研究希望透過對志願役士兵轉服動機與適應等問題的蒐整，探討其中潛在因素，以提供實際負責制訂相關政策單位與志願役士兵生活管理、教育訓練的基層幹部，做為政策訂定與管理工作的參考。採量化研究之問卷調查法，樣本是採隨機抽樣方式獲得，按軍種及部隊類型比例，抽取樣本。實際施測樣本數為1200份，而正式回收問卷為1160份，扣除不適用問卷28份，共計有效問卷為1132份、達正式回收問卷份數的97.59%。在研究工具設計方面本研究從文獻資料擬出研究架構，設計問卷，先行預測，採用「Cronbach α」係數測量問卷的內部一致性，因素分析法測量建構效度，修改問卷形成正式問卷。由研究者親自至現場說明研究目的及作答方式後，以團體填答法施測。正式問卷收回後，即進行編碼，運用spss for windows lO．0軟體，進行資料分析。 本研究依研究假設，逐一檢視各項假設的驗證結果。研究假設共分為五個部分，假設一是探討不同個人特質與「環境認知」有顯著差異；假設二是探討不同個人特質與「動機取向」有顯著差異；假設三是探討不同個人特質與「生活適應」有顯著差異；假設四是探討不同個人特質與「生涯發展」有顯著差異；假設五是探討「環境認知」、「動機取向」、「生活適應」及「生涯發展」等四個因素之間有顯著之相關。研究發現上述各假設均有顯著之相關。 本研究依研究發現提出建議事項: 一、廣拓管道，強化文宣作為。二、改善設施，增加愉快氣氛。三、尊重選擇，落實三安政策。四、爭取認同，促進動機取向。五、適度開放，提昇自主空間。六、善用專長，力行民專軍用。七、嚴格篩選，建立退場機制。八、開誠布公，貫徹招募條件。 關鍵字: 募兵制、志願役士兵、環境認知、動機取向、生活適應、生涯發展。

隨著國際化、全球化的趨勢，跨國婚姻已是全球普遍的現象。台灣在1987年開放大陸探親後，在婚姻仲介者的引進，大陸配偶透過婚配而成為我國的新移民，隨著人數增加也衍生了許多家庭、婚姻、教育、社會等問題。 本研究將探討大陸配偶在在臺的生活適應、配婚管道與動機，以及她們在台期間所面臨的困境，對我國大陸配偶政策的期許等問題，本研究採用質性研究的半結構訪談大綱訪問居住於基隆市區的「大陸女性配偶」本研究發現如下: 一、大陸配偶不管是透過親友介紹或婚姻仲介，都認命的與先生胼手胝足的為家庭奮鬥。 二、這些受訪者婚配的對象部份為在台婚姻市場邊緣化者。 三、大陸配偶來臺的人際關係由家延伸至社會，當面臨困難時通常都是朋友適時伸出援手，幫她們走出困境。 四、大陸配偶對台灣的美麗憧憬及經濟奇蹟構成大陸配偶向外拓展的動力。 五、大陸配偶對於居留、身分證取得時效的政策不如外籍配偶，感覺受到岐視，對現行法規有強烈修正的期待。 / Along with the internationalization and the globalization tendency, the transnational marriage already was the global universal phenomenon. Taiwan has allowed mainland visiting relatives after 1987. After introduced by the marriage brokerage, the mainland spouses penetrated the marriage to become our country's new immigration. Increased along with the population also generated many questions on the families, marriage, education and society aspect as well. This research will discuss the mainland spouse in to life adapt, the channel to get married and the motive of marriage in Taiwan. Also include the difficult position they will face when stay in Taiwan, as well as the expectation to our government policy for mainland spouse and so on. This research will use the nature research the semi-structure interview program to visit “the mainland feminine spouse” lives in the Keelung urban area. This research discovery is as follows: 1. No matter the marriage of the mainland spouse is through the friends and relatives introduction or the marriage brokerage, most of mainland spouse are resign themselves work with her husband and struggle for the family. 2. These participants of mainland spouses the marry object had weak position in marriage market in Taiwan. 3. Mainland spouse comes to the social interaction of the interpersonal relationship is extended by the house to society. When they face the difficulty, it usually is looking for the help from their friends to assist them to depart from the difficult position. 4. The mainland spouse to Taiwan's beautiful expectation and the economical miracle of Taiwan in pass, it contributed the mainland spouse the motivation which develops to outside. 5. The effectiveness for a period of time which regarding the residence and the identification card obtain was inferior to the foreign spouse. The mainland spouse felt receives the discrimination, has the intense anticipation to the present laws and regulations revision.

人類社會隨著文明的發展，教育的普及與醫療科技的進步，台灣社會的老年人口比率逐年提高形成高齡化社會，且國民平均壽命延長，老人退休後之生活安排，含蓋老人安養、居住、飲食、醫療、休閒旅遊、高齡者人力資源運用，這些都是我們即將或未來極需面對的嚴肅議題。 為瞭解退休老人的生涯規劃與適應的歷程，事涉受訪者的主觀經驗與詮釋，本文採用深度訪談15位已退休之55~81歲及1位62歲即將退休之較高齡長者。 本研究結果發現受訪者的規劃，大多以經濟的角度做為思考的重心，其生活方面的安排，是以延續退休前之生活模式為主要方式；老人退休後以健康活動、收集文物、擔任義工、接受終身教育、參予社區活動、以及迎向大自然為主要安排，也有以放空心情的安排做為生活的哲學。 在生活適應的物質方面，研究顯示受訪者退休前在財務方面已做安排，居住與生活支應無虞；親友互動良好，選擇獨居或與子女同住方面，維持傳統觀念的受訪者大有人在，而必須要面對事實獨居的受訪者也不少，顯見目前家庭生活形態已成趨勢；人際網路之維持、接受終身教育之自我提昇、以及興趣都會帶給老人快樂，研究也顯示旅遊活動已成為退休老人主要興趣之一。 從退休規劃與生活適應之關聯性觀察，發現老人退休後，在生理機能的迅速退化、生活的結構改變而產生衝突的矛盾與不適，有的受訪者採「先放空，再思考出發」的放空哲學頗有「歸零」的禪意，也有在生理方面仍然保有簡單溫飽即能滿足的傳統觀念。 生活有目標、有規劃、有準備的退休老人適應都很好，研究顯示受訪者之中仍然保有「積穀防饑」之傳統觀念，但因為年歲的增長，難免在生理狀況會產生變化，對於醫療保健的安排都很重視，惟傳統家庭價值的需求殷切，在心靈上隱約感受到退休老人極待子女能多予關懷與照顧。 少子高齡化的社會來臨，己經是世界各先進國家的發展趨勢，台灣老人問題也已成為社會問題的一項重要指標，本研究存望未來老人年金制度更加完整、老人安養機構及活動中心之設施完善、企業規劃設置長壽村、醫療照護普及化、各區境內自然資源充分運用、家庭傳統價值能夠再現、重新思考跳脫家庭傳統組織概念，設置傳統家庭組織以外之家庭、老人早日規劃因應未來生活、政府推動的老人福利項目，不知道或一知半解的人還是不少人，宜再加強宣導；根據研究針對以上有關老人的期待與需求之意見，提出建議做為政府未來施政規劃「老人福利政策」的參考。 / Due to the human society along with the civilized development, the education popularization and the medical science and technology progress, ageing of the population in Taiwan, also the national mean lifetime lengthens, after the elderly retires the arrangements for daily life, contains covers elder care, the housing, the diet, medical, the leisure traveling, the ageing human resources utilization, these all are the serious issues which we soon or the future extremely will have to face. In order to understand the retired elderly's career planning and the life adjustment process, the matter fords participant's subjective experience and the annotation, This article uses the electron particle materialization research orientation, face-to- face depth dialogue 55~81 of years old 15 already retired the elderly and one of 62 years old the elderly of soon retirements. The research found participant's plan, mostly does take the economical angle as the ponder center of gravity, its life aspect arrangement, is take continues before the retirement the mode of life as the fundamental mode; After the elderly retires take the health activity, the collection cultural relic, holds the post of will labor, accepts the lifelong education, participates the community to move, as well as welcomes to the nature as the main arrangement, also has take blows off the mood the arrangement to do as the life philosophy. The material aspect of life adjustment, the result of this research found before demonstrated the participant retires has made the arrangement in the financial aspect, lives with the daily life balances income and expenses, The relatives and friends interact good, the choice lives alone or lives together the aspect with the children, the maintenance traditional ideas participant there are plenty of such people, but must have to face the participant which the fact lives alone also many, the obvious at present family life shape has become the tendency; Maintenance the interpersonal network, accepts the lifelong education the self-promotion, as well as the interest can take to the elderly to be joyful, the research also demonstrated the traveling activity has become one of the retired elderly major interests. Planned from the retirement and lives connection observation the adjustment, after discovered the elderly retires, in the physiological function rapid degeneration, the life structural change has the conflict contradiction and is ill, some participants pick "first blow off, then pondered embarks" blows off the philosophy quite to have "the nulling operation" imperial sacrifices Italy, also had in the physiological aspect still holds the traditional ideas which the simple warm and sufficient condition namely could satisfy. The life has the goal, has the retired the elderly which the plan, has the preparation to adapt all very well, the research demonstrated in the participant still held " Provides for a rainy day?" the traditional ideas, but because of the ageing, unavoidably could have the change in the physiological condition, all very much took regarding the medical health care arrangement, the traditional family value demand was only earnest, indistinctly felt the retired elderly in the mind extremely to wait the children to be able to give the concern and the attendance. Delining birth rate and aging society approaches, the oneself after is the world each advanced countries development tendency, in Taiwan the elderly question has also become the social problem an important target, this research will save looks the future the elderly annuity system to be more complete, the elderly peacefully raises the organization and facility of the activity center consummates, the business planning establishment longevity village, the medical service according to protects the universalization, Within the boundaries of various areas the natural resource full utilization, the family tradition value can reappearance, reponder the family tradition organization concept, outside the establishment tradition family organization the family, the elderly soon plans in accordance to the future lives the elderly welfare project which, the government will impel, did not know or will smatter the person or many people, suitably again will strengthen the guidance; According to studies in view of the above concerned the elderly anticipation and the demand opinion of, proposed the suggestion to provides administer for the government to plan " welfare policy for the elderly " in the future.

本研究以情緒安全感假說，與認知背景架構觀點為基礎，探討父母衝突對兒童的直接影響。藉由統整情緒安全感與認知評估之概念，釐清情緒與認知在兒童適應父母衝突時所產生的影響。並加上因應行為的觀點，探索兒童的因應行為，在適應父母衝突時之角色，比較兒童的情緒、認知及因應行為，三者對兒童適應父母衝突的影響性。 本研究的目的有四：一、將情緒安全感概念與認知背景架構中認知評估概念予以純化與細化；二、以純化與細化後的情緒認知反應，預測兒童在父母衝突下的內化問題與外化問題；三、探討兒童的因應行為，在情緒認知反應及適應問題之間的中介與調節效果；四、比較一般家庭兒童與高衝突家庭兒童在情緒、認知、因應行為及內化、外化適應問題之差異，並檢驗兩組兒童在內化與外化問題之不同影響機制。 本研究以台北市與台北縣各一所國小的五年級兒童及其父母、導師為研究對象，共有566名兒童、413位父母、20位導師參與，以問卷法收集資料。研究工具為「兒童知覺父母衝突量表」（CPIC）、「父母間次系統安全感量表」（SIS）、「兒童因應量表」（CCSC）、「夫妻衝突策略量表」（CTS）、兒童行為檢核表兒童版（CBCL-YSR）、老師版（CBCL-TRF）及家長版（CBCL）。資料分析採因素分析法及多元迴歸分析法進行。 本研究的結果如下：一、將情緒安全感與認知評估純化與細化後，形成兩個情緒反應：情緒激起及情緒失調；與六個認知反應：自責感、波及我、因應效能、建設性家庭表徵、破壞性家庭表徵、及父母衝突特徵。二、情緒認知反應能預測39%兒童內化問題，以情緒失調、情緒激起、缺乏因應效能、自責感、與波及我具有顯著預測力；對外化問題，情緒認知反應只能預測6%的變異量，以缺乏情緒激起、與自責感具顯著預測力。三、因應行為在情緒認知反應與適應問題之間，不具有中介效果，但有顯著調節效果，特別是在當兒童對父母衝突出現高自責時，越採取介入與尋求支持行為，其內化問題越顯著，但若採取低介入與低尋求支持行為，對其內化問題具有緩解效果。四、高衝突家庭兒童之內化較一般衝突家庭兒童顯著，他們對父母衝突的情緒激起、破壞性家庭表徵、建設性家庭表徵及缺乏因應效能均較高。情緒認知反應對不同衝突家庭兒童之不同適應問題，各有不同預測效果。高衝突家庭兒童之內化問題，情緒認知反應具有39%之預測力，以缺乏建設性家庭表徵波及我及兩種認知表徵最具預測力；對一般家庭兒童之內化問題，情緒認知反應亦有39%之預測力，以情緒失調、缺乏因應效能、自責感具有顯著預測力；而一般家庭兒童之外化問題，情緒認知反應有6%之預測力，以缺乏情緒激起、及自責感具有顯著預測力。 本研究進一步討論此研究結果的意涵，以及在研究概念與實務運用之貢獻，並提出研究限制及未來研究方向建議。

本研究主要目的在於瞭解(一)精神障礙者成功適應工作的情形、(二)適應工作期間的權能感受，以及(三)就業服務人員協助其適應工作與增強其權能之策略運用。藉由受訪者回顧參與過渡性就業期間的經驗以瞭解工作適應狀況和權能感受間的關係和影響。研究中以質化之深度訪談法進行資料蒐集，研究參與者的選取主要是來自中華民國康復之友聯盟「台北交誼中心」和「高雄交誼中心」，涵蓋十位精神障礙會員與兩位就業服務人員，並以半結構式的訪談方式進行資料蒐集。本研究結果歸納為以下重點: 一、影響精神障礙者工作適應的因素，主要分為三大層面:個人(就業動機、個人特質與能力、面臨的工作困難、採取的因應方法)、人際(家庭系統與職場系統)、社會環境(會所模式與醫療院所)，而三者間具有循環且交互影響的作用。 二、精神障礙者的工作適應情況，則可區分為以下三個指標:外在滿意度(出席狀況、準時、工作主動性、工作專注力、工作配合度、工作效率及雇主評價)、內在滿足(正向感受與負向感受)、以及工作任期，其中他們的外在工作表現多能達到雇主要求，內在滿足則是正向感受遠多於負向感受，而工作任期是綜合外在滿意度與內在滿足的工作適應表現，他們皆能穩定就業，達到工作期滿。 三、精神障礙者的權能感受與工作適應狀況息息相關，而多半展現在個人(能夠接納自己與肯定自我、覺察自我效能、建立正向自我形象、激發正向內在動力、自我增權、能夠自我選擇與決定、覺得與所處的環境有良好的適配度)與人際層面(具備與人溝通的知識和技巧、與他人互動時能肯定自我、能夠與他人形成夥伴關係、得到他人的尊重)。 四、就業服務員是精神障礙者的適應工作職場的支持主力，主要是扮演「先鋒」、「支持」與「後盾」等重要角色；亦是運用多元的增強權能策略提升其權能感受之關鍵人物。 五、依據精神障礙者的工作適應與權能感受型態區分為四大取向，分別為「內外權能展現取向」、「內在權能增強取向」、「外在支持調適取向」、「懷才不遇取向」。依循四取向之脈絡，筆者延伸發展出最為理想之核心類屬，即「內外權能實現取向」。 依據研究發現，筆者針對工作適應之關鍵角色--就業服務員提出下列幾點建議(一)對精神障礙者之個人處遇策略:增加精神障礙會員的社交能力、運用更多元的增強權能策略來激發復元因子；(二)催化雇主對精神障礙會員之認識與接納；(三)強化會所過渡性就業與就業職場間的連結；(四)建立友善且接納的社會環境。本研究結果分析與研究限制皆於文中提出說明，提供未來相關研究與實務之參考。 / The study explored the states of persons with psychiatric disability succeeding in work adjustment and empowerment during the Transitional Employment service, and the strategy that employment service staffs adopted to help psychiatric disabilities to adapt their jobs and empower them. Through the survey participants’experiences during the period of participating in the transitional employment service, the study attempted to find out the relationship between work adjustment and empowerment. Qualitative method of the profound experiences was utilized to collect data. The survey participants included 10 persons with psychiatric disability and 2 employment service staffs. All of them were selected from TAMI (The Alliance for the Mentally Ill of R.O.C.,Taiwan) and interviewed by using semi-structured interviewing method. The major findings of this study were as follows: 1.The factors that affected the work adjustment of persons with psychiatric disability were divided into three perspectives：individual (employment motivations, personal characteristic and capability, difficulties encountered at work, and the coping strategies), interpersonal (family and workplaces system) and social environment (the clubhouse and hospitals). Moreover, the three levels of factors had interactive impact on the subjects. 2.The state of psychiatric disability’s work adjustment was divided into three aspects：satisfactoriness (attendance, punctuality, positiveness, concentration, cooperation, working efficiency, and evaluation from the employers), satisfaction (positive and negative feelings),and tenure. For the most part, their performance at work could fulfill the employer’s requests, they have much more positive feelings than negative ones, and as the tenure, which was an integrated performance of both satisfactoriness and satisfaction, they were able to work steadily until the tenure expired. 3.To extend the psychiatric disability’s work adjustment and performance above, the empowerment of persons with psychiatric disability almost revealed itself at both individual (their capabilities to accept and approve of themselves, to perceive self-efficacy, to establish positive image, to stir positive internal motivation, to empower themselves, to make choices and decisions, and to fit the environment) and interpersonal (to possess the knowledge and techniques to communicate with others , to approve themselves while interacting with others, to build up partnership, and to obtain others’ respect) aspect. 4.Employment service staffs played an important role in supporting the psychiatric disability’s work adjustment at workspaces. For the most part, they served as pioneers, supporters, and backing; meanwhile, they were the key persons that adopted multiple strategies to empower the subjects. 5.Based on the states of work adjustment and empowerment, the subjects were categorized into four major types of orientation. Overall, the core category of the subjects extracted was “demonstration of internal and external power”. According to the findings, the investigator brought up some suggestions: 1.The treatment of psychiatric disability’s individual situation：improve psychiatric disability members’ ability to establish interpersonal relationship and adopt multiple empowerment strategies to stimulate resilience. 2.Encourage employers to understand and accept the psychiatric disability members. 3.Strengthen the connection between the Transitional Employment service of the clubhouse and workspaces. 4.Establish a friendly and acceptable social environment. The analysis and restriction of the study was brought up in the article, providing references to future related study and practice.

大學教師與同儕是大學生生活環境中重要的學習社群，二者對於大學生的影響力不容忽視。因此，本研究的探討旨趣在於瞭解現今大學師生非正式互動的情形，及大學同儕間互動的情形，並進一步瞭解大學師生非正式互動、大學同儕互動的頻率與品質與大學生生活適應及生涯決策自我效能間的關係。 本研究以台灣北、中、南、東四個地區693位大學生為研究對象，研究工具包括：研究者自編的「大學師生非正式互動量表」、「大學同儕互動量表」及研究者修訂的「大學生生活適應量表」及「生涯決策自我效能量表」。此外，本研究以因素分析、信度分析、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、皮爾遜積差相關分析、典型相關分析及多元逐步迴歸分析進行量表與研究假設的驗證。 研究結果顯示： 1.在大學師生非正式互動方面：現今大學師生的非正式互動頻率偏低，而互動的品質良好。此外，年級會影響大學師生非正式互動的頻率；性別及學院別會影響師生非正式互動的品質。 2.在大學同儕互動方面：現今大學生與同儕的互動頻率相當頻繁，且互動的品質良好。與男性大學生相較，女性大學生與同儕的互動頻率較高且互動品質較為良好。 3.當大學師生非正式互動越頻繁且互動品質越良好時，大學生生活適應也越良好；當大學同儕間的互動頻率越頻繁且互動品質越良好時，大學生生活適應也越良好。 4.當大學師生非正式互動越頻繁且互動品質越良好時，大學生生涯決策自我效能也越高；當大學同儕間的互動頻率越頻繁且互動品質越良好時，大學生生涯決策自我效能也越高。 5.大學同儕互動品質及大學師生非正式互動頻率能顯著預測大學生生涯 決策自我效能，且大學同儕互動品質是主要的預測變項。 6.生涯決策自我效能、大學同儕互動品質及大學同儕互動頻率能顯著預測大學生生活適應，且生涯決策自我效能是最主要的預測變項。 最後，本研究根據研究結果提出建議，以供大學相關機構、大學教師、大學生及未來研究者參考：在大學機構方面：應積極舉辦師生互動之相關活動、提供師生交流的管道、鼓勵大學生組成分享交流團體、加強生涯輔導的多元服務；對大學教師方面：應透過多元管道與學生互動，以友善的態度與學生接觸；對大學生方面：應把握與教師的非正式互動機會，化被動為主動；積極加入同儕社群、散播分享的文化，以積極樂觀的態度面對未來的生涯挑戰；對未來研究建議：可探討系所環境氛圍對於大學生社群互動的影響、比較家庭、教師與同儕三者對於大學生的影響力、進行不同師生互動類型之實驗比較、採取質性研究等。