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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

多重市場競爭與價格離散之關聯 : 以美國境內航空市場為例 / Does multimarket contact matter for price dispersion in the airline industry?

劉亭彣, Liou, Ting-Wun Unknown Date (has links)
本文以美國境內航空市場為例,探討多重市場接觸與價格離散的關聯,並研究大型航空公司併購案前後多重市場接觸對航空公司競爭策略的影響。本研究發現:(一) 相互容忍說於併購案發生前後皆成立。(二) 相較於考量擴大市場的市佔率,航空公司更應該關注與競爭者間的競爭關係。(三) 併購案發生前後,航空公司的訂價行為都深受競爭對手的競爭策略影響。(四) 併購案發生前,因競爭者多,市場上航空公司平均市佔率的大小是航空公司可採取競爭手段重要因素之一。在最大的1000 個市場中,雖然每家航空公司的市場力量不大,航空公司仍可採取價格競爭,然若是對手間聯合懲罰,則航空公司不敢採取激進手段,且多重市場接觸越多,價格離散程度越大。而在次要競爭的市場中,則因航空公司的平均市占率是最大的1000 個市場的兩倍,因此航空公司並未有明顯競爭行為。但若考量競爭對手間的碰面次數,則多重市場接觸與不同分位價格關係為正,且多重市場接觸越多,價格離散程度越低。併購案發生後,因航空公司間彼此箝制力量大,與競爭對手間的碰面次數越多,越傾向隱性勾結,且高價位的價格上升較低價位價格多,使價格離散程度越大。 / In this paper, we discuss whether multimarket contact matters for price dispersion in the U.S. airline industry, and compare the influence of multimarket contact on airlines’ competition strategies before and after airline mergers and acquisitions. We find that: (a) Before and after the mergers, mutual forbearance exists. (b) In contrast to an airline‘s market share, the relationship between airlines and itself plays a more important role in its pricing strategy.(c) Before and after the mergers, airline companies’pricing strategies are significantly affected by their competitors’strategies. (d) Before the mergers, because of the intense competition, it is the size of the competitors‘ market share that the company decide whether to take aggressive strategies. In the top 1000 competitive markets,airline companies will take aggressive actions to get more passengers for the punishment from its competitor is an incredible threat, however, if competitors collude together, airline companies will hardly dare to cut price. And the effect of an increase in multimarket contact on price dispersion is positive and significant. In the second competitive markets, since the average market share is twice bigger than in the top 1000 markets, airlines prefer not to participate in cut-throat competition. However, if competitors collude, then airline companies will cooperate together, and the effect of an increase in multimarket contact on price dispersion is negative and significant. After the mergers, increase in contacts with competitors would facilitate mutual forbearance and increase price dispersion and higher-percentile prices will increase more than lower-percentile prices.
42

建構派翠網路封閉形式解決方案的序曲:從變型K-階S3PR系統開始 / The overture of constructing the closed-form solution for Petri Nets: begin from the variant k-th order S3PR system

游宗憲 Unknown Date (has links)
因應物聯網、機器人和雲端計算等系統快速的科技創新,我們需要更有效之方法來模型化由上述系統所架構出來愈趨複雜的動態資源配置系統,以解決類似瓶頸、死結等潛藏的系統控制相關問題。為了解決以派翠網路模型化大型系統一直存在的指數倍數成長之複雜性問題,一個即使運用MIP(混合整數規劃)方法於可達性分析也是完全NP(非確定性多項式時間)的問題,趙玉教授率先以開發k階和k網系統的控制相關狀態(CRSs)數量之封閉形式解決方案(簡稱封閉解),來突破此一指數倍數成長複雜性的障礙。然而,對稱網路結構的屬性,限縮了此兩系統在模型化系統中可應用的範圍;同時由於不可避免的死結的狀況,也阻礙了兩個系統的並行處理能力。為了延伸派翠網路封閉解的研究領域至非對稱系統,及強化對大型即時動態資源分配非對稱系統的模型化能力,本論文擴展派翠網路封閉解的研究領域至所謂的「左邊一般化k階系統」、「左邊一般化k網系統」和「A網系統」等三種不同類型的基本非對稱系統。「左邊一般化k階(相對於k網)系統」是在k階(相對於k網)之控製行程的任意位置,使用一非共享資源的網路模型,為模型化具有客製化製程系統之基本網路架構; 「A網系統」是在一k階系統中,連接一頂層非共享圈子網(TNCS)的網路模型,在實際應用中,為模型化具共享相同製程系統的基本網路架構。本論文透過非共用資源在等價網路(k階(相對於k網))的影響性分析,及其等價網路之封閉解為基礎,建構「左邊一般化k階(相對於k網)系統」之封閉解;在「A網系統」中,由於TNCS和連接的缺陷 k階系統兩個子系統的獨立性,首先我們可以從其相關之k階系統的封閉解中,排除不可能狀態的數量,推導出缺陷k階系統的封閉解,然後以累計加總缺陷k階系統及TNCS兩個子系統在各種TNCS中存在不同權杖個數狀況下的封閉解乘積,構建出「A網系統」的封閉解。在實際應用中,我們可透過由封閉解所產生之即時CRS信息,強化對大型動態即時資源分配系統的模型化能力。例如,採用本論文所提出的避免死結演算法,可以在不用附加控制器之狀況下,實現k階和k網系統之並行處理的功能;並且可以在k-網系統中,在不用暫停所有系統的工作流程狀況下,實現動態行程配置的功能。除了應用虹吸計算方法構建非對稱系統的基礎封閉解外,本論文還提出了依據其反向網路被驗證的有效信息為基準,新的由模型驗證之以知識基礎的理論分析方法,加速派翠網路封閉解的建構。在此,本論文開啟了以變型k階系統為啟端,建構派翠網路封閉解新的研究時代。 / In the light of the rapid innovation of the Internet of Things (IoT), robot systems, and cloud computing systems, we need an efficient methodology to model gradually more and more complicated, real-time resource allocation systems (RAS), constructed using the systems mentioned above, for solving issues such as bottlenecks, deadlocks, and other embedded system-control-related problems. To solve the exponentially increasing complexity in the persistent problem of modeling large systems using Petri nets, which is an NP (nondeterministic polynomial time)-complete problem even when MIP (mixed integer programming) is employed for reachability analysis, Chao broke this barrier by developing the first closed-form solution (CFS) for the number of Control Related States (CRSs) for k-th order and k-net systems. However, the properties of symmetric net structures limit their application range in modeling systems; the inevitable deadlock obstructs the capability of concurrent processing in both systems. To enhance the capability of modeling large dynamic, real-time resource allocation in asymmetric systems, this dissertation extends the research on the CFS of PNs to the so-called Gen-Left k-th order system, the Gen-Left k-net system, and the A-net system, which comprise the three different types of fundamental asymmetric systems. A Gen-Left k-th order (resp. k-net) system is a k-th order (resp. k-net) system containing a non-sharing resource (NSR) at arbitrary locations in the control process, which is the fundamental net structure for modeling contained customized manufacturing processes inside a system. An A-net system is a k-th order system connected to a Top Non-sharing Circle Subnet (TNCS), which is the fundamental net structure to model a shared common manufacturing processing system in real applications. Based upon analyzing the effects of one NSR in the equivalent, the corresponding k-th order (resp. k-net) system, and an equivalent CFS, this dissertation derives the CFS for the Gen-Left k-th order (resp. k-net) system. Due to the independence of the TNCS and the connected Deficient k-th order system, we can first derive the CFS for a Deficient k-th order system just by excluding the number of impossible states from the CFS for its corresponding k-th order system. Then, the CFS of an A-net is constructed by summing the products of the CFS for the two sub-systems in each different case under the condition of the number of tokens inside TNCS. Based on real-time CRS information derived, we can enhance the capability for modeling a large dynamic, real-time resource allocation system in real applications. Employing the proposed deadlock-avoidance algorithm, for instance, we can realize concurrent processing in both k-th order and k-net systems without additional controllers being implemented; and the function of dynamic process allocation in a k-net system without suspending the system’s working flows. In addition to applying siphon computation to construct the fundamental CFS for asymmetric systems, this dissertation pioneers and proposes a new knowledge-based, analysis methodology, called proof by model, to accelerate the construction of the CFS for a PN based upon the validation information from its reverse net. This dissertation opens a new research era for constructing the CFS for PNs beginning from the Variant k-th order system.
43

相對價格離散度與通貨膨脹之關係--台灣的實證研究

李丹, LI,DAN Unknown Date (has links)
有關相對價格離散度之研究,最早源於新古典學派二分法則(Dichotomy Paradigm), 認為實質因素的變動,與名目因素二者截然劃分。但自Mills(1927) 起,即發現相對 價格離散度和名目的物價上漲率間並不獨立,而呈現正相關的現象。由於相對價格的 變動引起生產、消費決策的變動,因而名目外生干擾是否造成相對價格離散,並進而 影響實質變數,乃成為總體理論一項重要課題。 在過去的文獻中,Vining & Elwertowski(1976),Parks(1978),Blejer(1981),He- rcowitz(1981),Blejer & Leiderman(1982),及Fischer(1982)的實證研究,與Luca- s(1973),Barro(1976),Hercowitz(1981,1982) 及Cukierman(1982) 的理論分析, 大都發現通貨膨脹或非預期的通貨膨脹皆將導致相對價格離散度增加。而大部分的實 證研究皆利用各市場間的資料進行分析。近年來 Domberger(1987)及Hoomissen(1988 ) 則強調市場內通貨膨脹與價格離散度的關係。 本文第一部分利用民國59年至78年台灣地區躉售商品物價指數中的各項商品物價指數 ,根據 Domberger的方法,分析各市場內與市場間相對價格離散度與通貨膨脹的關係 。全部的商品共分為二十四個市場,計量方法為 Nonlinear Seemingly Unrelated Estimation。另外,再根據Saxonhouse(1977)提出的二階段迴歸分析步驟,探討造成 各個市場相對價格離散度與通貨膨脹二者的關係是否受到各產業市場集中度,以及市 場內產品數影響。 本文第二部分利用Blejer & Leriderman(1982) 模型,分析台灣地區相對價格離散度 與國外 (美國) 相對價格離散度二者之間的關係,並探討國際間通貨膨脹的傳遞。
44

奧古斯特˙威爾森《鋼琴課》劇中的重建黑人認同 / Reconstructing Black Identities in August Wilson's The Piano Lesson

陳孟飛, Meng-fei Chen Unknown Date (has links)
本篇論文主要呈現非裔劇作家奧古斯特˙威爾森在《鋼琴課》劇中,如何藉由書寫黑人經驗來解構被白人扭曲的黑人歷史,從而建構真實的黑人歷史。威爾森在此劇中透過三個重要的議題:黑人的遷徙、奴隸制度、以及藍調,來探究舊有的和新開發的黑人認同。為了進一步說明劇作家在黑人主體上的看法,史都華˙霍爾(Stuart Hall)的後現代認同觀念便可作為此研究的大前提:主體並不是由個別的、單一的認同所組成,而是同時由數個認同所構成。理論部分,史都華˙霍爾對文化認同與漂泊離散(diaspora)的概念、保羅˙吉爾羅伊(Paul Gilroy)對漂泊離散、奴隸制度、與黑人音樂的闡述、米歇˙傅柯(Michel Foucault)的對抗記憶(counter-memory)與歷史的觀念以及法蘭茲˙法農(Frantz Fanon)的後殖民理論均被運用來閱讀《鋼琴課》這一劇。 本論文共分為五個章節。第一章提供劇作家、劇本、以及理論架構的一般介紹。第二章處理黑人漂泊離散認同(diasporic identity)的議題,而此認同展現於黑人的遷徙經驗上。劇中男主角威利男孩(Boy Willie)最後決定要返回南方的家,他的決心使他有別於待在北方的其他黑人。第三章透過審視鋼琴與鬼的意義與功用,著重在黑人種族認同(racial identity)的討論上。威利男孩與白人鬼的爭鬥突顯威爾森對黑人自主權的重視。第四章探索藍調跟文化認同(cultural identity)的關連性。劇中女主角柏妮斯(Berniece)藉由彈奏鋼琴來召喚祖靈,此不僅幫助她與過去作連結,並使她得到一個正面的自我確認形象。第五章是結論,總結威爾森在此劇中所展現的新的黑人認同。 / This thesis attempts to show how August Wilson deconstructs the white distortion of black history and constructs an authentic black history by writing about the black experience in The Piano Lesson. Wilson explores the old and the new black identities from three significant issues of migration, slavery, and the blues respectively in the play. In order to further explicate the playwright’s arguments on the black subject, Stuart Hall’s idea of postmodern identity serves as a major premise: the subject is composed not of a single, unitary, but of several identities at the same time. Stuart Hall’s idea about cultural identity and diaspora, Paul Gilroy’s elaboration on diaspora, slavery, and black music, Michel Foucault’s theory of counter-memory and the concept of history, and Frantz Fanon’s postcolonial argument are applied to the reading of The Piano Lesson. The thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter One provides a general introduction to the playwright, the play, and the theoretical framework. Chapter Two deals with the issue of black diasporic identity, which is demonstrated in black migration. Boy Willie’s final decision to return home in the South distinguishes him from those who stay in the North. Chapter Three centers on the discussion of black racial identity by scrutinizing the meaning and function of the piano and the ghosts. Boy Willie’s fighting with the white ghost foregrounds Wilson’s concern over black autonomy. Chapter Four explores the relationship between the blues and cultural identity. Berniece’s invocation to her ancestors through playing the piano helps her connect with the past and gain a positive image of self-recognition. Chapter Five is the conclusion which sums up the manifestation of Wilson’s construction of new black identities in the play.
45

公司治理與財務危機:以經營不善之上市櫃公司為例

吳立勤 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究將財務危機分為『經營不善型財務危機』以及『掏空型財務危機』兩種類型,運用離散時間涉險方法,分析公司在不同財務狀況以及公司治理機制下,發生『經營不善型財務危機』的可能性。另外,本研究也探討『經營不善型財務危機』對公司獲利能力的敏感性,是否也受到公司治理的影響。 以民國85-94年上市櫃公司為研究對象,實證結果顯示當公司治理機制強,而財務狀況弱時,最有可能發生『經營不善而非掏空型』財務危機。再者,公司治理機制,會增強財務危機對財務狀況的敏感程度。 / This study classifies financial distress into two types: operating-failure financial distress and fraud financial distress. Based on business performance and corporate governance while employing discrete-time survival model, it analyzes the probability of the operating-failure financial distress. Furthermore, this study also examines if the sensitivity of operating-failure financial distress to profitability is moderated by corporate governance. Firms listed in Taiwan Stock Exchange during 1996-2005 are selected as sample. The empirical results indicate that firms with good corporate governance and bad business performance are most likely to encounter operating-failure financial distress. Furthermore, the corporate governance moderates the sensitivity of the operating-failure financial distress to profitability.
46

符號互動、媒介、家鄉與離散認同:布里斯本澳籍台裔族裔邊界的形成與流動 / Symbolic Interactions, Media, Homeland and Diasporic Identities:The Fluid Ethnic Boundaries of Taiwanese immigrants in Brisbane

蔡珮 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文以布里斯本澳籍台裔的族裔認同為研究對象,從符號互動論角度瞭解移民如何在傳播互動中建構認同並形成共同體,以此探討「認同」、「傳播」與「想像共同體」間之關係,在澳洲布里斯本台灣移民社區進行田野調查並深度訪談六十五位台灣移民,以實際的經驗研究和兩個本文欲互補或質疑的觀點展開對話:一為Anderson以媒介資本主義作為傳播構連想像共同體之核心角色,在傳播建構認同的過程中是否充分?二為離散理論當中的「母國導向」與「邊界維持」觀點,對澳籍台裔離散經驗的適用性為何?研究目的除了回饋符號互動論,重新思考該理論在探討當代跨國移民認同建構之不足,並增添一些在跨文化/國情境下影響移民認同建構之相關傳播因素,以符合跨國移民認同研究所需;而從符號互動論角度研究想像共同體之形成,其想像機制能夠與Anderson的鉅觀角度產生哪些互補?希望藉此提供思考「認同」、「傳播」與「想像共同體」三者關係新的想像視野。 本文在理論耙梳與田野來回交錯中,發現Mead符號互動論在互動中構連認同與想像共同體的關鍵傳播因素是「重要象徵符號」,不過,Mead似乎只考慮了一個共同體中個體「趨同」的重要象徵符號,但忽略和外部社群互動接觸的「區異」重要象徵符號也會形成自我所從出的共同體,這種由「區異」所形成的「重要象徵符號」,更具有以「想像」構成共同體之性質,雖然處在同一個共同體的成員並不相識,但是當我們和他群接觸有共同的差異感產生時,這種共同的「差異感」讓我們有同屬一個共同體的感覺。本論文於是結合Mead符號互動論與Barth族裔邊界理論,且不偏廢根基論的族裔認同,提出離散族裔的族裔認同來自族裔內根基(同一性)與邊界互動(差異性)所形成的重要象徵符號構成了族裔象徵邊界(symbolic boundary),正是這些被社群成員認為”重要”、”可區辨”不同族群的重要象徵符號,構成集體認同之基礎,提供族裔認同之來源。澳籍台裔離散認同是一個「混雜的想像共同體」,其中的族裔認同「想像共同體」是透過傳播互動中社群成員認為重要可區辨不同族裔的「重要象徵符號」實踐形成之邊界所構成,族裔邊界維持與變遷之機制,來自於對母國原生情感或宗主國情感的強弱、族裔評價之抉擇、家鄉情懷的強弱、宗主國溝通能力之具備與否以及在社會互動中自我與他者關係之多重匯聚。 台裔離散的族裔認同是由人際傳播與大眾傳播共同建構的,傳播科技連結了”根”與”路徑”,藉由個人對於母國強烈的原生情感和家鄉情懷作為觸媒,使得族裔媒介透過解鄉愁、更新家鄉記憶、增進母國和同族裔親友間交流而喚起族裔認同;對年幼移民後裔而言,由於自小離鄉或在澳洲出世,對於原鄉的記憶與感情變得遙遠模糊,族裔中重要他人的文化傳承以及對於媒介中母國風土民情的解釋互動,搭起了族裔媒介建構認同的橋。同樣的,宗主國的主流媒介建構跨界認同,是移民積極運用媒介內容作為和澳洲人建立友誼和相互交流的工具,在與宗主國人際互動中,跨界的認同在一來一往的認肯中逐漸形成。 本文認為,在應用Anderson「想像共同體」觀點解釋媒介內容建構或凝聚集體認同之推論應有所保留。形成族裔認同感的傳播機制,在Anderson那裡,是將現代時間觀念的改變與印刷資本主義和統一方言使用做了扣連,廣大的讀者同胞因而產生共時性的連結,形成想像共同體的胚胎(Anderson, 1991),在Mead這裡,形成共同體的語言過程,是一種「重要象徵符號」的溝通(Mead, 1934),個人即使沒有和共同體中的所有成員碰面,但認同也不可能在真空中產生,沒有社會互動,自我和共同體都不可能生成,是「重要象徵符號」構連了許許多多未曾謀面的共同體成員。象徵符號原本是具有多義性的,但「重要象徵符號」卻能在彼此之間形成共同的態度與反應,以致形成一個「想像共同體」。本研究發現族裔媒介引發族裔情感的方式其實還有「原生情感」、「濃烈鄉愁」、「同族裔同胞或母國親友交流」作為觸媒;主流媒介建構「澳洲人」認同也是透過人際傳播中介,受到互動中澳洲人的認肯,才引發「澳洲人」的認同感。因此,大眾媒介或許只是強化原有的族裔情感或是作為人際互動中促使認同更容易產生之內容來源,是和人際傳播互動共同建構了族裔認同,而非單一造就。 澳籍台裔的離散認同由三種族裔想像共同體組成:「Chinese共同體」、「台灣人共同體」與「澳洲人共同體」,源自三種共同體的自我認同有八種樣貌:「在澳洲的台灣人」、「也(不)是台灣人也(不)是澳洲人,或是不同比例的兩種組合」、「台裔澳洲人」、「華裔澳洲人」、「中國人 or Chinese from Taiwan」、「在哪裡就是哪裡人」、「國際人」與「亞澳居間人」。三個族裔想像共同體擁有各自分享的評價標準與重要象徵符號,形成族裔認同邊界:台灣人共同體主要是以「和來自中國大陸予人負面印象的Chinese不同」為核心評價;Chinese共同體多以策略性本質主義定義「Chinese」為「中華文化」、「華裔血緣」,作為提升己身認同以對抗環境中多數認為「Chinese=來自中國大陸」之意含;澳洲人共同體則多欣賞澳洲的價值觀和生活形態,如:平等、守法、輕鬆隨和、熱愛戶外運動、注重隱私、獨立自主、友善親切等。 台裔離散認同流動的大方向為:「中國人」的認同如同母國的流動方向一般,當面對真實而非課本上虛幻的中國人時,大部分會轉向「台灣人」;第一代移民大多停滯於「在澳洲的台灣人」;1.5世代認同以「半個澳洲人半個台灣人或也是澳洲人也是台灣人」居多,會逐漸流向「澳洲人」,但不會出現純粹的「澳洲人」認同;而中、英語流利且和多國人接觸的移民最終會流向「國際人」;在澳洲出生或三、四歲就移民澳洲的1.5代移民,其認同會從原本自以為是「澳洲人」回流為「台裔澳洲人」或「華裔澳洲人」。就台裔離散而言,「離散」有另一種新的詮釋,離散認同的邊界不盡然維持,也不盡然腐蝕,有的只是邊界的跨越、衝突、矛盾與協商。 過去離散研究強調離散族裔有共同鄉愁以及「母國導向」的論點並不適用於澳籍台裔離散。雖然對第一代台灣移民而言,台灣家鄉和原生情感以及族裔認同分不開,「出生地」、「成長地」、「父母家人都在台灣」、「台灣是我的國家」是其家鄉歸屬感之來源,但即使「家鄉」是台灣,由於這群移民當初選擇的是澳洲優質的生活環境,因此大多數仍會選擇在澳洲定居,回歸母國或落葉歸根的比例並不高,第一代僅18%表達會回台灣長住,後裔更僅有9%有此意願。雖然大部分1.5代高中以上年齡移民仍和第一代一樣,覺得「親情」、「家鄉」和「成長地」的構連形成強烈的台灣歸屬感,但傳播科技的發達以及大眾交通之便捷,打破了時空界線,使得「多重的家」、「跨國的家」逐漸取代單一「台灣是家鄉」的意義,「家鄉」象徵”多重的地方”,「台灣、澳洲都是家鄉」使得「家鄉」與「母國地域」的關係開始鬆動,「家鄉」成為一個連結母國和宗主國的空間;更年幼移民澳洲的1.5代,或是「澳洲人」認同感較多的移民後裔,大多會認為「家人在澳洲,澳洲就是我的家」,甚至直接稱澳洲是自己的家鄉,原本第一代「家鄉」、「母國親人」和「母國地域」三者構連的家鄉歸屬感開始解構,轉為「在澳洲親人」和「去母國地域」的家鄉。台裔離散的「家鄉」意義,已從第一代與「母國」、「出生地」、「成長地」、「國家」、「親人所在地」緊緊扣連,提供族裔認同重要來源,逐漸在後裔於澳洲久居生根之後,意義變遷為「多重的地方」、「跨國的家」,使得移民後裔的認同也有了多元的變貌,「從何處來」與「身在何處」兩者間的抉擇,在「台灣出生地」與「久居澳洲」、「家人在澳洲」兩方的牽引中,後裔逐漸選擇在澳洲的親情和經歷成長已習慣的澳洲生活作為「家鄉」意義之來源,「日久他鄉是故鄉」是離散後裔「澳洲人」認同漸多時家鄉意義的變貌,「台灣」對年幼移民後裔而言,漸漸只剩下「好吃、好玩、度假、買便宜東西的地方」。 / This dissertation aims to explore the relations among identity, communication and imagined community. Mead’s symbolic interactionism and Barth’s theory of ‘ethnic boundary’ have been employed as the main theoretical frames in this study. Furthermore, extended from Mead’s and Barth’s theory in assist with ethnographic observations and in-depth interviews with 65 Taiwanese immigrants in Brisbane, I argue that ethnic identity of diaspora is constructed by the symbolic ethnic boundary which is formed with identical ( primordialism ) and different ( boundary interactions ) significant symbols. The boundaries between ethnic groups are constructed through the internalized and externalized practice of these significant symbols. The results revealed from this research show that the Australian-Taiwanese diasporic identity is a ‘hybrid imagined community’ being constituted by Chinese, Taiwanese and Australian imagined communities. The transitional mechanism of ethnic boundary is driven by the convergence of attachments to homeland or host country, the choices of ethnic appraisals, the possession of the host communication competences, and the self-other relations within social interactions. The ethnic identities of Taiwanese diaspora are constructed by both interpersonal communication and mass media. This finding is complementary to Anderson’s stance that mass communication is central to the construction of the imagined communities in capitalism. Namely, only mass media isn’t sufficient enough for constructing the imagined community. Interpersonal communication is another concerned factor. Taiwanese diaspora cannot be simply viewed as a homeland-orientated ethnic group. The meaning of homeland has been changed among different generations. After staying longer in a place far away from home, gradually, young generations will identify this place as their homeland. For Taiwanese descendants who immigrated to Australia at their young age, when they grow up in Australia and become more Australian, they will feel Australia is their homeland.
47

Wilbrink定理的探討 / Variations on Wilbrink's Theorem

楊茂昌, Yang, Mao Chang Unknown Date (has links)
本文希望藉著K.T Arasu, D.Jungnickel, A.Pott推廣Wilbrink定理的方法去尋找Wilbrink等式的推廣式在p<sup>k</sup>∥n,k≧4的推廣式和其應用。 / In this thesis we formulate and provide rigorous proofs of Wilbrink's theorem and it's variations due to Arasu, A.Pott and D.Jungnickel. some questions on further generalizations of Wilbrink's theorem are discussed; known generalization are study in A.Pott's dissertation.
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台灣地區男女自殺死亡率之比較研究 / 無

柯亭安 Unknown Date (has links)
為瞭解臺灣地區男女自殺死亡率的差異,本文採用Held and Riebler (2010)所建議的多元年齡-年代-世代模型,同時探討男女性自殺死亡率在年齡、年代及世代三種效應上的差異,我們同時使用非條件概似函數法(或稱對數線性模型法)及條件概似函數法(或稱多項式邏輯模型法)對台灣地區男女自殺死亡資料來配適模型。結果發現在假設世代效應與性別無關的前提下,年齡方面, 女性的自殺死亡率在10歲到24歲時顯著比男性高,在15到19歲這個年齡層差異達到最大,20歲之後差異開始變小,到了25至34歲,兩性則已無顯著差異,35歲之後男性的自殺死亡率開始顯著大於女性,並且隨著年齡增長兩性的差異越大,直到60歲之後差異才開始減小,到70歲時兩性無顯著差異。年代方面,男女的自殺死亡率在1959年到1973年間沒有顯著的差異,在1974到1988年女性的自殺死亡率顯著大於男性並於1979年到1983年來到最低點,也就是差異最大,之後差異開始變小,到了1989年時兩性已無顯著差異,從1994年開始男性的自殺死亡率反而開始顯著大於女性,而且隨著年代增加差異越大,並於2004到2008這個年代層差異達到最大。 / To understand the differences in suicide mortality between men and women in Taiwan, this study uses the Multivariate Age-Period-Cohort model proposed by Held and Riebler (2010), and explores the differences in suicide mortality between men and women on age, period and cohort effects adjusted for the other two. We use both unconditional likelihood function method (or log-linear model) and conditional likelihood function method (or multinomial logit model) to fit the model. Assuming that the cohort effect is independent of the gender, female suicide mortality in the age of 10 to 24 years old appears significantly higher than that of male, and the maximum age difference appears at the age of 15 to 19 years old. The difference is getting smaller after the age of 20, and gender difference is no longer significant between age of 25 to 34. After 35-year-old, male suicide death rate starts to exceed that of female, and the difference increases until the age of 60. After 60 years old, the difference starts to decrease till age of 70 at which there is no significant gender differences. There is no significant gender-specific suicide mortality difference between years 1959 and 1973. From 1974 to 1988 female suicide mortality rate is significantly greater than male. The difference reaches the peak in1979 to 1983. After that, the difference is getting smaller, and gender difference is no longer significant between 1989 and 1993. From 1994, suicide mortality for men begins to be significantly greater than women, and the difference increases with period. This difference reaches the maximum level in 2004 to 2008.
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台灣小說中同志/跨性別書寫的家國想像(1990-2010) / The Homeland Imaginary of the Homosexual/Transgender Novels in Taiwan(1990-2010)

曾秀萍, Tseng, Hsiu Ping Unknown Date (has links)
本文以批判性觀點分析1990-2010年間,台灣小說中同志/跨性別書寫的性別、家庭、國族、地域、階級與敘事策略的發展和變化。從台灣底層性別弱勢的角度出發,批判全球化與文化帝國霸權所主導的現代性論述,搓破其光明的假象,並以中南部/鄉土/底層等多重弱勢的邊緣觀點出發,結合古典男色/跨性別傳統的美學再造,反省現階段同志/跨性別研究以西方基進論述和台北/都會/中產階級為中心的研究傾向。更進一步從同志/跨性別的家國想像中,翻轉台灣當前由上而下,由異性戀家國意識形態和「四大族群」論述所主導的台灣國族想像框架,企圖建構一套由下而上、由個體性別情感的角度出發所重構的國族想像藍圖,並發展兼具台灣歷史脈絡、文化特性與底層觀點的「第三-現代-性」理論基礎。 我認為作為一個研究者不僅要如史碧娃克(Spivak)一樣扣問「從屬階級能發聲嗎?」讓被歷史大敘述所淹沒的底層階級能夠出現,更要反省種種再現與代言的倫理課題。本文認為從1990年中期開始,由學院菁英、運動論述所主導的台灣同志/跨性別論述,隱藏了以西方為尚的「進步」史觀迷思,忽略台灣在地的文化脈絡與性別觀點,導致底層本土的同志/跨性別主體有被隱沒的傾向。因此,本論文重新挖掘在小說中被長期忽略的底層同志/跨性別人物,不僅檢視其在性別/階級/地域/家國結構下的困境,更關注其因內部歧視而被多重邊緣化的處境和現象。 本文並主張同志/跨性別論述應改變過去對於家國體制疏離的態度,以更積極的方式介入家國論述,一方面可以藉由同志/跨性別的多元觀點對家國論述與體制進行改造,另一方面更須突破同志/跨性別族群與家國體制之間,長期切割或二元對立的關係與迷思,正視許多底層同志/跨性別也渴望有「家」有「國」的心理需求與現實需要,重新思索性別弱勢族群與現代性家國體制交鋒或接軌的種種可能。同志/跨性別等「第三性」族群與台灣「現代性家國體制」交錯的發展狀態,本文稱為「第三-現代-性」。 在兩者的交錯之中,我認為尤其需要注意小說敘事策略與形式的轉變,因為小說的政治性與敘事形態無法切割。本論文將透過不同階段同志/跨性別書寫對於家國想像與敘事的轉變,論證小說人物的性別、情慾等身分差異乃是其國族認同形塑的重要部分。我認為1990年代初期《失聲畫眉》這本鄉土小說中的女同志書寫及其所引發的論爭,乃是同志/跨性別主體和台灣國族論述在公領域正面交鋒之始,反映出當年台灣的鄉土、國族論述在「逝去的鄉土」與「消失的國家」中所存在的雙重焦慮。此階段同志/跨性別的底層飄浪狀態,讓1990年代中晚期崛起的新世代作家對台灣社會充滿「遲到的酷兒現代性」焦慮與疑慮,因而掀起一波創作潮與出走潮,尤以歐美為中心構築「異國烏托邦」。這些小說將西方論述與家國認同相互結合、發展,並達到高峰,卻也埋下了種種異國大夢操演的破綻。 於此同時,我認為還有一股「轉向東方」的同志/跨性別書寫潮流也悄悄興起,開啟另類的亞洲視野、海洋思考與東方時間觀,並重拾中國傳統戲曲與古典小說的資源,以男色傳統和「擬說書體」重構跨性別與台灣國族寓言的多重關係。在本世紀新的十年中,同志/跨性別書寫不僅有回歸鄉土的趨勢,更對於在全球化時代中,快速變遷的人我界線、情慾關係提出反思,以本土的底層觀點修正了西方解放論述的不足,建立新的倫理景觀。本研究透過橫跨二十年的小說,分析同志/跨性別書寫在家國想像中的轉變與突破,在放眼跨國移動與全球化現象的同時,也結合底層弱勢與南部觀點,打開同志/跨性別本土論述的空間,連結台灣鄉土、國族想像與同志/跨性別研究的版圖。
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一個新的視野:蘿琳.漢司白瑞《陽光下的葡萄乾》劇中非裔美人的自我認同 / A New Vision: African Americans' Identity in Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun

金家如, Chin, Chia-Ju Unknown Date (has links)
本論文期望藉由探究《陽光下的葡萄乾》一劇,對非裔美人在面對社會困境以及白人意識型態時,如何發展自我認同的議題啟發新的思考。蘿琳.漢司白瑞以寫實的寫作手法,呈現非裔美人在美國一九五○年代種族隔離區的生活。種族隔離政策(segregation laws)中,空間具有特別的指涉意義,因此本文選擇米哈依爾.巴赫汀(Mikhail Bakhtin)的「時空型」(chronotope)理論作為本論文的基本架構。由於劇本和其當代歷史相互輝映,歷史背景的研究可以幫助理解劇中人物動機;反之,由解析劇中情節和人物行為,亦可推測非裔美人的未來發展。 本論文分為四個章節。第一章提供作者生平、劇本、評論、以及理論架構的基本介紹。第二章有兩個主題:呈現作品如何反映歷史,以及從社會背景的角度詮釋角色。其中,弗朗茲.法農(Frantz Fanon)的《黑皮膚,白面具》幫助解釋部分角色的同化行為。第三章顯示非裔美人如何在白人霸權之下建立自我認同:在社會上表達訴求以對抗白人霸權,在文化上接納非洲本能和美洲文化,及在家庭方面堅守傳承下來的家庭尊嚴。史都華.霍爾( Stuart Hall)的離散理論(diaspora)特別用來處理其中同時具有非洲和美洲本質的文化議題。第四章則是本論文的結論,總結作者寫本劇的信念和目的。 / This thesis studies A Raisin in the Sun and expects to bring new inspirations of how African Americans develop their own identities confronting social plights and white ideology. With the realistic writing style, Lorraine Hansberry truthfully depicts and reflects African Americans’ life in the segregated ghetto in the 1950s. As space carries significant meanings in the enforced segregation laws, Mikhail Bakhtin’s chronotope serves as the main theoretical framework of this thesis. The play is interconnected with its contemporary history, so we may interpret the characters by considering their historical background and infer the American blacks’ future path by scrutinizing the plot and actions in the play. This thesis consists of four chapters. Chapter One is an introduction to the author’s life, the play, the critical opinions, and the theoretical framework. In Chapter Two, there are two main issues: first, how this play reflects the historical background, and second, interpretation of characters in relation to their specific social contexts. Frantz Fanon’s Black Skin, White Masks is applied to explain the potential of assimilation of some characters. Chapter Three reveals how African Americans under the white hegemony find their own identities in social, cultural, and family perspectives. The gist is that they must strive for the improvement of their social status, embrace both African and American cultural roots, and stick to their family pride. Stuart Hall’s theory on diaspora is useful to deal with the cultural identity which ambiguously covers both African and American essences. Chapter Four is the conclusion of the thesis that sums up the author’s belief and intention in writing the play.

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