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台灣電視新聞鏡面設計改變之研究 1962-2005位明宇, Wei, Ming-Yu Unknown Date (has links)
看電視新聞,到底看哪裡?除了聽聲音之外,我從電視新聞鏡面裡,可以看到什麼我想要得到的訊息?有天氣、有時間、有不斷在往左跑的跑馬燈、有新聞大標、新聞說明、和播報這一則完全無關的新聞畫面、新聞標題、還有讓人誤解的新聞鏡面(以為下大雨或失大火了);同一個主播忽換左,忽然右,甚至轉來轉去,一會兒坐一會兒站,台灣電視新聞鏡面,繽紛萬千。
這些繽紛萬千的鏡面,產生的原理原則為何?影響產生的動機又是什麼?從1962年台視成立開始,到2005年有線電視多樣的鏡面,電視鏡面又做了什麼樣的改變?形成的生態為何?生態改變的當中,主要環境是如何形成?
透過資料的整理和深度訪談,發現,「競爭」是左右鏡面一項重要的因素;台灣鏡面發展的五個時期,與「競爭」息息相關,三台時期因為競爭因素,開始創造辦公室背景、單雙主播播報;1993年有線電視法通過後,也因為SNG和跑馬燈的廣泛運用,鏡面開始出現不同的元素;到了2003年,更因為媒體環境的激烈競爭,讓新聞鏡面不只充滿服務的元素,更多促銷自己與主播特性明顯的鏡面。只要可以「預告新聞」「留住觀眾」的任何元素,都可以塞進鏡面裡:一則新聞兩個鏡面以上、鏡面像四格漫畫一樣說新聞、把鏡面變成火焰或任何主題等,整個電視鏡面,滿滿都是訊息,超過九個以上的資訊,要在鏡面出現的一分鐘以內,讓觀眾吸收。
這樣繽紛鏡面的生態,主要來自於科技支援下的巿場競爭,因為收視競爭,製作人就必需「創造」新的鏡面元素(像是天空標、訊息框等),而新的鏡面元素呈現之後,只要收視率不出現下降的趨勢,各台迫於競爭壓力,開始形成「模仿」與流行,而一旦模仿與流行成為趨勢,製作人或主管,又得為了收視率開始想辦法,創造新的鏡面元素。
所以,在本研究,整理出電視鏡面的改變趨勢與時間進程,分析目前電視新聞鏡面的構成元素與產製流程,透過資深電視人的訪談,找出電視新聞鏡面的設計原則、動機與生態系統,希望透過本研究,除了提供業界人士鏡面的缺失和思考的方向以外,能夠為將來鏡面研究,累積資料數,進而發現閱聽人接收端對鏡面的接受程度與態度。 / What do we look at on TV news reports? In addition to audio presentation, what else is presented on the television? Weather reports, current time, continuously updated crawls, news title, news content, as well as the scene, title, and confusing television graphics of a piece of unrelated news (such as about a sudden downpour or a fire accident). The anchor changes his camera angle from left to right, right to left; being seated in one second, and standing in another. The television graphics in Taiwan are really versatile.
What is the principle and rule for the production of these versatile graphics? And what is the motivation behind the production? From the establishment of TTV (Taiwan TV Enterprise, Ltd) in 1962 to the development of versatile graphics on cable TV channels in 2005, what has been the change of television graphics and background of the formation? And how the main environment was formed amid the change of the ecosystem?
Through data collection and in-depth interviews, it was discovered that “competition” is an important factor for television graphics. There are 5 stages of the development of television graphics in Taiwan, all of which are closely related to competition. During the 3-channel stage, the background of an office, single and duo anchor reporting were innovated. After the CATV Law was passed in 1993, due to the extensive applications of SNG and crawls, different elements of graphics were created. By 2003, under the intensive competition in media, television graphics were not only filled with multiple service elements but also self-promotion messages and features of the anchor. Any element that “previews news” and “retains the audience” can be stuffed into the graphics. A piece of news may contain more than 2 graphics in 4 boxes, like a comic book. The graphic can be a fire or any theme, making the whole television graphic filled with messages. Sometimes, more than 9 messages are presented to the audience in just one minute.
This ecosystem is mainly attributed to the competition in the market supported by technologies. Because of the competition for reception, producers have to "create" new graphic elements (such as sky bar, message boxes). And when the new elements are presented, as long as the rating does not decline, bowing to the pressure of competition, every channel starts to "imitate" and prevail the creation. When it has become a popular trend, TV producers or managers have to brainstorm again for new graphic elements.
Therefore, this study organized the trend and evolution of television graphics and further analyzed the elements and procedure of production of the current television graphics. Through interviews with senior television producers, it aimed to find out the design principles, motivation, and ecosystem of the television graphics. It was hoped that the study could provide the industry with the flaws of television graphics and a direction of thinking as a reference, accumulate data for future studies, and further discover the degree of acceptance and attitude of the audience toward television graphics.
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政府置入電視新聞之過程與呈現 / The Process and Presentation of Government Oriented Product Placement on TV News周怡怡, Chou,Yi Yi Unknown Date (has links)
《中文摘要》
近年來政府對「電視新聞置入」十分熱衷,但兩極化的爭議也隨之而起;不過在現實狀況下,媒體早已是主動出擊,與行銷公關公司搶食政府置入新聞的大餅。本研究透過兩個代表性個案的分析、從「置入流程」、「內容呈現」與「媒體立場」三個面向來還原目前政府究竟是如何將其宣傳置入電視新聞。研究發現,政府置入電視新聞已達供不應求的「量產」規模,不但形成特殊的置入新聞產製標準化流程與專業的「接案族」,甚至媒體工作者的心態也與過去大不相同。而政府花錢透過媒體包裝後所呈現出來的政府置入新聞,卻往往不符合最基本的新聞報導原則,消息來源太集中於政府官員,無法達到客觀與平衡的基本要求,在文稿與畫面呈現等新聞處理的技巧上均有待加強。此外,本研究亦顯示,在政府置入電視新聞後,原本是媒體監督對象的「政府」如今變成了重要金主,電視新聞的立場幾乎都一面倒向對政府有利,只有極少數新聞秉持報導中立,顯見新聞置入已箝制了媒體監督政府、為民喉舌的功能。
關鍵詞:置入式行銷、電視新聞、消息來源、新聞客觀 / The process and presentation of government oriented product placement on TV news
《Abstract》
In recent years, government oriented product placement on TV news is very popular, but also controversial. In fact, television and public relations companies are fighting for this business. The author selected two cases to examine how Taiwan government placed its propagandas and policies on TV news. The results showed that product placement on television news has reached "mass production" scale, not only create a special SOP sequence and even the mentality of media workers was different from the past. However, the TV news placed by government used government officials as news source, did not fulfill the requirement for objectivity and balance,and violatd the basic principle of news reporting. In addition, through product placement on television news, government has now become the major client of TV. As a result, the placed TV news was heavily in favor of the government. The results of the study indicated that government oriented product placement has paralyzed the surveillance function of television news .
keywords:product placement, TV news, news source, news objectivity
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電視新聞主播工作倦怠成因與影響 / The Cases and the Influences of burnout for news anchors林書煒, Lin, Shu Wei Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要目的在探討,外表光鮮亮麗的電視新聞主播在工作中所面臨的工作倦怠現象,並探討哪些因素可能使電視新聞主播產生工作倦怠感與工作壓力?本研究以半結構式訪問法,共訪問國內十二位電視新聞主播,從主播的個人特質、媒體組織及社會情境三個層面,探討電視新聞主播工作倦怠的成因,並嘗試分析工作倦怠對主播的工作表現及職業生涯規劃的影響。
研究發現,新聞主播的工作倦怠現象是普遍性的存在,其工作倦怠感會受到個人、組織、工作特性與媒體環境變化等因素的影響,其中工作角色職務的不同也會影響主播的工作倦怠程度。
本研究主要發現如下:
(一)新聞主播的工作壓力大,工作倦怠感並非單純個人問題,組織支持很重要。
(二)新聞團隊的合作與組織溝通很重要。
(三)新聞主播的工作倦怠感,會因工作職務角色區分而有不同。
(四)台灣的新聞主播角色面臨轉型的重要階段、外界觀感影響主播自我認知。
關鍵字:新聞主播、電視新聞、工作倦怠、工作壓力 / This research mainly conducts the job burnout phenomenon of anchors with glittery outfits, and also conducts the causes of job stress and job burnout of anchors. This research adopts semi-structured interview method, interviewed twelve domestic anchorpersons to figure out the causes of job burnout of anchors in three levels, including personal characteristics, media organizations, and social situation, this research also tries to analyze how the job burnout influence anchors’ performance and career planning.
This research finds out that job burnout phenomenon is common among anchorpersons, which is influenced by individuals, organizations, working characters, and the changing media environment, in which working character and identity is also influential to the level of anchors’ tiredness.
Findings of this research:
1. Anchorpersons have great job stress, job burnout is not a simple individual problem, it is also important gaining support from organization.
2. It is very important having communication inside organization and teamwork.
3. Job burnout of anchors could be different due to working characters.
4. Anchorpersons in Taiwan now facing an important stage of transforming, external impression influences the self-recognition of anchors.
Keywords: anchor、television news、 job burnout、 job stress
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當記憶作為一種新聞文本-以新聞雜誌節目『福爾摩沙事件簿』為例 / Transforming memories into media textures-- a case study of news magazine program "Formosa Note"林欣穎, Lin, Hsin Ying Unknown Date (has links)
本研究透過哈伯瓦克的集體記憶理論作為出發的基礎,觀察三立電視台『福爾摩沙事件簿』節目如何生產與製作記憶,並且分析節目產製的文本內涵。透過產製端與文本端之間的分析與對話,發現電子媒體做為一個歷史的敘事者,生產記憶的作業流程是來自極度有限的經費與時間;更發現影響記憶的形構要素來自於人為偏好的影響力、話題是否具有新聞性、記憶屆滿周年的儀式作用、與影音元素是否充足等外力因素,此外來自媒體外部的政治力量與商業力量也會對於記憶篩選與製作產生影響。透過文本端的探究則發現媒體對於歷史的詮釋過程過於粗暴,簡化了歷史資料的比較與探究繁複的步驟,只以個人片面的價值判斷作為歷史詮釋的憑據,相對造成許多說法失落,此外媒體在有限的工作經費與時間裡,採用粗劣的拼接影像手法完成文本產製,閱聽眾則以媒體重構的記憶版本來理解過去的台灣歷史事件。
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電視新聞中的地球村 - 台灣電視國際新聞的資訊娛樂化 / The Global Village of Television News - An Overview of Infotainment in Taiwan International News周慧儀, Chow, Rebecca Wai Yi Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以内容分析法分析台灣公共電視與TVBS新聞台晚間新聞中國際新聞的數量、編排、資訊娛樂化與馴化策略的呈現,共分析公共電視140則,TVBS新聞台80則,合共221則國際新聞。
本研究發現:1)台灣電子媒體的國際新聞在内容上依然以嚴肅的政治與經濟主題為主。然而,資訊娛樂化的主題在台灣電子媒體中依然佔相當的比例。2)商業電視台較公營電視台更常以資訊娛樂為主題與以娛樂性角度報導國際新聞。而根據本研究所發展出來的「内在資訊娛樂化指數」,商業電視台之資訊娛樂化程度較公共電視高。3)引用西方媒體如CNN與BBC的國際新聞之「内在資訊娛樂化指數」較低,而引用非西方媒體或沒有引用外國媒體的國際新聞「内在資訊娛樂化指數」則最高。4)本研究發現台灣電視國際新聞中落後國家較的資訊娛樂化程度較已發展國家與發展中國家為低。5)本研究也發現在外在資訊娛樂化的部分,台灣電子媒體在視覺包裝的使用較不常見。
本研究結果同時也指出台灣電子媒體之國際新聞的地域角度中較重視國外新聞。在馴化策略的使用中不管是地圖的使用或影響的説明都偏低,研究同時也發現在本地消息來源的使用上,台灣電子媒體均以名人與專家為主。比較公營電視台與商業電視台則發現公營電視台較重視國際新聞中本地消息來源之聲音。 / Employing content analysis, this study examines the quantity, format, infotainment phenomena and domestication strategies of international news in two Taiwan television stations. This study analyzes a total number of 221 international news, consisting 140 international news from Taiwan Public Broadcast Station, and 80 from TVBS News Channel.
From this study, it is concluded that: 1) political related topic dominate Taiwan international news, however infotainment topic such as human interest, entertainment, and sports news also occupied a large part of international news in Taiwan; 2) commercial station are more vulnerable to infotainment both in news topic and news perspective than public station, and according to the “Internal Infotainment Index” developed in this study, commercial station shows a higher degree of infotainment than public station; 3) news material that comes from Western sources such as CNN and BBC shown less degree of infotainment than news material that comes from non-Western sources or original news; 4) news of developed countries and developing countries have higher degree of infotainment than less developed countries; 5) visual package such as background music and animation are not often employ in international news in Taiwan.
This study also concluded that international news in Taiwan emphasizes in foreign event. The usage of map and influence as linkage of domestic audience and international news are rare. This study also found that both stations are more likely to refer to or cite local celebrities and professionals to emphasis the importance of certain international affairs; however public station is stress more on voice of local public than the commercial station in international news.
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電視新聞素材採集活動的知識風貌:攝影工作中的資訊蒐集活動陳煜彬 Unknown Date (has links)
一般人總以為電視新聞攝影記者的主要任務,只是拍攝影像。倘若換個角度觀察,記者既要擷取新聞畫面、又要編輯影像,以配合文字語音敘事。因此電視新聞攝影工作,既是建構新聞內涵,也是發現與解決實務問題的過程。攝影記者最困擾的問題之一,在於當畫面影像不足以搭配文字和語音時,如何適時彌補「破口」(Gap)。因此,攝影記者工作重點之一在彌補素材不足。
本研究所關注的問題是:攝影記者工作的主要情境為何?他們如何運用策略和情境互動,以解決素材不足的困境?本研究從資訊尋求、配置智能,以及活動理論等觀點切入,並透過深度訪談和參與觀察,以蒐集資料,以解答本研究關注的問題。
記者尋找畫面資料素材,是知識、策略和情境互動的歷程;一方面,攝影記者累積工作知識,定義資訊缺口、並選擇資料來源;另一方面,記者也因應情境變化、隨時取捨資料、並調整先前資料蒐集策略。
攝影記者能力並不應該只是呈現在操控機具、或卡位、搶拍畫面的能力;更重要的或許是臨機應變、運用資源彌補畫面與文字落差的資訊蒐集能力。研究成果可以讓我們重新思考未來電視新聞攝影教育和訓練的課程內涵。 / The Cameramen gathers visual formation for TV news. They gather not only “fresh” clips on the spot, but also “classic” ones from archives and other sources. Both requires cameramen to find resources surround and make decisions. Clip seeking can be identified as one of the major characteristics of cameramen’s work. The purpose of this study is to find how cameramen fill up insufficient resources for their daily reporting activities: mainly, what contexts are they situated and how they develop the strategies to respond the contexts?
This researcher collected data, in two critical cases, by employing depth interviews as well as participant observation. Controlling cameras and capturing visuals may only count for a small part of cameramen’s required talents. Finding discontinuity and meeting the gap requires cameramen solve problems by identifying and organizing resources in order to in changing environment. Cameramen are more reflexive practitioners than device operator. This result may lead us to revisit design of TV journalism curriculum.
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電視監視器新聞的真實再現與釋義 / The representation and interpretation of CCTV news.張詠晴, Chang, Yuan Ching Unknown Date (has links)
本研究透過監視器在電視新聞發展歷程中的特殊性和新聞價值,以及監視器新聞的緣起和發展,結合電視新聞的相關理論和實證研究了解監視器影像和電視新聞媒體媒合以後,電視監視器新聞的敘事方式和其所再現的社會景觀以及社會文化意涵。
透過內容分析法,本研究發現,多數監視器新聞以目擊事件現場為「賣點」,呈現對犯罪事件和特殊奇觀的現場感,然而也有不少新聞在監視器鏡頭外,用特殊的剪輯和運鏡技巧或是帶有情緒性的口語配音進行後製,加深觀眾的「共感氛圍」。在「求真」之外,也追求在視聽訊息上的感官化,並透過選擇新聞題材以及後製加工帶給觀眾強大的視覺衝擊力和感染力。
監視器新聞主題中以暴力和犯罪為主,其次則為奇觀新聞。以感官化的手法呈現與社會安全相關的主題,以犯罪暴力為主題的監視器新聞人物,大多為社會上的邊緣團體,且多發生在都市區;奇觀新聞則以一般民眾為主,背景大多為非都市區;監視器新聞以一般市井小民為主要報導對象,公眾人物在監視器新聞裡十分罕見。監視器新聞再現的時空,突破新聞記者採訪佈線「時空」的限制。
監視器新聞的畫面來源和主要受訪者皆為警方,且多為採用「單面報導」的方式,也就是說,警方掌握監視器畫面以及享有對監視器畫面的主要詮釋權,顯示了公共攝影的社會控制和詮釋的不對等關係。在監視器新聞主題中也看到了符合社會奇觀的主題,「記錄不容錯過的精彩生活片段」似乎成了監視器在社會中扮演的另類角色。
當監視器與電視新聞媒合以後,電視新聞觀眾面對的是更多重、更奪目的真實形式。這些影像以「軟性化」或「衝突性」題材為主,而不是以訴諸理性或是傳達資訊的方式。監視器新聞帶出了公共危險的社會意象,對於邊緣團體化約、淺碟化的敘述,可能加深觀眾對於邊緣團體的刻板印象。整體而言,監視器新聞是一種去脈絡化的敘事形式,透過後製的音效和影像編輯,呈現緊張、懸疑和驚聳的氣氛,因此,監視器新聞所再現的都市空間形象是危險的、充滿不確定性的,為一種高社會犯罪率的隱喻。
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攝影•工具•新聞現場—從人與工具的關係探討電視新聞攝影實務 / Rethinking TV news photography: A research on the relationship among photographer, tool(s), and location區國強, Au, Kwok Kng Unknown Date (has links)
研究者以「人 – 工具 – 現場」之間的關係為觀察角度, 希望探討實作中電視新聞攝影活動的本質。本研究以錄影方式紀錄不同實作個案,並對13位不同年資的電視攝影記者進行深度訪談,研究發現實務中電視新聞攝影實際上不只是「攝影」的活動而已,更是關於什麼是「新聞資訊」和「解題資訊」的想像、聚焦和校準工作。而且,攝影記者在新聞現場使用攝影機的過程,也同時是智能配置與權力互動的「連結」活動。一方面,攝影記者必須與各種人與非人的工具/資源連結,才能涉入到現場的情境性中,理解新聞現場的解題意義,並以攝影機工具將特定對象轉化為新聞影像素材。另一方面,由於連結活動除了智能協力,也隱含了權力角力,攝影記者雖然「操作」了攝影機工具,但事實上主導攝影機工具如何被「使用」的人卻可能不是攝影記者。簡單來說,電視新聞攝影中「人 – 工具 – 現場」形成關係的過程,也同時是攝影記者配置智能與參與建構行動者網絡的過程。攝影記者在過程中不斷計算自己與其他行動者之間在智能上以及權力互動上的關係,以瞭解到底該「拍什麼」甚至「如何拍」。研究也發現,實務中電視攝影記者經常處於「資訊焦慮」和「權力焦慮」的狀態,也就是一方面對解題目標的模糊性感到困擾,另一方面又可能擔心自己在工作中失去主導攝影機使用以及詮釋新聞現場的權力。本研究提出,電視攝影記者如果想強化自己在網絡中的行動位置,必須加強處理資訊以及與其他行動者連結的能力,並找出更均衡的「人 – 工具」關係。 / This study aims to rethink the practice of TV news photojournalism by examining the relationship among TV news photographers, the tool(s) they use, and the location where “news” happens. Employing methods of case study and in-depth interview, the study finds that TV news photographer's job is more than just skillfully using camera to capture news video; in fact, in order to know what to film, as well as how to film, TV news photographer needs to work with different human and non-human resources, “involving-in” the context of activity, and constructing the content and objectives of the assignment. In short, TV news photography is a situated activity and process of calculation. To effectively perform his/her task, photographer is required to bring people and things together and measures relations among different actors.
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一場遊戲一場夢:再思考電視新聞頻道競爭邏輯 / A Game or a Dream: Rethinking Competition Logic of TV-News施伯燁, Shih, po-yeh Unknown Date (has links)
過去以競爭為主的相關研究,大多透過產業經濟學及數理分析探討競合過程與報酬。而本研究立旨於解構電視新聞產製過程中非理性的競爭行為、無意義的競爭目的,以及品質不佳的競爭結果,故採不同於以往的批判分析取徑,以及迴遞式的質性分析方法進行研究,並透過田野觀察、深度訪談取得研究資料,了解電視新聞工作者與電視新聞組織於新聞產製過程中的競爭與合作,最後將文獻及實證資料進行紮根性實驗,具體化研究成果及研究問題,認知電視新聞生產結構與現象,以提供理論解釋與建議。
本研究發現競爭背後所蘊藏的邏輯,是收視率排名的勝負,更深一層的是被商業力量及政治力量所制約媒體活動,新聞工作上的互動關係也由競爭取代合作,由分享轉變為獨佔。因此,國內的電視新聞產業處在一個近乎「完全競爭」的市場之中,理性的分析已經無法解釋失衡的供需關係,只有透過「收視率」調查機制來提供一個「相對客觀」的參考依據。然而,這個參考依據卻反過來制約了賽局中的參與者,以「它」為指標與目標。但是如果這個競局是如此混亂而缺乏規範的,這種指標亦無法完全理性去呈現真實的面貌,更遑論透過這個機制達到「營利」的目的,反而落入「工具主義」的迷思之中。
此外,在本研究中也觀察到「合作式競爭」的現象,電視新聞產業及生產過程中,為了達到競爭的目的,而採取「互利性」的「策略同盟」或「置入性行銷」,但這種互利同盟結果,往往破壞或削弱了新聞產品或新聞工作上的「自主性」及「專業性」。因為在電視新聞組織間除了追求自身目的的競爭之外,這種以「合作」之名,行「競爭」之實的互利性策略聯盟,雖然暫且超越了囚徒困境思維,但這種策略性合作,在大餅有限,競爭者無限的情況下,媒體組織不得不向外拓展更多「錢脈與權脈」,利用「符號空間」來換取「經濟資源」及「政治資源」,這種交換機制,對「新聞媒體」而言,往往瓦解了各個場域間原有的原則與堅持,使新聞工作者的立場逐漸動搖或專業倫理日漸解組。
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電視新聞主播轉職之研究 / Researches of Anchorperson’s Career Transformation高文音, Kao,Wen Yin Unknown Date (has links)
本論文主要目的在探討,工作十年以上之在職中生代優秀之專業主播,受過高等教育,在新聞界有一定之定位,為什麼選擇轉職?轉職的真正原因為何?本文研究目的有三:
一、瞭解電視新聞主播轉職原因;
二、探討哪些內部因素與外部因素導致主播轉職;
三、分析主播轉職後之斷層危機。
在瞭解內部因素與外部因素為何後,分析新聞主播在目前職場環境是否面臨斷層危機,接下來,造成轉職的主要動機。因此本研究發現如下:
一、轉職主播對媒體生態環境感到失望;
二、內部因素與外部因素的不認同:
(一)外部因素:組織因素的介入
(二)內部因素:自我價值認同不夠
三、實務界的危機:中生代主播式微造成主播界的斷層與人才流失。
本研究係透過深度訪談法,訪問五位已轉職主播與兩位在職主播,進而得到上述研究發現。 / The purpose of the subject is to study the real reason why the anchors of TV news reporter who are with higher education and have settled down in the News Field for more than ten years, and decided to redirect their careers to something else? There are three approaches:
1.Understanding the circumstances of transferring
2.Researching the internal and external factors
3.Analyzing the risk of changes and challenges
In light of internal and external concerns, it is the issue that we are confronting against with whether there is a supply shortage in the profession of Anchorpersons and the current working conditions of the press; subsequently , if might also cause the Anchorpersons’ career transformation. The followings are the disclosures:
1.The disappointment of media behavior and environment
2.The disagreement between internal and external system exchanges:
(1) Outside factor: functional involvement
(2) Inside factor: higher self-value
3.The risk of system construction: The disconnection and skill lost in the middle generation of the prime anchors in the TV news field.
The above result comes from a constructive interview to five news reporters who have been transferred to the other business fields as well as two from the current news anchors.
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