內容大致如下： 第一章：說明本論文研究動機與目的、研究方法、研究限制等。 第二章：探討多國籍企業對外匯風險管理的兩項首要工作─匯率變動預測與外匯風險 暴露分析。 第三章：探討多國籍企業外匯風險管理的目的、動機、對風險的態度、避險策略設定 ，各種替代性避險技術之評與選擇，最後說明集權制與分權制之取捨。 第四章：首先說明我國企業對外投資現況與展望，次探討我國外匯風險管理的環境， 最後分從匯率預測、外匯風險暴露分析及其管理對策探究目前我國多籍企業外匯風險 管理之務。 第五章：結論與建議。

本文主要探討產物保險公司如何以自身的風險管理及內部的流程控制來達到有效的控管和預測，進而創造更高的業主權益報酬率，確保被保險人的權益，以維繫公司的永續經營發展為研究的目的。 身為風險管理工具之一的保險公司，必須瞭解自身於經營上面對的風險所在。首先論述如何建立保險公司風險管理程序，並從風險中深入分析，得知不適當的定價是造成保險公司喪失清償能力最主要的原因，建立完善的核保風險機制據以發展保險公司本身的核心價值，特以火險為例詳細說明其建制的過程與細節。 除介紹如何利用核保財務分析模型（Underwriting Financial Model）來解決適當訂價的問題，並配合運用風險資本額的公式求出各險種之風險資本額、各險種之業主權益分配額、各險種之可運用資金、各險種之自留綜合率、各險種業主權益報酬率、以預測來年之營運績效，另外尚討論信用風險與風險累積的控制，運用創新的觀念及技術來管理公司的業務量。 最後建議保險公司應設立風險管理專責單位，對於風險管理的流程與運作提早規劃準備，保險公司應有意願提昇風險管理的專業能力並嚴格自律及確實執行，俾強化公司自身風險觀念瞭解到公司真正有此需求。 關鍵字：風險管理、業主權益報酬、風險資本額、核保、產物保險經營 / The main theme of this research is to explore the issues related to the ways of risk management and internal operation control for insurance companies. The insurance companies could be efficiently controlled and projected to create higher return on equity, to guarantee the insured’s benefit, and to maintain the company’s long-term operation by implementing risk management process. Insurance companies, as one of the tools for risk management, are required to realize their own risks in operation. Firstly they must explore how to build up a process of risk management and to recognize that inadequate price is one of the main reasons to cause insurance company’s insolvency. Secondly they should explore how to build up an adequate underwriting risk mechanism to develop the core value of insurance companies, and to illustrate its process and detail of the building-up with Fire insurance business. Insurance companies are also required to know how to solve inadequate price by using Underwriting Financial Model, and how to calculate Risk Base Capital, Capital Allocation, Asset Allocation, Combined Ratio, Return on Equity for each line of business to predict business results for the coming year. This paper also discusses the importance of credit risk and risk accumulation in order that insurance companies can manage their own business by using innovating concept and technique. Finally Insurance companies are recommended to set up a risk management unit that should plan and prepare for the process of risk management. They ought to show their high wiliness to increase the capability of risk management, and to exercise high discipline and put into work in order to enhance the concept and need of risk management. Key Words： Risk Management, Return on Equity, Risk Base Capital, Underwriting, Insurance Operation.

鑒於金融機構跨業經營乃係現況發展趨勢，而風險管理已成為金融機構業務管理之首務，本研究將探討國際金融機構風險管理的新規範－新版巴賽爾資本協定（Basel II），並蒐集民國八十三年六月至民國九十二年三月我國上市公司公開發行之財務資訊，分別以商業銀行、證券公司、人壽保險公司、產物保險公司及票券公司為代表，模擬為金融控股公司下之各個子公司，將結合營運性、風險性、及法令為考量之資本配置模型；進一步探討金融控股公司之風險管理與資本配置。 歸納模擬結果如下： 以營運性為考量並配合法令要求之資本配置，此配置模型係在設定盈餘目標下，追求風險極小值，或設定風險容忍水準，以追求盈餘之極大值。經過目標值的變動下，此最適化模型可得一效率前緣曲線。由此效率前緣圖可知，在盈餘維持在平均盈餘水準下，此模型可使風險值由原來的8,860佰萬元降至7,045佰萬元，其降幅為20%，RAROC由原來的0.77升至0.97，升幅為25%；若固定風險值在原來未分配前的平均水準，則盈餘由先前的7,681佰萬元提升至8,821佰萬元，其提升幅度為14%，RAROC由原來的0.77提升至0.90，提升幅度為16%，亦相當可觀。若將資本維持在歷史平均水準，則可使其盈餘達到7,305佰萬元，而風險值為6,446佰萬元，RAROC為1.00，升幅為29%。據此推論，依此配置模型分配結果，將可改善整體金融控股公司之經營績效。 綜合營運性、風險性並考量法令要求之資本分配模型，納入了風險限制條件，主要係考量高風險之業務，須有高資本以因應其非預期性損失，但同時為兼顧經營績效，必須在營運性與風險性間求得平衡點；實證結果發現，受到風險性限制條件的影響，使得此條效率前緣曲線均落在以營運性為考量資本配置模型之下方，這代表的是在此模型下，無法達到較高之盈餘，原因來自於高盈餘伴隨著高風險，但高風險在此配置模型中是不允許的。惟此模型依然有提升整體經營績效的功能。例如，將盈餘目標設為原來的7,681佰萬元，則風險值降為7,601佰萬元，降幅約14%，RAROC也提升至0.90，升幅為16%；若資本維持在平均水準177,185佰萬元，則盈餘可達到5,802佰萬元，風險值則為4,528佰萬元，RAROC為1.09，較原先高出41%。 / As cross business managing is the modern development trend and risk management has been the first task for the financial institutions, this study attempts to analyze the new standard of the international financial institutions’ risk management – new Basel II. The data concerning business operations, risks, regulations from June 1992 to March 2003 are collected for each group of commercial banks, security houses, life insurance companies, non-life insurance companies, bill finance companies to build a capital allocation model. The financial holding companies’ risk management and capital allocation is further discussed. The results of this study are summarized as follows: The capital allocation model considers business operations and regulations. This allocation model sets up profit target, seeks minimum risk or sets up level of risk tolerance to seek maximum profit. After the variable target, the suitable model can get a efficient frontier curve. From this curve we find out that the profit maintains under the average profit level. The model can make Value-at-Risk reduce from 8,860 million to 7,045 million, down 20%, RAROC rise from 0.77 to 0.97, up 25%; if the fixed Value-at-Risk is before distributing, the profit will rise from 7,681 mission to 8,821 million, up 14%, RAROC will rise from 0.77 to 0.90, up 16%, still outstanding. If the capital remains at historical average level, then the profit can reach 7,305 million, and the Value-at-Risk is 6,446 million, RAROC is 1.00, up 29%. According to the inference, the distributing result of the allocation model can improve the operation performance of the financial holding company. The capital allocation model synthesize operation, risk and consider legal requirement, bring into the restriction of risk is to consider high risky business should have high capital to deal with unexpected loss, but also to consider operation performance, need to seek balance between operation and risk; From the result of this study finds that under risk restriction, the efficient frontier curve is within the capital allocation model which considers operation, this means under the model, higher profit is hard to achieve, the reason is high profit accompanies high risk, and high risk is prohibited from the model. But this model still has the function to approve whole operation performance. For example, if the profit target is 7,681 million as original, the Value-at-Risk will reduce to 7,601 million, down 14%, RAROC will rise to 0.90, up 16%; if the capital remains at the average level’s 177,185 million, the profit can reach 5,802 million, the Value-at-Risk is 4,528 million and RAROC is 1.09, up 41%.

本研究以風險管理觀點，由風險自留與再保險層面切入，探討核保風險之風險管理規劃理論與實務全貌。 經由了解風險自留與再保險之理論與應用，風險量化資料準備之前置作業實務以及如何解讀風險量化之數據，綜合提供風險自留與再保險之規劃流程全貌，以利管理者之決策參考。 本研究首先以剖析保險公司營運一般性風險與核心風險，針對核保風險之自留或轉嫁的風險控管方式。 以股東、核保經理人以及財務管理人不同觀點看待風險自留之差異性，以及不同再保方式對穩定經營績效之效益。 呈現實務作業流程，尋求理論與實務之相輔相成。 引用虛擬個案產險公司之風險量化數據，學習如何解讀分析資料，從中了解風險自留與再保險之利弊與效益。 關鍵詞：核保風險、風險管理、風險量化、核保經理人、財務經理人 / This study based on risk management viewpoint, tries to evaluate from the two directions of risk retention and reinsurance, to assess the theory and practices of underwriting risks management planning. Through the understanding of the theories and applications of risk retention and reinsurance, the preparation work of quantitative data of risks and analyze of quantitative risk data, summarize and provide a whole picture of risk retention and reinsurance planning workflow, to provide management people information of making decisions. This study begins with analysis of the general business risks and core business risks of an insurer, targeting at the two risk control vehicles which are the risk retention or the transfer of underwriting risks. From the viewpoints of shareholders, underwriting manager and finance manager to look at the difference of risk retention, and the stabilizing effects of various reinsurance that could create for the business performance. Both to present practical operation workflow, and to seek the integration of theory and real practice in daily business. This article also introduces the quantitative risk data of a simulation case of an example non-life insurance company, to explain how to interpret and analyze data, and to understand the benefits or shortages of using risk retention and reinsurance. Key words: Underwriting Risks, Risk Management, Risk Quantitative, Underwriting Manager, Finance Manager

企業之興衰可概分為導入期、成長期、成熟期、衰退期。本研究發現，台灣地區保全業目前處於「成熟期」。隨著微利時代之來臨，保全之傳統服務業勢必將面臨極大之挑戰，若無長遠規劃及有效興革，日後將被跨國性大保全公司所併購之可能，最後從而步入「衰退期」。因此，保全業必須重視研發與管理，方能因應市場之快速變遷與挑戰。 由於社會大眾對保全業之運作缺乏正確觀念，總以為安排保全後即無須另行安排保險保障，因此時常有保障缺漏之產生。就現況而言，保全業者素質良莠不齊，常因業務競爭而忽視風險管理之重要性，且普遍未能落實損害防阻之工作，造成保全重大事故時有所聞，甚至引發社會各界之非難與抨擊。再者，法令要求保全業必須利用保險以分散風險。然而因為認知上之差距，時常發生理賠責任界定之糾紛，造成消費者不諒解、保險業不願繼續承保之困窘，影響保全業之形象與聲譽甚鉅。 本研究主要探討台灣地區保全業風險管理與保險之相關問題，架構上係以風險管理原理為基礎，輔以實務運作現況，以求有系統地分析保全業經營管理之相關風險，並藉此歸納保全業風險管理之核心原則。其次，本研究亦針對保全業運用產物保險（保全業責任保險、銀行業綜合保險、員工誠實信用保證保險）時所衍生紛爭，以案例研究方式解析其爭議所在，期能界定消費者、保全業、保險業三方之權利義務關係。最後，根據發現與結論，本研究提出若干建議供相關單位參考，期能全面提升保全業風險管理與保險運用之水平。 / In terms of the life cycle, an enterprise may experience the following stages: introduction stage, growth stage, maturity stage and decline stage. It is observed that the security industry in Taiwan is currently situated in the maturity stage. Due to severe market competition and narrow margin of profits, the security industry is forced to meet the magnificent challenge, locally or internationally. Without a long-term planning and efficient reform, it is likely to see many security companies merged by multi-national security companies in the future. Under such a scenario, the security industry in Taiwan will eventually step into the decline stage. Misunderstanding the operation of security industry, many people ignore the necessity of insurance coverage after security protection is arranged. It leads to the leakage in protection and coverage. In practice, many security companies also take less care of risk management and loss prevention due to business competition. In addition, a security company is required to transfer its risks through insurance. Because of the perceptional gap, many claim disputes arise among the security industry, the insurance industry and the clients. Under such circumstances, all of the above have deteriorated the reputation of security industry and result in many criticisms from the general public. The main theme of this research is to explore the issues related to risk management and insurance of the security industry in Taiwan. Based on the fundamental theories of risk management and market practices, the relevant risks are systematically analyzed and core risk management principles for the industry are developed. In addition, it undertakes several case studies to examine the controversial issues of certain insurance products often associated with the security business. It is hoped to clarify these issues and define the rights and obligations among different players. In the final part, the conclusion and recommendation is submitted to relevant institutions to upgrade and enhance the risk management and insurance arrangement of the security industry.

由於現代企業面臨之風險是多變的，許多有關之法令規定已過時，企業組織可用之資源、成本和效益會產生變化，故企業要能適應未來的變局更需落實風險管理。 企業實施風險管理之重要目標，是為了在損失發生前能以節約的原則，減少憂慮，符合外界規定，並善盡社會責任；在損失發生後能生存，繼續營運，維持收益穩定，以求繼續成長等。然而企業往往會多角化擴充經營範疇，甚至在各處實施特定的經營活動，如此其風險管理將更形複雜。 本文擬以風險管理與損害防阻的實務經驗，佐以理論基礎，說明導入風險管理與損害防阻之目標、策略、程序、計畫、績效評核等，期能使各企業認識、衡量風險，藉由選擇並執行最符合經濟效益之風險管理方法，達到企業永續經營的目標。 其次，以個人在集團內執行安全管理系統和損害防阻安全查勘服務計畫的個案，說明企業損害防阻管理意義、風險的確認、分析與評估、損害防阻管理的執行與考核、績效評估等。最後再以身為企業推動風險管理與損害防阻的一份子，檢視以往歷程提出建議，期能拋磚引玉，讓更多的組織、企業和相關人士重視並推動主動式的風險控制及損害防阻管理。 / Since the risks faced by the modern enterprises are changeable, the laws and stipulations are obsolete and outdated, the resources, costs and benefits used by the enterprises organizations are subject to change, and therefore the enterprises have to carry out the risk management in order to be able to adapt the future changes in situations. The major targets for the enterprises to implement the risk management are for the purposes of reducing the anxiety, conforming to the outside stipulations and fulfilling the social responsibilities sincerely before the losses occur; surviving, operating continually, maintaining the incomes and continuing to grow, etc. if the losses should occur. However, the enterprises often run their business diversified and even operate the specific business activities everywhere, that will make their risk management more complex. This article intends to be written in the view of practical experiences to engage in the risk management, loss prevention and control as well as the assists of theory foundations, depicts the implementations of goals, strategies, procedures, plans and performance evaluations, etc. in risk management, loss prevention and control, anticipating various enterprises to identify and measure the risks by means of selecting and executing the risk management methods which conform to the utmost economical benefits for the goals of running businesses continually. Next, in the case where the writer personally carried out the safety management systems and safety survey service plans of loss prevention and control in group enterprises illustrates the meaning of loss control management, the identification, analysis and evaluation of risk, and the implementation, the verification and performance evaluation of loss control management, etc. Finally, as the member of implementing enterprises risk management and loss prevention and control, the writer examines the past working processes and experiences to offer some recommendations, expecting to throw stones and bring back jade to let much more organizations, enterprises and the parties concerned think highly of and enforce the proactive risk control and loss control management.

銀行風險管理架構的建立必須與銀行的經營管理相結合，如資產品質管理、資本分配、績效評估與發展策略等。面臨新的風險管理觀念與架構趨勢，銀行的資訊系統也必須做結構化的調整，以有效支援銀行風險控管的決策與執行。 本研究以銀行信用風險管理整合需求為出發點來推導信用風險管理資訊架構： 一、銀行信用風險管理資料蒐集、風險量化與驗證、風險監控與審核， 必須建立資訊運作流程。 二、因應系統平台的多元性，銀行必須建置整合性信用風險控管系統， 以建立即時監控風險機制。 三、風險預警機制與風險定價決策支援整合至現有銀行資訊系統。 四、建立資本配置與績效衡量決策支援與管理系統，以建立風險與績 效之連結機制，提升銀行經營績效。

企業風險安全管理隨著趨勢的發展和需求，企業安全從原本的被動式保護工作，進步到主動式的預防作為，由原來對實體環境和人員的防護，拓展到資訊網路和商譽競爭力保護的領域，逐漸的成為企業中不可或缺的重要功能部門。 國內一般文獻研究在記載研究企業風險安全管理和危機處理議題，常見以外部觀點為研究方向，來自於實際參與企業風險安全管理第一線和決策人員的個案研究則相對缺乏。本研究是希望以作者擔任台北金融大樓股份有限公司（台北101）首任安全總監期間(2003年九月到2004年七月)，實際面臨之風險安全管理挑戰之狀況及處置為主軸，並以事後結果觀察為驗證，以其他個案和文獻研究來探討：一位在企業中實際負責企業風險安全管理之專業經理人面對各式風險威脅狀況時的決策基礎和作為考量，繼而驗證相關風險管理和安全管理理論在企業安全和風險管理的實際運用狀況及成效。 企業安全管理是風險管理的一部份，重點是在處理風險類別中的純粹風險。風險管理的理論和分析架構為企業安全管理帶來了理論基礎架構，讓每一對應措施對策可以有正確的定位，而達到管理的效率。企業安全管理是一個應用科學，必須要依據實務需要，利用企業安全以及其他領域的專業知識，尋求相當的對策。「安全」代表一種穩定的、在一定程度內可以預期的環境，讓個人或團體可以在追求目標時，不受干擾或傷害，也不必擔心任何動亂或意外。安全管理同時也是一個高度和所處環境互動的過程。其所受影響的變數繁多，影響所產生的結果也多變。所以，企業安全管理不但重視建置上大架構的完善，更重視的是在細節小處的積極維護。 一個良好企業安全管理始自於有一個明確的「企業安全政策」。在這企業安全政策中要揭示企業安全的宗旨。作者以為，企業的安全目標為：「保護企業資產完整，使可能發生的損害降至最低、而使投資報酬及事業機會增至最大，進而確保企業的永續經營。」本研究認為，「實體與環境安全」、「人事安全」、「資訊安全」、「緊急應變計劃」、「企業安全稽核及事件調查」、「企業安全教育訓練及宣導」形成完整的企業安全管理架構，並以「人員」、「程序」和「科技」並重的方式進行，可以達到實效。而「未知」、「瞬時」和「大量」是企業安全管理範疇中危機的三特性，如果這三者同時發生，危機就產生，若是消彌其中一部，危機就有機會可以被制止。 / 關鍵字：企業管理、風險管理、風險評估、企業安全、安全管理、危機管理。 / Along with the business trend and demand, the function of Corporate Security is changing from reactively protection to proactively prevention. It also expends from its original functions on physical and personnel protection activities to information networks and business competition activities. Gradually, Corporate Security is becoming an irreplaceable function in modern business operations. In Taiwan, most of the researches on corporate risk and security management issues were on external perspective. There are relatively limited researches on internal perspective and being done by practioners who could provide the first hand experiences and very own observations. This study is based on the Writer’s own experiences and observations during his tenure as the very first Director of Corporate Security and Life Safety of the Taipei Financial Center Corporation, the owner of the world’s tallest building – “Taipei 101”, in September 2003 ~ July 2004. This thesis records and studies the situations the Writer faced and why certain counter-measures were selected and implemented against some corporate security related theories and best practices, and further, to examine their effectiveness and aftermath impacts. This study finds that the corporate security management is under the umbrella of enterprise risk management. It mainly deals with the area of pure risks. The risk management theories provided fundamentals and core structure for the corporate security management. The corporate security management is an applied science. The successful application requires multi-discipline efforts which employee various domains of knowledge to interact and/or counteract of the changing business environment. In addition to appreciation of the core theories of risk and security management, it is essential to attention to details. A sound corporate security begins with a clearly stated “Corporate Security Policy”, where the mission, objectives, as well as the structures and means are clear defined. The Writer believes that the objective of corporate security management is to “To protect corporate assets, both tangible and intangible ones, and to minimize the potential harms and losses, in order to maximize the investment retunes and business opportunities as well as the continuity of the business.” This study finds that the Corporate Security Management Framework best structured by the Physical & Environmental Security, Personnel Security, Information Security, Emergency Response Planning, Security Audit & Investigation, as well as Security Awareness Promotion and Education. In order to best achieve these, the practioners should equally apply measures on People, Process and Technology. / Keywords: Risk Management, Business Management, Security Management, Crisis Management, Corporate Security.

本研究係以企業保險為研究主體，企業的保險需求涵蓋產物保險及團體保險，以解決企業經營所面臨的財產、責任及人身上之風險，故本研究包含產物保險及團體保險，經由對企業投保產物保險及團體保險的分析，瞭解企業投保保險的現況，依此找出企業購買保險的需求所在，並藉此擬訂有效的行銷策略。 本研究以國內保險經紀人的目標客戶群為觀點來挑選研究對象，研究問卷之抽樣方法係採取非隨機抽樣法中的便利抽樣法，選擇之地區僅限於台北縣市、基隆市之企業。因考量企業體與一般消費者不同，主要決策者業務繁忙，訪問不易，故先以電話詢問有無接受問卷調查之意願，電話詢問的企業家數約有550家，其中表示有意願接受問卷調查的有285家，有意願者再利用E-mail、傳真、郵寄，或直接在電話線上接受訪談，願意接受問卷調查的285家中，回收141份問卷，回收率49%，其中2份為無效問卷，有效問卷為139份。 研究結果顯示：企業會選擇目前保險公司投保，及續保時「更換過保險公司」的原因，無論產險或團體保險，「保費較低」均佔所有原因之冠，可見價格仍是企業選擇保險公司最關鍵的考慮因素。 120家有投保團體保險的企業，有97.5%的企業有投保團體意外險，有45%的企業有投保團體定期險，顯示有超過一半的企業僅投保團體意外險而沒有投保團體定期險，目前產險公司所銷售之傷害保險較壽險公司便宜許多，在費率上有絕對競爭優勢，因此，對產險業及保險經紀人而言，團體傷害保險商機仍大。 本研究顯示，近七成的企業直接找產險公司投保，有三成是透過保險經紀人安排保險，資本額越大者，透過保險經紀人投保的比率有越高的趨勢，資本額5000萬以下的企業有27.6%係透過保險經紀人投保，資本額20億以上的企業有63.6%係透過保險經紀人投保，可見大企業業委由保險經紀人投保者較普遍，而中小企業仍習慣直接找保險公司投保。另外，企業會選擇目前保險公司投保的最重要原因中，資本額5000萬以下的企業，無論產險或是團體保險，以選取「與業務員有認識」的比率最高，產險為31%，團險為39.1%；而資本額20億以上的企業，無論產險或是團體保險，以選取「保費較低」的比率最高，產險為54.5%，團險為36.7%，可見大企業選擇保險公司以保費高低為最主要考量，而中小企業則是人情掛帥，所以經營中小企業應保持跟客戶有良好的互動，培養良好的人際關係。

本研究主要探討我國企業對產品責任保險需求之原因，分別以四個構面來分析企業對產品責任保險的需求。包括企業經營動機、公司背景資料、產品安全風險管理與上市公司財務特性等四方面來探討企業的投保動機。本研究以我國上市公司為樣本，共計發放440份問卷，並以回收的90份問卷進行Logistic迴歸及複迴歸之實證分析。 研究結果發現，企業交易對象(買方)的要求、產品風險理財因素和產品市場行銷因素為影響上市公司投保產品責任保險之決定因素，呈顯著正向關係。另外，當上市公司過去曾發生過產品損害事件時，對產品責任保險之需求愈高；而且當公司的產品銷售本國地區、美加地區或同時銷售國內外地區時，對產品責任保險需求愈高。至於產品安全風險管理與產品責任保險需求之間的關係，實證結果顯示二者為互補關係，此與Ehrilich and Becker(1972)的理論假設一致。除此之外，本研究發現當公司規模愈大、產品銷售量愈大、負債對業主權益比率愈高以及公司無長期負債時，其對於產品責任保險的需求愈高。此外，當上市公司的財務危機成本愈高以及所面臨的損失頻率與幅度愈大時，其對於產品責任保險需求愈高。 / This paper investigates the corporate demand for product liability insurance in Taiwan. The motivations to purchase product liability insurance can be categorized into four groups, business operation incentive, features of the firm, product safety management, and financial management. The decision of insurance is analyzed based on the logistic model and multivariate regression models with a sample of 90 publicly traded companies in Taiwan. The empirical results of this study indicate that customers’ requests, product risk financing, and product marketing are the determinants for companies to buy product liability insurance. Further, the companies with previous experience of product liability losses have higher product liability insurance demand. Those companies selling their products to North America and Taiwan will purchase more product liability insurance. Moreover, the empirical evidences suggest significantly positive correlation between product safety management and product liability insurance demand, which is consistent with Ehrilich and Becker (1972) that market insurance and self-protection are complements. The results also show that the firm will purchase more product liability insurance when it has larger firm size, greater product sales, higher debt to equity ratio, and no long term debt.