国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

本研究主要在探討養貓和養狗的飼主，他們對於目前台灣比較熱門的寵物商機的購買意願是否會受到「生活型態」、「認知」、「態度」、「他人影響」和「滿意度」的影響而有所不同。而購買意願又分成了「無使用經驗」者的購買意願和「有使用經驗」者的再購意圖二種。 本研究運用飼主一對一訪談、網路飼主意見調查、網路次級資料蒐集及國內外文獻資料來設計問卷內容，接著運用網路問卷和紙本問卷進行問卷樣本的蒐集，進而運用蒐集而來的樣本進行資料分析而得到研究結果。 本研究結果證實，生活型態和認知會影響飼主對於寵物商品或服務的態度，而態度和他人影響則對於無使用經驗飼主的購買意圖有影響，而態度的影響程度大於他人影響的影響程度；至於有使用經驗飼主的再購意圖則是受到態度、他人影響和滿意度的影響，而滿意度的影響程度最大，再來是態度，最後才是他人影響。在生活型態探討方面，本研究發展出了養貓和養狗飼主四類的生活型態，分別為：集群1-「社交名媛/公子」型、集群2-「心有餘力不足」型、集群3-「寵物兒子」型和集群4-「居家良伴」型四類生活型態集群。而在四群生活型態的飼主中，集群1和集群2對於寵物商機的態度或使用經驗普遍都比集群3和集群4來的好或來的有經驗。在五類寵物商機中，除了寵物安親班之外，知曉的普及率都到90%以上，然而有使用過的比例中，除了保健食品和美容在60%右左，其餘的(寵物旅館、寵物安親班、寵物安樂園)比例都在20%以下。有使用過五類寵物商機的飼主，平均月收入都在三萬元以上。 / The main purpose of this study is to probe into the buying intention of pet-owners of cats and dogs, whether it would be affected by lifestyles, cognition, attitudes, influences of others, and satisfaction. The buying intention of pet-owners is divided into “non-experienced” and “experienced “pet-owners. The content of the questionnaire is based on one-on-one interviews, on-line surveys of pet-owners’ opinions and the second-hand data collection home and abroad. I use on-line and paper questionnaires to collect samples, and then use those samples to conduct data analysis. Research findings indicate the following. Lifestyle and cognition will affect pet-owners’ attitudes toward pet products and services. Attitudes and influences of others will affect non-experienced pet-owners’ buying intention. The influence degree of attitude is greater than that of the influences of others. The buying intention of experienced pet-owners’ are affected by attitudes, the influences of others and satisfaction. The greatest influence degree is from satisfaction, then from attitudes, and the least influence is from the influences of others. This study develops four types of lifestyles of pet-owners. They are “social celebrity” (group 1), “those who have willing spirits but with weak flesh” (group 2), “those who treat their pets as their sons and daughters” (group 3), and “those who treat their pets as home companions” (group 4). The attitudes and using experiences of group 1 and group 2 are better than that of group 3 and group 4. Among the five types of pet products and services, except for the pet daycare service, the familiarization rate of other pet products and services are all above 90%. The using rate of pet health foods and pet grooming are around 60%; the rate of pet boarding, pet daycare and pet funeral service are under 20%. The average monthly salaries of pet-owners who have using experiences of pet products and services are above thirty thousand dollars.

No description available.

2009年10月22日，美國在臺協會與駐美國臺北經濟文化代表處簽訂臺美牛肉議定書。對於政府開放美國具牛海綿狀腦病風險之牛肉及牛肉製品進口，當時輿論一片譁然。為因應國內輿論壓力，立法院於2010年1月27日修正食品衛生管理法第十一條，禁止美國牛絞肉及內臟進口。同時政府亦實施三管五卡措施對美國牛肉進行進口檢疫，造成國內法與議定書國際義務不符之現象。 臺美牛肉議定書爭議，牽涉到許多面向，包括：臺美牛肉議定書在我國國內法之地位；我國因應臺美牛肉議定書簽訂所為之食品衛生管理法修法及三管五卡措施在WTO法律架構下之評價；我國與美國之貿易關係等。本文從WTO架構出發，以食品安全檢驗暨動植物防疫檢疫措施協定（SPS協定）之規範探討臺美牛肉議定書爭議在WTO法律架構下應如何評價。並以國際法與國內法間關係之角度探討臺美牛肉議定書在我國國內法之地位，同時討論臺美牛肉議定書爭議對臺美貿易關係之影響。第一章為導論；第二章討論WTO架構中關於具牛海綿狀腦病風險牛肉之規範；第三章討論我國牛肉進口之防檢疫措施及臺美牛肉議定書之規範；第四章討論臺美牛肉議定書之相關爭議；最後，第五章針對臺美牛肉議定書爭議提出政策建議並作結。 / On October 22, 2009, the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office (TECRO) and the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT) signed the US-Taiwan Beef Protocol for the arrangement with regard to the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)-related measures on importing beef and beef products. Due to lack of confidence in the government, the public opinion of Taiwan was strongly against such importation of beef. In order to deal with the roaring public opinion, the Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China (ROC) amended the Act Governing Food Sanitation Article XI on January 27, 2010. According to this amendment, the beef viscera and ground beef produced in the United States are banned from importing into Taiwan. Furthermore, the ROC government then adopted the Regulation Governing the Sanitation of Importing Beef and several sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS measures) to implement the amendment. These measures result in a discrepancy between the obligations regulated by domestic law and those by the Beef Protocol. The issue of the Beef Protocol may be discussed from many aspects, including the legal status of the Protocol in domestic law, the evaluation of the SPS measures under the WTO regime, the US-Taiwan relations, etc. This study will start from the introduction of the SPS Agreement, the international food standard of the BSE-risked beef set by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and the Beef Protocol. Then, the author will discuss the evaluation of the Protocol and other SPS measures of the ROC under the WTO regime and try to figure out the possibility of the use of the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) in order to solve the Protocol issue. This study will also examine the legal status of the Protocol in the ROC domestic law and discuss the impact on the US-Taiwan commercial relations. In the final part of this study, the author will provide several policy recommendations to settle this Protocol issue.

本論文旨在探討台北犁記餅店在2014年中秋節前夕爆發的餿水油事件中的危機溝通策略，並檢視其危機溝通成效。為探討危機溝通中傳統媒體與新媒體的角色區別，本論文檢視了四大報在餿水油事件中對於台北犁記餅店的線上報導、台北犁記的官方網站與相關官方文件，以及台北犁記的臉書粉絲團。研究結果發現傳統報章媒體已和新媒體高度整合匯流，因此危機事件的傳播速度比起以往更加快速、傳播範圍也更加廣泛。這樣的現象使得公關人員在面對危機事件時，必須更精準地掌握時間做出適當的危機溝通策略，並更加善用社群媒體以和關係人溝通。本論文特別研究台灣中小型本土企業在數位時代中面對危機的溝通策略與成效，提供有別於針對跨國或大型連鎖企業的分析與建議。 / This present case study of Taiwan gutter oil crisis focused on the well-known pastry bakery, Taipei Lee-Chi. This century-old bakery was involved in the food safety crisis during Moon Festival in 2014, resulting in a financial loss of more than NTD 40 million at that time. To explore how traditional and new media play roles in crisis communication for local businesses in Taiwan, the present case study examined relevant news coverage, official documents, and communication activities on social media. More specifically, the analysis included media’s attitude toward the issue shown on major newspaper websites, the responses of Taipei Lee-Chi, and public opinions revealed on its Facebook fan page. The findings suggested that traditional media have converged with new media, and the latter assumes such a powerful influence in crisis communication today. It was found that similar crisis information fast transits from one medium to another, adding more pressure to public relations practitioners to respond to crisis in a timely manner. Social media in particular may not be overlooked and could serve a useful tool in managing corporate crisis. The current study also offered new insights on how local businesses may deal with crisis in the digital age, as most previous crisis studies addressed cases of large national or global corporations.

文創產業近年來在台灣受到重視，其中，孕育許多設計師的搖籃「創意市集」從2004年即在台灣各地逐漸萌芽，對沒有雄厚資本的設計師或創作者而言，從創意市集起步是常見的做法。隨著市集發展，市集裡的商品已經不再限於設計或創作類商品，自2009年起，以手工食品為主的創作者也開始在市集大放異彩。 許多設計類創作者在市集曝光後，被品牌或通路看中，進而成名或擁有自己的店面。然而，手工食品類的創作者卻無法直接複製設計類創作者的成功模式。產品有保存期限、運送不易以及台灣消費者的購買習慣和對食物習慣的口味等等的限制，皆使手工食品品牌經營相當不易。筆者自身也於2013年7月加入創意市集，持續維持半年的手工食品品牌創業計畫，透過親身體驗發現許多問題和難處。在沒有足夠行銷預算的情況下，手作食品品牌往往透過口碑行銷拓展客源，也會面臨理念難以傳達或消費者難以接受商品等問題。 因此，本研究選擇四個手工食品品牌，以質化訪談了解其品牌發展歷程，再透過策略行銷分析架構解析其創業路上遇到的各種策略成本－外顯單位效益成本(C1)、資訊搜尋成本(C2)、道德危機成本(C3)、專屬陷入成本(C4)，企圖了解消費者在創意市集購買手作食品時考量的成本以及影響其購買動機的因素，歸納手作食品品牌透過創意市集創業的經營模式，以提供後續想進入市集發展的創業者參考。 以策略行銷分析架構分析後，本研究認為手工食品品牌創業時首要面對的問題是如何降低消費者的C2及C3，因為消費者需要先知道且信任品牌，才會進入評估C1的階段。左右C1的重要因素為商品特色，手作食品的特色不可以僅僅是手工製作，而應該要有獨特的產品口味或用料，才能帶給消費者別於一般食品的效益。最後，經營者與消費者的互動除了有助建立消費者對品牌的C4之外，也能透過消費者的人脈為品牌帶來更多發展機會。

近年來，由於消費者對於產品安全的重視程度與日俱增，各式各樣的私營標準開始蓬勃發展。這些私營標準雖不具備法律強制力，其所導致的市場排擠效應仍使生產者不得不積極使其產品取得各項私營標準的認證，引發私營標準是否具有實質上強制力並進而影響國際間自由貿易之疑慮。隨著開發中國家自2005年開始於SPS委員會中提出全球良好農業慣例標準對國際自由貿易之負面影響，私營標準之相關法律議題於WTO場域中益發重要，實有研究討論之必要。鑒於私營標準種類、數量之眾，本論文以於WTO下被具體指謫之全球良好農業慣例標準為例，探討全球良好農業慣例標準是否有落入WTO法規範管轄範疇之可能，並透過涉及私營標準議題之食品衛生檢驗與動植物檢疫措施協定、技術性貿易障礙協定與關稅及貿易總協定相關條文的解釋與分析，討論全球良好農業慣例標準與該些規範之關連性及適法性，既而於WTO下甚至WTO以外之國際場域，探究尋求相關貿易衝擊因應之道的可行性，希冀能為私營標準對國際自由貿易體系所帶來的影響及其與WTO之關係進行審視並作出建議。 / In recent years, all kinds of private standards have started to develop prosperously because consumers consider product safety more and more important. Although these private standards are not mandatory, the crowding out effect of markets causing by these standards still makes producers have to achieve relevant certification as far as possible. This situation causes anxiety about the possibility that private standards are de facto mandatory and create trade barriers. While developing countries have stated that GlobalGAP Standard makes bad influence on international trade in the SPS Committees since 2005, the legal issues about private standards become more and more important under WTO regime and need to be studied and discussed. In view of the fact that there are too many kinds of private standards, the thesis takes GlobalGAP Standard for example to discuss whether private standards shall be subject to the rules of WTO Agreements. In order to conduct careful examining and come up with suggestions of the influence on international trade which caused by private standards and the relationship between private standards and WTO, it is necessary to research into the connection between GlobalGAP Standard and WTO rules and the legality of this standard through explaining and analyzing relevant rules which involves the issue of private standards under the SPS Agreement, TBT Agreement, and GATT and to discuss the feasibility of finding the solution to relevant trade impact under WTO regime or other international fields.

2011年5月臺灣爆發不肖業者將具有毒性之塑化劑添加入合法食品添加物─起雲劑當中，販賣給多家食品業者，用以生產各種食品及飲料，戕害國民健康。惟案件中消費者僅獲賠求償額的兩千分之一，差距甚大，明顯不如預期，更是引發社會諸多撻伐。本論文藉由上述塑化劑案件，探討食品安全消費訴訟消費者求償困境並檢討現行法的缺失與不足，以符合消費者權益保障之宗旨。 文章中首先針對食品安全消費訴訟特性以及我國食品管制上主管機關的權責劃分進行概念性介紹，並就訴訟中消費者可主張的民法、消費者保護法、食品安全衛生管理法上請求權基礎進行要件及爭點說明。其次，就損害賠償之概念及損害進行界定與討論。另由於此類型訴訟，消費者食用問題產品後，多半不會產生立即性身體傷害或臨床病徵，導致訴訟上消費者就其所受之損害難以舉證而敗訴，故本文藉由參酌美國毒物侵權行為訴訟上之損害認定，將損害概念擴張至損害或「損害之虞」，以解決訴訟上消費者損害認定不易的難題。 此外，於因果關係舉證方面，則藉由德國環境責任法、德國基因科技法上之原因推定理論、美國法上市場佔有率責任之因果關係以及日本法上疫學因果關係理論，作為此類型訴訟我國因果關係認定之參考，並就損害賠償範圍、我國懲罰性賠償金制度的引進、目的、重要爭點等析述討論之。最後，本論文藉由實務上判決，觀察現行食品安全衛生管理法第56條法院適用情形，從中檢討現行條文不盡完備之處，並嘗試提出相關修法建議，希冀可作為將來立法者修法之參考。 / In May, 2011 the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration reported that plasticizers, such as: di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and di(iso-nonyl)phthalate (DINP), were illegally added to clouding agents used in foods and several beverages.The endocrine disruptors have been linked to developmental problems with children and pregnant women, etc.This paper would mainly discuss the issues of the reflection of civil liabilities arising from food scandals, particularly focus on the plasticizer food scandal in Taiwan. First, the author gives an overview of consumer litigation of food safety, food administration in Taiwan, and the basic of claim such as the Civil law, the Act Governing Food Safety and Sanitation as well as the Consumer Protection Law.Secondly, interprets the concept of civil compensationand expand the traditional concept of personal injury to risk of injury (the plaintiff has not manifested any symptoms of disease but may suffer from illness in the future) by referring to toxic tort.Thirdly, illustrates the special rules on causation in the aspect of the environmental liability law, the biotech law and the market share liability to solve the problems of the causation.Fourthly,probes the compensation scope and punitive damages. Finally,by observing court decisions on article 56 of the Act Governing Food Safety and Sanitation, the author analyzes the deletion of existing legal norms and suggests a proposal for law amendments.

代表國際合作的國際組織對於國家的行為有什麼影響？趨同或趨異？這個問題國關學界主要是新現實主義與新自由制度主義兩個主流理論在進行辯論；前者的研究顯示，國際組織或其它國際合作類型，只是主權國家（特別是強權國家）的工具，本身沒有獨立性，更遑論能制約國家行為或導引國家行為的協調一致。而後者從賽局理論推演出合作的可能與必要性，並認為制度（或建制）是有效維繫合作關係與調和各國行為，進而穩定國際秩序的方法。 然而，在世界貿易組織的架構下，國際貿易合作中食品衛生安全的相關衝突一直存在著。而在國際貨幣基金或世界銀行的架構下，糧食援助的合作似乎造成許多受援國境內的糧食危機未減反增。這樣的結果與新自由制度主義的論點不符，同時暗示著維繫國際合作的制度（或建制）可能具有不當性或偏重對特定法益的保護。另一方面，這樣的情況也無法透過新現實主義得到周延的解釋，因為合作中的權力爭奪並不是只單單發生在體系層次，並且最後影響或主導結果的行為者也非該理論向來強調的主權國家。 當前國際食品貿易的進/出口規範與具有結構調整性質的糧食援助機制究竟是過度保護了貿易自由，還是能為每一個個人可能遭遇的食品衛生風險或糧食危機提供必要之保障？這是本研究的首要顧念。透過個案研究與過程追蹤的方法，本文認為在無政府狀態2.0的環境下，國際食品貿易與糧食援助的制度（或建制）存在著法益失衡與不當性；是一種無法公允保障進口國消費者食品安全或受援國農民糧食主權的合作模式。這樣的結果在既有的國關理論得不到全面性的分析和解釋，因此文中提出「寧靜政治」的論述對之進行補充，說明擁有貿易出口利益的國家，其政府在國內層次如何因為寧靜政治現象而流失權力（退位），成為跨國公司的代理人，而非最高的主權享有者與治權行使者。同時，在體系層次，這些國家還為跨國公司爭取利益最大化，假國際合作之名攻佔食品進口國或糧食受援國的國內市場，釀成公共衛生或糧食主權上的危機。 研究結果顯示，跨國公司是造成國際制度（或建制）成為失衡天秤與喪失正當性的幕後原兇。也是在國際經貿這個議題領域中導致國家退位的關鍵行為者。從強調資本主義和貿易自由化的經濟學角度來看，這或許是市場機制正常的發揮，即使有人不樂見，也毋需過於擔心。然而，任何「自由」都不能是毫無限制地，也不該是無所節度的。全球經貿自由化與市場資本主義的發展若是繼續以目前的方式在運作與擴張，跨國公司累積的財富與權力就會在更多的議題領域超越或擊退主權國家，屆時除了食品衛生安全與糧食安全外，恐怕還會有更多攸關人類安全的法益在商品化的國際市場上漸漸淪為類奢侈財。 從理性選擇的角度來看，此種結果或許是國家在參與經貿合作前本能預見之事，但基於理性選擇，認為這是可以忍受的代價。然而，本文質疑國家（特別是小國）所付出的代價真能讓其在合作過程中換取到大於損失的利益。就像個案中台灣在進口美國牛肉的問題上，或墨西哥在糧食援助的計畫裡，這些國家並沒有在國際合作中得到預期的好處，反而失去了原本可以享有的衛生安全與糧食自主性。退一步言，假設這些國家真的從合作中得到大於損失之利益，那麼這些利益的分配在其國內層次上往往也不否符合公平與正義。毋寧，利益最後只是由特定少數的行為者所享有，但衛生安全風險或糧食基本權的不利益卻轉嫁由進口國或受援國的全體人民買單。