No escopo de organização econômica do mundo, a globalização conduziu a uma limitação do papel das instituições públicas com relação ao mercado, haja vista a repercussão do poder econômico do capital na tomada de decisões de política econômica interna: a estruturação mundial dos mercados somente se torna plausível por meio da institucionalização de direitos no espaço dos Estados nacionais. Desse modo, os direitos nacionais tendem a uniformizar e harmonizar a regulação dada ao capital: trata-se da homogeneização dos direitos, porquanto, tendo em vista as necessidades decorrentes de uma indefectível interdependência econômica, os Estados nacionais acabam por adotar, com mais ou menos independência e criatividade, as instituições necessárias ao desenvolvimento do capital. É isso que torna a vontade planetária homogênea, por meio da artificialidade jurídica que permite ao direito se libertar dos vínculos terrestres e tradições históricas, instituindo, por assim dizer, uma espacialidade própria do direito, a espacialidade jurídica. Deixa-se, assim, o antigo nomos, que vinculava o direito aos lugares, a uma histórica e específica determinação de uma comunidade, para ir-se em direção ao novo nomos, que, estendendo-se às dimensões planetárias da tecno-economia, desliga-se dos vínculos tradicionais e assume plenamente o caráter da artificialidade. Apesar de os Estados continuarem desenvolvendo um papel importante, não se pode deixar de constatar que sua soberania econômica foi matizada: antes detinham poder absoluto em relação à economia, agora detêm poder relativo. As transformações e arranjos institucionais, que eram congruentes em nível nacional, agora estão dispersos em múltiplos níveis espaciais, pois o desempenho econômico requer que os atores sejam simultaneamente coordenados em todas as áreas espaciais, precisam ser alocados e aninhados em arranjos institucionais conectados a todos os níveis da realidade. Nesse contexto, Redes de Governo constituem um bom instrumento de política pública tanto para os países desenvolvidos quanto para os países em desenvolvimento que procuram participar do processo regulatório global e precisam reforçar sua capacidade de governança doméstica. Pode-se dizer que a partir da homogenia dos direitos pretende-se estudar três movimentos distintos e simultâneos que vêm influenciando a produção normativa dos Estados nacionais: a harmonização dos direitos, a uniformização dos direitos e a ambivalência dos direitos. Procurou-se empreender a revisão do tema escolhido na literatura existente no intuito de perquirir informações e conhecer as contribuições teóricas já produzidas pela ciência até o momento. A partir dessas contribuições teóricas, fez-se a identificação dos alicerces que permitiram dialogar com duas grandes tendências teóricas que prevalecem na análise do tema: a primeira, de cunho técnico, aposta na relevância do papel das Administrações Públicas no processo de regulação do mercado global; a segunda, de cunho político, visa a estabelecer mecanismos políticos de neutralização e compensação dos efeitos da globalização. Em linha com esses pontos, a pesquisa comprometeu-se com a realidade concreta e, simultaneamente, engajou-se com a transformação dessa mesma realidade. De conseguinte, o trabalho procurou evidenciar as formas como as forças econômicas influenciam os fenômenos legais, bem como, em sentido oposto, o direito, como instrumento político, pode e deve afetar a economia. / In the scope of the global economic organization, the international integration of markets led to a limitation of the role of public institutions regarding the markets because of the economic power repercussion of the capital in the decision-making of internal economic policy: the world structuring of markets only becomes plausible by the institutionalization of Law in the national States. Thus, the national Law tends to standardize and harmonize the regulation of the capital: it is the homogenization of the Law as the resulting needs of an economic interdependence, which leaves the national States to adopt the necessary institutions to the capital development. It is this that turns the planetary will homogeneous through legal artificiality that allows the Law gives out of the terrestrial bonds and historical traditions, instituting the legal spatiality. Free from the old nomos, which links the Law to places, to a historical and specific determination of a community, the Law gives place to the new nomos, which detaches itself from the traditional bonds and fully assumes the artificiality character by extending itself to the planetary dimensions of the techno-economy. Despite the States continue to play an important role, it should be noticed that their economic sovereignty was tinged: before, they had an absolute power over the economy, whereas they now have a relative power. The transformations and institutional arrangements that were congruent in national level are now scattered in multiple spatial levels as the economic performance requires actors to be simultaneously coordinated in all spatial areas and they need to be allocated and nested in institutional arrangements connected to all levels of reality. In that context, Government Nets constitute a good instrument of public policies both for the developed countries and for the developing countries that attempt to take part of the global regulatory process and need to reinforce their capacity of domestic governance. It can be said that from the homogeneity of the Law on, this work aims at studying three simultaneous and distinct movements that have been influencing the normative output of the national States: the harmonization, the uniformization and the ambivalence of the Law. A literature review was presented with the objective of looking for specific information as well as knowing the theoretical contributions of the field. Based on those theoretical contributions, it was possible to keep a dialogue with two important theoretical tendencies that prevail in the analysis of the subject: first, the technical theoretical tendency, supported by the relevance of the role of Public Administrations in the process of global market regulation; second, the political theoretical tendency aims at establishing political mechanisms of neutralization and compensation of the globalization effects. In line with those theoretical tendencies, this study was committed to the concrete reality and it was simultaneously engaged with the transformation of that same reality. Therefore, the study aimed at showing the ways the economic forces influence the legal phenomena and the Law, as a political instrument, can and does affect the economy.

With pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), genetic testing and selective transfer of embryos is possible. In the future, germ-line gene therapy (GLGT) applied to embryos before implantation, in order to introduce missing genes or replace mutant ones, may be possible. The objective of this dissertation is to analyse moral aspects of these technologies, as described by eighteen British, Italian and Swedish gynaecologists and geneticists. The objective is systematised into three parts: research interviews and qualitative analysis, philosophical analysis, and elaboration of a framework that supports the combination of analytic methods. PGD was described as positive since it enabled some couples at risk for a genetic disease to have a child without the disease. PGD was described as in different senses ‘better’ than methods for prenatal diagnosis and selective termination of pregnancy. It was also described as positive since it provided couples at risk with one more option, even if it did not result in the birth of a healthy child. However, interviewees were concerned about the difficulty of defining and evaluating genetic disease. They were also concerned about patients’ choices, and about exaggerated use or misuse. Whereas PGD gave rise to ambivalence in terms of how to understand, describe and evaluate it, GLGT was often described as unrealistic or undesirable. The results of the qualitative analysis are used in a philosophical analysis of the concepts of choice, autonomous choice, ambivalence, trust and ambivalence in trust relations. A set of distinct characteristics of each concept are elaborated. The results of the philosophical analysis are used in the discussion of the results of the qualitative analysis. The study shows that the technologies imply both ‘new’ ways to perform ‘old’ medical practices and ‘new’ practices. Old moral questions are reformulated. New moral questions are added. Against the background of this, the concept of genetic identity is discussed. Key words: empirical ethics, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, germ-line gene therapy, qualitative research, philosophical analysis, medical progress, genetic disease, choice, autonomous choice, ambivalence, trust, genetic identity.

Fokus i denna avhandling utgör läkares och civilingenjörers kunskaps- och identifikationsprocesser under utbildning och arbete – vilka studeras som utsnitt ur levnadsbanor. Syftet är att beskriva och tolka relationen mellan högre utbildning och arbete, dels utifrån föreställningar i forskning och policy, dels utifrån människors subjektivitet, vardagserfarenheter och liv. Studien baseras på textanalys och intervjuer med läkare och IT-ingenjörer under de första åren i arbetslivet och yrket. Kännetecknande är att processer följs över tid genom en longitudinell design. Den teoretiska ramen struktureras runt tre länkade teman: Kunskap och dynamiker i det samtida samhället; Högre utbildning och arbete; Människors formbarhet. Reflexiv tolkning utgör metodologisk ansats. Begreppen flexibilitet, stabilitet och ambivalens används dialektiskt vid analys av empiriska data. Avhandlingen visar att människors subjektivitet och vardagserfarenheter samspelar med generella föreställningar och sammanhangens reella förhållanden. Utbildnings- och yrkesval kan förstås som uttryck för såväl reflexiva livsprojekt som subjektiva dynamiker. Att formas till civilingenjör och läkare ter sig på vitt skilda sätt. Ingenjörerna formas till generalister och ”spelar med säkra kort” medan läkarna bygger en karaktär och ”spelar med sig själva som insats”. I arbetet använder civilingenjörerna titeln som en flexibel strategi – identifikation är främst bunden till plats, funktion och arbetstid. Läkarnas identifikation med yrket utgör ett konstant tillstånd – läkare är något de alltid är, också på fritiden – yrket är starkt bundet till person. Resultaten indikerar att både ingenjörs- och läkaryrket kännetecknas av livslånga kvalificeringsprocesser. De visar sig stark exkluderande över tid. Relationen mellan högre utbildning och arbetet diskuteras vidare i avhandlingen genom människors levnadsbanor och i termer av såväl formbara som hållbara liv. / The focus of this thesis is the formation of knowledge and professional identification through physicians’ and engineers’ education and work – life-trajectories are the frame of interpretation. The aim is to describe and interpret the relationship between higher education and work, partly by studying ideas in research and educational policy, partly by people’s subjectivity, experiences and everyday life. This study is based on text analysis and interviews with physicians and engineers. The characteristic of this study is that processes are described and interpreted through a longitudinal design. The theoretical framework is built up by three interrelated themes: knowledge and dynamics in contemporary society; higher education and work; the reflexivity of the individuals. An overarching interpretive approach is applied, and the concepts of flexibility, stability and ambivalence are used dialectically in the analysis of empirical data. The study indicates interplay between subjectivity, everyday life experiences and conditions in different practices. The informants’ educational and career choice can be understood as expressions of reflexive life-projects or as subjective dynamics. Becoming an engineer or physician stand out as substantially different processes. The engineers in information technology are becoming generalists and are “playing the game with a safe hand”, while the physicians becoming characters and are “playing the game with oneself as stake”. At work the engineers are using their title as a flexible strategy – identification is confined to place of work, occupation and working hours. The physicians’ identification with their profession is a fixed state of mind – they are always physicians, even in their leisure time – the profession is associated with their personality. The results indicate that both engineers and physicians careers can be characterised by life-long qualification. It appears as a strongly excluding factor. The relationship between higher education and work is discussed as life-trajectories and in terms of formable and sustainable life.

The ability to imagine negative or positive future events is associated with psychological well-being. The present thesis deals with depressed individual’s ability to imagine negative or positive future events. It consists of three quantitative studies (I-III) and one qualitative study (IV). Participants in studies I-III were assessed in connection with a randomized controlled trial of two ways to deliver Internet-based treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). Their ages ranged between 19-65 years. In addition to receiving treatment participants completed the Controlled Word Association Test; the Autobiographical Memory test (AMT) and the Future Thinking Task (FTT). Participants in study IV were recruited from a psychiatric clinic in Sweden. The sample sizes varied between study I (N=40), II (N=88), III (N=47) and IV (N=15). The aim of the first study was to compare positive and negative future thinking in a group of depressed individuals (n=20) who were compared with a matched group of non-depressed persons (n=20). The results showed that depressed persons report lower scores regarding anticipated future positive events, but that they do not differ in terms of future negative events. The aim of the second study was to examine the association between FTT and AMT in a depressed sample. The results showed that positive future thinking was significantly correlated with retrieval of specific positive autobiographical memories (r = 0.23). The results only gave weak support for an association between FTT and AMT. The aim of the third study was to investigate if scores on the FTT would change following two forms of Internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy for major depression (guided self-help and e-mail therapy). A second aim was to study if changes in depression scores as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory would correlate with changes in future thinking. The results showed that FTT index scores for negative events were reduced after treatment. There was no increase for the positive events. Change scores for the FTT negative events and depression symptoms were significantly correlated. The aim of the fourth study was to investigate representations of the future in depressed individuals by using open-ended methodology inspired by grounded theory. The results showed that depressed individuals experienced a state of “ambivalence”. Ambivalence and its negative emotional and cognitive effects were substantially reduced in strength when participants were asked about their distant future. The conclusions drawn from these studies are that depressed persons report lower scores regarding anticipated future positive events (Study I). There is some support for a positive association between FTT and AMT, but the association is weak and only concern positive FTT and positive AMT (Study II). Negative future thinking may be reduced after Internet-delivered treatment, and changes in depressive symptoms correlate to some extent with reductions in negative future thinking (Study III). The concept of ambivalence may be an important feature of depression which deserves more attention from both a theoretical and clinical perspective (Study VI). / Förmågan att föreställa sig negativa eller positiva framtida händelser är förknippad med vårt psykiska välbefinnande. Denna avhandling fokuserar deprimerade individers förmåga att föreställa sig negativa eller positiva framtida händelser. Den består av tre kvantitativa studier (I-III) och en kvalitativ studie (IV). Deltagare i studie I-III rekryterades i samband med en randomiserad kontrollerad studie av två sätt att ge Internet-baserad behandling för egentlig depression (vägledd självhjälp och e-postterapi) . Deltagarnas ålder varierade mellan 19-65 år. Förutom att gå igenom behandling fick deltagarna genomföra olika tester ( Controlled Word Association Test (COWAT), Autobiographical Memory test (AMT) och Future Thinking Task (FTT)). Deltagarna i studie IV rekryterades från en vuxenpsykiatrisk klinik i Sverige. Sampelstorleken varierade mellan studie I (n = 40), II (n = 88), III (n = 47) och IV (n = 15). Syftet med den första studien var att undersöka positiva och negativa framtidstankar hos deprimerade individer (n = 20) vilka jämfördes med en matchad grupp av icke-deprimerade individer (n = 20). Resultaten visade att deprimerade individer rapporterade färre förväntade framtida positiva händelser, men att de inte skiljer sig åt vad gäller framtida negativa händelser. Syftet med den andra studien var att undersöka sambandet mellan FTT och AMT hos deprimerade individer. Resultaten visade att positivt framtidstänkande var signifikant korrelerat med specifika positiva självbiografiska minnen (r = 0.23). Dock visade resultaten enbart ett svagt stöd för ett statistiskt signifikant samband mellan FTT och AMT. Syftet med den tredje studien var att undersöka om poäng på FTT ändrades som en följd av två former av Internetbaserad kognitiv beteendeterapi hos deprimerade individer. Ett andra syfte var att studera om förändringar i depressionspoäng mätt med Beck Depression Inventory skulle korrelera med förändringar i FTT. Resultaten visade att FTT indexpoäng för negativa händelser minskade efter behandling. Det fanns ingen ökning gällande positiva händelser. Ändrade poäng för FTT negativa händelser och depressionssymtom var signifikant korrelerade. Syftet med den fjärde studien var att undersöka representationer av framtiden hos deprimerade individer genom att använda en ”open-ended” metodik inspirerad av grundad teori. Resultaten visade att deprimerade individer upplevde ett tillstånd av "ambivalens". Ambivalensen och dess negativa emotionella och kognitiva effekter minskade betydligt i styrka när de tillfrågades om en mer avlägsen framtid. Slutsatserna från dessa studier är att deprimerade individer rapporter färre förväntade framtida positiva händelser, men att de inte skiljer sig från en kontrollgrupp avseende antal negativa framtida händelser (Studie I). Det finns visst stöd för ett positivt samband mellan FTT och AMT, men sambandet är svag och avser endast positiva FTT och positiva AMT (Studie II). Negativt framtidstänkande kan reduceras efter Internetbaserad behandling, och förändringar i depressionssymtom korrelerar till viss del med minskning av negativt framtidstänkande (studie III). Koncepten ambivalens vid depression kan vara ett viktigt inslag av depression som förtjänar mer uppmärksamhet från både ett teoretiskt och kliniskt perspektiv (Studie VI).

This thesis addresses the conflict traditionally found within moral philosophy between deontological and utilitarian schools of thought. Using the example of the serious moral ambivalence experienced by individuals who are deciding whether to end or continue a difficult pregnancy, it is argued that this ambivalence is the result of both absolute principles (such as the intrinsic value of human life) and outcome based considerations (such as the desire to avoid causing pain and suffering) appearing to be morally reasonable, while also being fundamentally opposed: Each course of action is at once morally defensible on the basis of its own reasonableness, and, conversely, reprehensible due to the reasonableness of the other. This lived experience of moral ambivalence is directly reflected by the tension between deontology and utilitarianism as it occurs at the moral philosophic level, where the deontological emphasis on the unconditional rightness of certain principles is seen to be at irreconcilable odds with the utilitarian emphasis on the attainment of certain ends. The thesis’ central claim is that such ambivalence strongly indicates that human morality is neither exclusively one type or the other, and that both types of moral property are in fact reasonable, and thus have moral value. It is theorised that accounting for this dual reasonableness would lead to the most accurate and helpful representation of the human moral experience – but that the philosophic ‘divide’ between the two types of principle has led to an either/or situation, which has largely prevented this sort of understanding from being developed. The thesis argues that Victorian philosopher Henry Sidgwick developed a view in which neither deontological nor utilitarian principles can be fully realised without reference to the other, precisely on the basis that both can be found to be ultimately rational. This thesis aims to revitalise that theory – represented by the term ‘Rational Benevolence’ - to show that Sidgwick reconciled the divide between absolute and end based principles in such a way that the relationship between them becomes a ‘synthesis’. In this synthesis, deontological and utilitarian concepts are both seen as essential components of morality, that combine to form a dynamic whole in which the value of each principle is both indicated and naturally limited by the value of the other, on account of their respective rationalities. It is argued that this provides a more comprehensive understanding of the reality of the human moral experience, and better moral justification for either course of action in situations of complex and sensitive ethical decision making.

No escopo de organização econômica do mundo, a globalização conduziu a uma limitação do papel das instituições públicas com relação ao mercado, haja vista a repercussão do poder econômico do capital na tomada de decisões de política econômica interna: a estruturação mundial dos mercados somente se torna plausível por meio da institucionalização de direitos no espaço dos Estados nacionais. Desse modo, os direitos nacionais tendem a uniformizar e harmonizar a regulação dada ao capital: trata-se da homogeneização dos direitos, porquanto, tendo em vista as necessidades decorrentes de uma indefectível interdependência econômica, os Estados nacionais acabam por adotar, com mais ou menos independência e criatividade, as instituições necessárias ao desenvolvimento do capital. É isso que torna a vontade planetária homogênea, por meio da artificialidade jurídica que permite ao direito se libertar dos vínculos terrestres e tradições históricas, instituindo, por assim dizer, uma espacialidade própria do direito, a espacialidade jurídica. Deixa-se, assim, o antigo nomos, que vinculava o direito aos lugares, a uma histórica e específica determinação de uma comunidade, para ir-se em direção ao novo nomos, que, estendendo-se às dimensões planetárias da tecno-economia, desliga-se dos vínculos tradicionais e assume plenamente o caráter da artificialidade. Apesar de os Estados continuarem desenvolvendo um papel importante, não se pode deixar de constatar que sua soberania econômica foi matizada: antes detinham poder absoluto em relação à economia, agora detêm poder relativo. As transformações e arranjos institucionais, que eram congruentes em nível nacional, agora estão dispersos em múltiplos níveis espaciais, pois o desempenho econômico requer que os atores sejam simultaneamente coordenados em todas as áreas espaciais, precisam ser alocados e aninhados em arranjos institucionais conectados a todos os níveis da realidade. Nesse contexto, Redes de Governo constituem um bom instrumento de política pública tanto para os países desenvolvidos quanto para os países em desenvolvimento que procuram participar do processo regulatório global e precisam reforçar sua capacidade de governança doméstica. Pode-se dizer que a partir da homogenia dos direitos pretende-se estudar três movimentos distintos e simultâneos que vêm influenciando a produção normativa dos Estados nacionais: a harmonização dos direitos, a uniformização dos direitos e a ambivalência dos direitos. Procurou-se empreender a revisão do tema escolhido na literatura existente no intuito de perquirir informações e conhecer as contribuições teóricas já produzidas pela ciência até o momento. A partir dessas contribuições teóricas, fez-se a identificação dos alicerces que permitiram dialogar com duas grandes tendências teóricas que prevalecem na análise do tema: a primeira, de cunho técnico, aposta na relevância do papel das Administrações Públicas no processo de regulação do mercado global; a segunda, de cunho político, visa a estabelecer mecanismos políticos de neutralização e compensação dos efeitos da globalização. Em linha com esses pontos, a pesquisa comprometeu-se com a realidade concreta e, simultaneamente, engajou-se com a transformação dessa mesma realidade. De conseguinte, o trabalho procurou evidenciar as formas como as forças econômicas influenciam os fenômenos legais, bem como, em sentido oposto, o direito, como instrumento político, pode e deve afetar a economia. / In the scope of the global economic organization, the international integration of markets led to a limitation of the role of public institutions regarding the markets because of the economic power repercussion of the capital in the decision-making of internal economic policy: the world structuring of markets only becomes plausible by the institutionalization of Law in the national States. Thus, the national Law tends to standardize and harmonize the regulation of the capital: it is the homogenization of the Law as the resulting needs of an economic interdependence, which leaves the national States to adopt the necessary institutions to the capital development. It is this that turns the planetary will homogeneous through legal artificiality that allows the Law gives out of the terrestrial bonds and historical traditions, instituting the legal spatiality. Free from the old nomos, which links the Law to places, to a historical and specific determination of a community, the Law gives place to the new nomos, which detaches itself from the traditional bonds and fully assumes the artificiality character by extending itself to the planetary dimensions of the techno-economy. Despite the States continue to play an important role, it should be noticed that their economic sovereignty was tinged: before, they had an absolute power over the economy, whereas they now have a relative power. The transformations and institutional arrangements that were congruent in national level are now scattered in multiple spatial levels as the economic performance requires actors to be simultaneously coordinated in all spatial areas and they need to be allocated and nested in institutional arrangements connected to all levels of reality. In that context, Government Nets constitute a good instrument of public policies both for the developed countries and for the developing countries that attempt to take part of the global regulatory process and need to reinforce their capacity of domestic governance. It can be said that from the homogeneity of the Law on, this work aims at studying three simultaneous and distinct movements that have been influencing the normative output of the national States: the harmonization, the uniformization and the ambivalence of the Law. A literature review was presented with the objective of looking for specific information as well as knowing the theoretical contributions of the field. Based on those theoretical contributions, it was possible to keep a dialogue with two important theoretical tendencies that prevail in the analysis of the subject: first, the technical theoretical tendency, supported by the relevance of the role of Public Administrations in the process of global market regulation; second, the political theoretical tendency aims at establishing political mechanisms of neutralization and compensation of the globalization effects. In line with those theoretical tendencies, this study was committed to the concrete reality and it was simultaneously engaged with the transformation of that same reality. Therefore, the study aimed at showing the ways the economic forces influence the legal phenomena and the Law, as a political instrument, can and does affect the economy.

The identities are forged dynamically in daily life amid the socio-psychological and political conditions. In this work, we adopt the theoretical perspective of social psychology, which considers social identity as a part of self-enunciation related to the perception of belonging to social groups, along with emotional meanings associated with that membership. This paper examines the dynamics of content creation and identity among resident students of UFS University through two studies: the first following a script mixed with questionnaire and interview, and the second through meetings in the form of focus groups. The study I aimed at investigating how university residents processed their identity constructions and specifically to verify the identity dimension which would be more evident - the individual or collective - what is the importance of (being a resident) for said building identity; the level of satisfaction associated with social belonging; which representations residents have of their social belonging and, finally, what meta-stereotypes in relation to group membership are apprehended by residents in the university context. The results indicated the large capacity of the participants in constructing self-concept meanings for themselves on the individual dimension, rather than consideration of possible dimensions of collective identities. Little emphasis was also noticed on self formulations of survey participants regarding the identity category "resident / university resident", and this, plus low prevalence, is also little protruding between them. Moreover, for those who associate their identities to the recognition of social belonging, the level of satisfaction regarding their identities is ambivalent. We also verified that there is among the surveyed a representational framework regarding the social belonging that does not favor the production of identity linked to the group of resident students; this frame also includes the seizure of meta-stereotypes toward the group produced in the university context. The study II aimed to verify whether, in contexts where possibly belonging to the social group of university residents structures political positions, participants turn to the social belonging "university resident" with a higher prevalence in the promotion and projection of their statements. The results indicated that, in specific situations, university residents now use the social category to which they belong in their identity constructions with the goal of legitimizing the demands and garner resources (material and symbolic) for the group. The recognition of social contexts in which the identity dynamics are processed, the perception of stereotypes and discrimination that arise from the establishment of an undervalued social identity causes individuals not to edit their identity belongings, whereas in times of struggles for better conditions for group membership, the affirmation of social identity is needed in legitimizing the claims related to the well being of the group. / As identidades se forjam dinamicamente no cotidiano dos indivíduos, em meio às condições sociopsicológicas e políticas. Neste trabalho, adotamos a perspectiva teórica da psicologia social, que considera a identidade social como uma parcela da autoenunciação de si relacionada à percepção de pertença aos grupos sociais, juntamente com significados emocionais associados a essa pertença. Este trabalho analisa as dinâmicas de constituição e conteúdos identitários entre estudantes residentes universitários da Universidade Federal de Sergipe por meio de dois estudos, o primeiro seguindo um roteiro misto de questionário com entrevista e o segundo através de encontros na modalidade de grupo focal. O estudo I teve por objetivo principal investigar como os residentes universitários processavam as suas construções identitárias e especificamente verificar qual a dimensão identitária seria mais evidenciada - a individual ou a coletiva - qual a importância do (ser residente) para as referidas construções identitárias; qual o nível de satisfação associado à pertença social; quais as representações que os residentes têm de sua pertença social e por fim, quais metaestereótipos em relação ao grupo de pertença são apreendidos pelos residentes no contexto universitário. Os resultados indicaram a grande capacidade dos participantes em significar para si um autoconceito ligado à dimensão individual, em detrimento da possível consideração da dimensão coletiva das identidades. Foi notado também, pouco destaque nas formulações de autoconceito dos participantes da pesquisa relacionado à categoria identitária residente/residente universitário , sendo que a mesma, além de pouco prevalente é também pouco saliente entre os mesmos. Além do mais, para aqueles que associam suas identidades ao reconhecimento do pertencimento social, o nível de satisfação em relação às suas identidades é ambivalente. Verificamos também que há entre os pesquisados um quadro representacional em relação à pertença social que não favorece a produção identitária vinculada ao grupo dos residentes universitários, esse quadro inclui ainda a apreensão dos metaestereótipos em relação ao grupo produzidos no contexto universitário. O estudo II teve por objetivo verificar se em contextos onde possivelmente o pertencimento social ao grupo dos residentes universitários estrutura posicionamentos políticos, os participantes recorreriam à pertença social residente universitário com maior prevalência no fomento de suas declarações. Os resultados indicaram que, em situações específicas, os residentes passam a usar a categoria social ao qual fazem parte nas suas construções identitárias com o objetivo de legitimar as demandas e angariar recursos (materiais e simbólicos) para o grupo. O reconhecimento dos contextos sociais, nos quais, as dinâmicas identitárias se processam, a percepção dos estereótipos e da discriminação que advêm do estabelecimento de uma identidade social pouco valorizada faz com que os indivíduos não editem suas pertenças identitárias, ao passo que nos momentos de disputas por melhores condições para o grupo de pertença, a afirmação da identidade social se faz necessária na legitimação das demandas relacionadas ao bem estar do grupo.

Submitted by Rebeca Alves Chu (rebeca.chu@gmail.com) on 2013-07-18T17:35:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese-rebecachu-final1807.pdf: 3411121 bytes, checksum: 1e98db000d8d9af9348320ced6868cfd (MD5) / Rejected by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br), reason: Boa tarde Rebeca, O título foi alterado, porém não consta a informação no verso da ATA. Qualquer alteração no título é necessário o orientador comparecer na secretaria para relatar. Agradeceu bastante gente. Rsrs... Título anterior: HIBRIDIZAÇÃO ORGANIZACIONAL E CULTURAL: O CASO DA INTEGRAÇÃO DE DUAS INSTITUIÇÕES DE ENSINO NO BRASIL Bjs. Suzi on 2013-07-18T19:39:16Z (GMT) / Submitted by Rebeca Alves Chu (rebeca.chu@gmail.com) on 2013-07-22T19:29:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese-rebecachu-final1807.pdf: 3411121 bytes, checksum: 1e98db000d8d9af9348320ced6868cfd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-07-22T19:37:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tese-rebecachu-final1807.pdf: 3411121 bytes, checksum: 1e98db000d8d9af9348320ced6868cfd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-22T19:38:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese-rebecachu-final1807.pdf: 3411121 bytes, checksum: 1e98db000d8d9af9348320ced6868cfd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-24 / The phenomenon of hybridization has been studied across multiple fields of knowledge as the Economy, the Social Sciences, the Political Sciences and the Cultural Studies. Regarding the field of Cultural Studies, hybridism and hybridizations have been broadly utilized to address cultures and cultural encounters. The field of Organizational Studies, however, still investigates hybridism and hybridizations in a superficial way. The objective of this research was to analyze hybridization as an organizational and cultural phenomenon. A case study was conducted to investigate the integration process of a business school, after it’s acquisition, to an university, both in Brazil. The focus of this research was on the origins of hybridization, on which organizational and cultural dimension it occurred, the dynamics it revealed and the impacts it had on organizational and cultural analysis. The case study conducted had a qualitative orientation, an exploratory approach and was based on 41 interviews with representatives from both institutions. Preliminary results indicated that: first, both institutions varied along their particular history and during the post-acquisition process from more or less homogeneous forms; second, the hybrid condition seemed to be a steady state, that varied, however, among more conflictive or more agreeable modes of interaction; third, two types of hybridization occurred, the dialectical and the dialogical ones and fourth, the hybrid condition seems to be the possibility to overcome the cultural and organizational dichotomies that emerged in the case. / O fenômeno da hibridização tem sido estudado em diversos campos do conhecimento, tais como a Economia, as Ciências Sociais, as Ciências Políticas e os Estudos Culturais. No campo dos Estudos Culturais, o hibridismo e a hibridização têm sido utilizados para analisar as culturas e as interações culturais. No campo dos Estudos Organizacionais, as pesquisas sobre hibridismo e hibridização tratam o tema de maneira ainda superficial. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a hibridização como fenômeno organizacional e cultural. Foi realizado um estudo de caso sobre o processo de integração pós-aquisição de uma escola de negócios a uma universidade, ambas no Brasil. Este estudo procurou compreender a origem da hibridização, as dimensões organizacionais e culturais nas quais a ela se manifestou, as dinâmicas que gerou, e os impactos para as análises organizacionais e culturais e para a prática gerencial. O estudo de caso conduzido teve caráter qualitativo e exploratório, e se fundamentou em 41 entrevistas com integrantes de ambas as instituições. Os resultados mostraram que: primeiro, as instituições estudadas assumiram formas organizacionais e culturais que variaram entre mais ou menos homogêneas ao longo de suas histórias e durante o processo de integração; segundo, que a condição híbrida pareceu ser um estado (organizacional e cultural) constante que, no entanto, variou de formas mais conflituosas a mais amigáveis no decorrer da interação; terceiro, que ocorreram dois tipos de hibridização, a dialética e a dialógica; e quarto, que a condição híbrida parece ser a possibilidade de superação das dicotomias que surgem.

Le point de départ de notre recherche a été la compréhension du phénomène Wang Xiaobo, de sa genèse, de son amplification et de ses échos dans l’histoire de la littérature chinoise. La thèse rappelle le contexte de la société chinoise et du monde littéraire des années 1990, indispensable pour saisir ce phénomène. Sa naissance est en effet étroitement liée à l’essor de la mouvance libérale chinoise et au développement rapide du pouvoir des médias et notamment d’Internet. Plusieurs personnages ont contribué à sa genèse, parmi lesquels on trouve notamment des chercheurs en sciences sociales tels que Li Yinhe, Qin Hui et Xu Jilin. Ce phénomène a été par la suite amplifié par les médias, qui ont étiqueté l’auteur comme « martyr sur l’autel de la littérature », « intellectuel libéral », « intellectuel public », etc. Ironie du sort, c’est l’appellation octroyée par Le Quotidien du peuple, « génie en dehors du système », qui résume le mieux l’identité controversée de l’auteur. L’étude des discours souvent impressifs sur le phénomène Wang Xiaobo nous a conduite d’abord à mener des analyses textuelles afin de sonder de manière approfondie l’art romanesque de l’auteur, insuffisamment exploré malgré sa notoriété posthume durable. Son art est caractérisé par des jeux à la fois subversifs et ludiques ; il démontre aussi comment le sujet pensant qui transforme les mots se voit lui-même métamorphosé par la société et la vie. Le corpus des textes étudiés couvre les trois périodes de l’auteur : avant 1984 (« l’âge fabuleux »), entre 1984 et 1992 (« l’âge de la maturité et l’âge d’or ») et enfin après 1992 (« réécriture et renouvellement »). Ensuite, à travers l’analyse comparée des textes de l’auteur et de ceux de ses successeurs, nous avons abouti à la thèse suivante : les jeux d’écriture de Wang Xiaobo affichent les caractéristiques de l’art de la postmodernité, et ce avant même que celui-ci s’installe progressivement en Chine ; ils illustrent comment l’esprit chevaleresque des lettrés chinois s’est progressivement transformé en un esprit de « voyous », terme évolutif, polysémique mais symptomatique de notre temps. / The starting point of our research was to understand the "Wang Xiaobo phenomenon". The paper describes the context of Chinese society and the literary world of the 1990s; some scholars’ liberal speeches and the growing power of media namely the Internet are parts of the reasons accounting for this phenomenon. The media put on the disappeared author new labels such as "martyr on the altar of literature", "liberal intellectual", "public intellectual". Ironically the name of "Genius outside the system", granted by the People's Daily to Wang Xiaobo, has stuck as the best way to encompass the author’s questionable identity. The impressive talks about the "Wang Xiaobo phenomenon" pushes us first to conduct deeper textual analysis to probe thoroughly the novellas’ art of the author, insufficiently explored despite his lasting posthumous fame. His art is characterized by subversive and playful language games; it also demonstrates how thinking subject who transforms words sees himself transformed by society and life. The corpus of the studied texts covers three periods of the author: before 1984, between 1984 and 1992, and finally after 1992. Then, through the comparative analysis of the author’s texts and those of his successors, we came up with the following thesis: The writing games of Wang Xiaobo display the characteristics of postmodern art, and even before it develops gradually in China; they illustrate how the chivalrous spirit of the Chinese intellectuals has evolved into a spirit of roguery, which in itself should be interpreted as an evolutionary term, both polysemic and symptomatic of our time.

Tenter de cerner le concept de ‘’personnage poétique’’ dans Les Fleurs du Mal et Le Spleen de Paris et essayer d’en déduire les fonctions et les significations, tels sont les objectifs du présent travail. Un processus de conceptualisation fait l’objet de notre première partie qui s’appuie sur les critiques existantes à ce sujet pour donner les statuts adéquats aux êtres peuplant ces deux œuvres. On s’est proposé de voir à travers des exemples précis le traitement que réserve l’œuvre baudelairienne à ce concept, notamment quand il s’agit de passer du poème en vers au poème en prose. Ainsi, des notions limitrophes ont émergé au fil de notre analyse, comme la notion de “figure allégorique” ou “mythique”. Parler de ‘’personnage poétique’’ est donc fort délicat surtout à l’aune de la variation générique qui impose des nuances contraignantes. Mais le fait est là : nous pensons légitime d’attribuer le statut de personnage à certains des sujets qui traversent Les Fleurs du Mal ou Le Spleen de Paris. En effet, ils sont définissables suivant les critères réservés généralement au personnage à savoir, le faire, le dire, la dimension psychologique. Néanmoins, ce statut n’est pas aussi évident quand on constate que dans ces deux œuvres le même sujet peut parfois conjointement relever du traitement de personnage et de figure. Ce travail étant réalisé, notre tâche était d’étudier les fonctions de ces ‘’personnages’’ et de ces ‘’figures’’ dans le cadre de l’esthétique générale de Baudelaire. Dès lors, on a pu voir un processus de dédoublement et de dialogisme se déclencher entre le poète et ses alter ego, qui incarnent ses revendications et ses convictions esthétiques avant-gardistes. / The objectives of the present work are attempting to define the concept of'' poetic character” in'' Les Fleurs du Mal” and” Le Spleen de Paris” as well as trying to deduce the functions and meanings implied in that concept. A process of conceptualization will be our first part .This part will rely on existing critics on this subject to finally give the appropriate statutes to creatures inhabiting these two works. We suggested to study through specific examples the way the works of Baudelaire treat this concept particularly when it comes to moving from free verse poem to prose poem. Thus, adjacent concepts have emerged in the course of our analysis such as the notion of mythical or allegorical figure. Talking about '' poetic character “is so delicate especially in this generic difference that imposes binding shades of meaning. But the fact is that we were able to grant the status of characters to many creatures whether in ‘Les Fleurs du Mal ‘or in ‘Spleen de Paris’. In fact, they can be defined according to the criteria usually reserved to character i.e., do, say, the psychological dimension… However, this status is not that evident when we notice that in these two works the same creature could sometimes jointly be treated as character and figure. Once this work was done, our task was to study the functions of these'' characters'' and '' figures'' in the context of the overall aesthetics of Baudelaire. Consequently, we could see a process of duplication and dialogism between the poet and his creatures. Tackled as his doubles; these creatures embody the poet’s claims and his avant-gardist aesthetic convictions.