The aim of my thesis is to study the release and the project of Litografiskt Allehanda, an art magazine covering contemporary Swedish art and artists, published from 1859 to 1865. My purpose is to look at the choice of the published material for Litografiskt Allehanda, the influence the contributing artists, how the work with advertisement and subscriptions was made and if it fulfilled its own purpose. Through a social and communicative perspective I am studying the relations between the different actors like the publicists, the artists, the subscribers and also the interaction between the lithographs and the texts.  Litografiskt Allehanda was the first successful lithographic work produced in Sweden, and the release lasted for six years. The printer and lithographer Axel Jacob Salmson, who was the founder of the magazine, led the printing work for two years before Sigfrid Flodin, a bookseller, took over and continued the work for another four years. The idea with Litografiskt Allehanda was to reach out to people all over Sweden and give everyone an opportunity to enjoy art, something that usually was exclusively for the upper class in the big cities. The analysis shows that there were people in smaller cities that subscribed to the magazine and also that the amount increased every year. Every volume contained 48 lithographic posters with a diversity of genres, from portraits and landscapes to some with more ethnographic character and ancient Nordic motives. The content became more Swedish with every year and letters show that the participating artists had quite a big influence over the published material. Every poster was accompanied by a text, which didn’t necessary had anything to do with the image, but was meant to create some entertainment for the reader. Some of these essays were written by special authors, while some were written by the artists themselves. Even if Litografiskt Allehanda is mentioned in almost every reference as being of great importance for the development of lithography and its proliferation in Sweden, there is nothing written that is just about the magazine.

During the last decades Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) has become a more frequently used method to recognise adult’s prior learning. This thesis analyses a process of RPL in health care, where health care assistants are assessed against subjects in the upper-secondary health care program. Prior research on RPL is to a high degree non-theoretical and focus is primarily on policy level research. This thesis adds to the field by progressing a critical social theory perspective on RPL. In the thesis the RPL process is analysed through Jürgen Habermas’ theory of communicative action and Axel Honneth’s Recognition theory. General questions posed are: What are the power issues in the RPL process? What implications does the tension between the lifeworld of work and the system of education have? What consequences does mutual understanding and communication have for the outcome of the RPL process? What part does recognition play for the participants? The results disclose the power relations that emerge in the relationship between participants and teachers. A caring ideology is developed and problematized. Further, the importance of mutual understanding between participant and teachers in the assessment of prior learning is discussed focusing on the consequences a lack of mutual understanding could have for the outcome in such assessments. On a macro level the analysis demonstrates the tension between the participants prior learning and the educational systems demand for formalising prior learning. In addition, analyses of a more developmental character that intends to show the potential for critical learning, change and recognition are progressed. The results suggest that communicative action can be used to develop RPL into processes focusing on critical learning and change. Recognition of traits and abilities could also enhance individual’s positive relations with the self. Such recognition could develop self-confidence and thus RPL could encourage learning and cultivate continuing self-realisation through work. / Validering har under de senaste decennierna blivit en alltmer använd metod för att erkänna vuxnas tidigare lärande. Denna avhandling analyserar en valideringsprocess inom omvårdnadssektorn för vårdbiträden med mångårig erfarenhet. Vårdbiträdena valideras mot ämnen inom omvårdnadsprogrammets karaktärsämnen. Tidigare forskning om validering är i hög grad icke-teoretisk och mycket fokus har legat på policynivå. Denna avhandling bidrar till forskningsfältet genom att problematisera validering utifrån ett kritiskt samhällsteoretiskt perspektiv. I avhandlingen analyseras valideringsprocessen utifrån Jürgen Habermas teori om det kommunikativa handlandet och Axel Honneths erkännandeteori. Exempel på mer generella frågor som ställs är: Vilka är maktfaktorerna i valideringsprocessen? Är handlingarna i processen koordinerade mot gemensam förståelse? Hur ser förhållandet mellan system och livsvärld ut? Vilken roll spelar erkännandet i validering för deltagarna? Resultatet synliggör de maktförhållanden som uppstår mellan deltagare och lärare i bedömningsprocessen. En omvårdande ideologi lyfts fram och problematiseras. Därtill diskuteras betydelsen av gemensam förståelse mellan deltagare och lärare vid bedömning, samt vilka konsekvenser brist på gemensam förståelse kan få. På ett makroplan åskådliggör analysen spänningen mellan deltagarnas erfarenheter och utbildningssystemets krav på formalisering. Vidare genomförs mer utvecklingsfokuserade analyser som vill visa på möjligheterna för kritiskt lärande och förändring i validering. Resultatet demonstrerar också, bland annat, betydelsen av att bli erkänd för sina förmågor och hur detta kan utveckla individens självuppskattning och främja lärande. I studien föreslås det att kommunikativt handlande kan utgöra en norm för hur validering kan utvecklas mot mer kritiskt lärande och positiv förändring. Men också att erkännande av tidigare förmågor kan gynna individens positiva relation till sig själv, hur detta främjar lärande, självuppskattning och hur validering därmed kan utgöra en grund för ett vidare självförverkligande genom arbete.

This essay examines the Swedish missionary association Bible Faithful Friends’ (Bibeltrogna Vänner, BV) ecclesiological development between the years 1911 – 1986 and their relation to the Church of Sweden. This essay’s three main questions are: - How did the ecclesiology of BV develop during the years 1911 – 1986, with certain focus on 1967-1986? - In what way was this ecclesiology imprinted by a) the structure of the missionary association? b) and the ecclesiological standpoint of the leader Axel B. Svensson? As regards the first question, the study shows that BV's ecclesiology, particularly in the years 1967 – 1986, is characterized by a church debate between BV's board and the promoters and founders of the Lutheran Confessional Church (Lutherska Bekännelsekyrkan, LBK). The latter was founded due to what they identified as confessional deviations in the Church of Sweden. Their view of church fellowship was that the invisible and the visible church should be uniform in doctrine, faith and confession. Accordingly, they argued that the lack of church discipline had led the Church of Sweden to deviate from the word of God and the apostles' doctrine. In the 1980’s, a proposal to allow Evangelical Lutheran congregations to form within BV, initiated a theological work by the board. The annual meeting of 1986 resolves not only to permit the emergence of free Evangelical Lutheran congregations within BV, but rather to encourage such a transition. In the second question, this study shows that the varying local church conditions among missionaries in northern Skåne in the 1870’s, resulted in the formation of "Communion fellowships". The historical explanations to the formation of these fellowships vary. However, essential to this study is the explanation given in BV’s internal historiography. This reveals that these fellowships were founded out of a need to receive Holy Communion as they had been excommunicated from the parish church. In other areas, missionaries were welcomed and encouraged by the church; hence Holy Communion was not here an issue. These varying local conditions in the grassroots movement BV contributed most likely to the association's pragmatic position in the church issue. Furthermore, one was united in the focus of mission, both near and abroad. In the third question, the study shows that Axel B. Svensson's ecclesiology had an essential impact on BV's official position in the church issue. Moreover, the absence of his voice after his death in 1967 makes clear that his ecclesiology was considered indicative to both BV and LBK. Both used him as legitimizing their own position but perceived him quite differently. However the dominating position among BV members was to remain within the Church of Sweden by working for spiritual revival in her midst. Being an ecclesiola in ecclesian, and thereby promote revival. At the same time one was open towards a relationship change towards the Church of Sweden if this would be considered necessary. 1986 is the year when one could regard this statement to be put to test: through encouraging the formation of Evangelical Lutheran congregations within BV, the association proves to stay true to its pragmatic ecclesiological standpoint were collaboration on the mission field, home and abroad, is superior to union in church issues. My analysis of these results comes to the conclusion that BV was once and is still founded in the identity of being "ecclesiola in ecclesia". Therefore, during the 1967 – 1986 debate, this identity is challenged by certain BV members wanting to be ecclesia instead of ecclesiola. The pragmatic ecclesiological standpoint, which has long been practiced in the northern Skåne example, in the work of Axel B. Svensson and in the decision of 1986, was hence the reason to why BV was able to stay true to their particular mission: being ecclesiola in ecclesia.

The diploma thesis The publishing house Axel Springer and its transformation into a digital house focuses on the gradual transformation of a the German publishing house Axel Springer from a traditional publisher of printed media into the digital house it is today. The thesis analyzes its business activities and offers a periodized overview of the house's dominant business strategies from the moment it was established in 1946 to 2014. Simultaneously, the thesis presents the chronological development of the house's product portfolio. It is this record of the house's historical and current portfolio which discovers not only the changes in the structure of revenues, but also the house's shift from its original object of enterprise. In the case of Axel Springer, the transformation is characterized with a transfer of the principles of media enterprise into the digital environment - within which the focus was broadened from media projects to non-media projects as well. Economically speaking, this strategy has been successful, as in 2014 the house generated more than 70% of its overall profit (EBITDA) from its digital activities. At the same time the thesis proves in a critical manner that the digital transformation of Axel Springer is not a result of successful digital transformation of the way the...

Quais os potenciais de transformação a Teoria Crítica poderia ainda suscitar em tempos de esvaziamento da ideia de proletariado? A teoria normativa precisa pressupor um ideal (expectacional) para amparar a prática emancipatória. Esse ideal precisaria, não obstante, para comportar certa dinâmica transformativa incluente da práxis, comprometer-se com a negação do campo das expectativas normativas, isto é, do plano da justificação das demandas por uma “vida boa”. Analisando essa dificuldade, própria de uma crítica com exigências de transcendência intramundana, especialmente pelo prisma da teoria do reconhecimento de Axel Honneth, verificamos que o autor buscaria juntar tanto a essencialidade dos conflitos como a ideia de normatividade na Luta por Reconhecimento a fim de poder fazer uma leitura racional e ainda fiel ao projeto de modernidade da sociedade. Verificamos assim que Honneth, apesar de agregar o conflito e a dinâmica de demandas possivelmente indeterminadas como questões para a teoria do reconhecimento e do processo de emancipação social, não se afasta plenamente do projeto de defesa da razão moderna como sustentáculo e princípio maior para amparar o progresso social seguro, tal como Habermas o sustenta na versão de uma ética do discurso. Para pôr esse projeto em perspectiva com o seu arquétipo de crítica, isto é, com o modelo que revela a necessidade de uma transcendência intramundana, buscamos interpretar o conceito de Pöbel (plebe) na Filosofia do Direito de Hegel. Esse conceito nos permite diferenciar dois tipos ideais no modo como se realiza e se ampara um juízo racional que tem por base a liberdade como chave de leitura do progresso. Com essa diferenciação tornamos mais claro o problema que envolve a relação entre teoria e práxis na efetividade da crítica social, pois os dois tipos ideais comportariam riscos assim como teriam seus benefícios, caso adotados em particular e em exclusão um do outro. A partir dessa identificação, procuramos elucidar que uma ética do reconhecimento deveria comportar uma meta-ética que lhe abrisse para momentos de questionamento do próprio conteúdo racional nas expectativas de justiça, dado que se abre a uma leitura em que a experiência tem primazia sobre a consciência, isso ao menos da perspectiva da “política”. Logo, sabendo que “a coruja de Minerva só alça voo ao entardecer”, não podendo assim ser guia último e absoluto do homem, o conceito de reconhecimento, caso queira ser base não só de uma ética, mas de uma política, necessitaria incluir um momento de “indeterminação produtiva” nos momentos lógicos que explicam sua dinâmica social. / What potential transformations could the Critical Theory still give rise to in times of emptying of the idea of the proletariat? Normative theory needs to presuppose an ideal (expectation) to support emancipatory practice. This ideal, however, would need to include some transformative dynamics of praxis, to be committed to the negation of the field of normative expectations, that is, of the plane of justification of the demands for a "good life." Analyzing this difficulty, typical of a critique with demands of intramundane transcendence, especially from the prism of Axel Honneth's recognition theory, we verified that the author sought to combine both the essentiality of the conflicts and the idea of normativity in the Struggle for Recognition, to do a rational and still faithful reading to the project of modernity of society. We thus find that Honneth, while adding the conflict and the dynamics of possibly indeterminate demands as questions to the theory of recognition and the process of social emancipation, does not depart fully from the project of defense of modern reason as a support and major principle to support the secure social progress, as Habermas maintains in the version of a discourse ethics In order to put this project in perspective with its critical archetype, that is, with the model that reveals the need for intramundane transcendence, we seek to interpret the concept of Pöbel (plebs) in Hegel's Philosophy of Right. This concept allows us to differentiate between two ideal types in the way how is realized and supported a rational judgment that is based on freedom as a key to reading of progress. With this differentiation we make clearer the problem of the relationship between theory and praxis in the effectiveness of social critique, since the two ideal types would entail risks as well as their benefits, if adopted in particular and in exclusion of one another. From this identification, we try to elucidate that an ethics of recognition should entail a meta-ethic that opens it to moments of questioning the rational content itself in the expectations of justice, given that Hegelianism opens to a reading in which experience takes precedence over consciousness, at least from the perspective of "politics". Therefore, knowing that "Minerva's owl only takes flight at dusk," and thus cannot be the ultimate and absolute guide of man, the concept of recognition, if it were to be based not only on an ethic but on a policy, would need to include a moment of "productive indetermination" in the logical moments that explain its social dynamics.

Les domaines de géométrie algébrique et de géométrie algorithmique, bien qu'étroitement liés, sont traditionnellement représentés par des communautés de recherche disjointes. Chacune d'entre elles utilisent des courbes et surfaces, mais représentent les objets de différentes manières. Alors que la géométrie algébrique définit les objets par le biais d'équations polynomiales, la géométrie algorithmique a pour habitude de manipuler des modèles linéaires. La tendance actuelle est d'appliquer les algorithmes traditionnels de géométrie algorithmique sur des modèles non linéaires tels que ceux trouvés en géométrie algébrique. De tels algorithmes jouent un rôle important dans de nombreux champs d'application tels que la Conception Assistée par Ordinateur. Leur utilisation soulève d'importantes questions en matière de développement logiciel. Tout d'abord, la manipulation de leur représentation implique l'utilisation de calculs symboliques numériques qui représentent toujours un domaine de recherche majeur. Deuxièmement, leur visualisation et leur manipulation n'est pas évidente, en raison de leur caractère abstrait.<br /><br />La première partie de cette thèse porte sur l'utilisation de méthodes algébriques en modélisation géométrique, l'accent étant mis sur la topologie, l'intersection et l'auto-intersection dans le cadre du calcul d'arrangement d'ensembles semi-algébriques comme les courbes et surfaces à représentation implicite ou paramétrique. Une attention particulière est portée à la généricité des algorithmes qui peuvent être spécifiés quel que soit le contexte, puis spécialisés pour répondre aux exigences d'une certaine représentation.<br /><br />La seconde partie de cette thèse présente le prototypage d'un environnement de modélisation géométrique dont le but est de fournir un moyen générique et efficace pour modéliser des solides à partir d'objets géométriques à re\-pré\-sen\-ta\-tion algébrique tels que les courbes et surfaces implicites ou paramétriques, à la fois d'un point de vue utilisateur et d'un point de vue de développeur, par l'utilisation de librairies de calcul symbolique numérique pour la<br />manipulation des polynômes définissant les objets géométriques.

The aim with this work is to investigate whether and to what extent the three first inspectors of the nomadic schools in Sweden revealed any signs of socialdarwinistic thought in their yearly reports from 1917 to 1945. For this reason I read through not only the named reports but also other official writings belonging to the inspectors as well as articles in Samefolkets Egen Tidning from that time. Darwin’s theory about the evolution of species and the human race was soon applied to explain the development of the human races and their various cultures. Furthermore it was combined with earlier notions concerning the effect of environmental influences on man’s development and a resulting cultural hierarchy. Thus leading scientists of that time placed the farming and industrial societies above gathering-hunting and nomadic societies. Societies placed on a lower level on the development scale, it was believed, would die out if they came into contact with higher societies. This was also true to the treatment of the mountain Saami population in Sweden. The nomadic school system which was introduced by law in 1913 aimed at keeping the mountain Saami segregated, not only from the Swedish population but also from the forest Saami who where regarded an even lower society. With the first two inspectors it becomes obvious that their ideology was based on socialdarwinistic thought. Vitalis Karnell even refers to racial premisis and Erik Bergström uses words that are almost directly taken from socialdarwinistic argumentation. With Axel Calleberg it is unclear whether he regarded the Saami as an inferior society. He reveals a less paternalistic attitude towards the mountain Saami than did his predecessors. The underlying ideas concerning the nomadic school system were not seen by some, or were strongly refuted by other leading Saami personalities.

Hegel réinscrit l’idée d’autonomie kantienne au sein d’une totalité organisée par des médiations qui constituent le sujet et lui livrent un contenu normatif venant mettre en forme sa pratique et lui assigner sa signification et sa place au sein du processus de reproduction de la société. La philosophie substitue à la morale abstraite une éthicité concrète (Sittlichkeit) objectivée au sein de médiation institutionnelle (l’esprit objectif). Cette conception incarnée de la moralité, exprimée par Hegel dans la Philosophie du droit sera l’objet d’une critique sévère par le marxisme au nom de l’émancipation de la puissance instituante de la société civile et des sujets, si bien que bon nombre d’interprètes contemporains de Marx le présentent comme un individualiste, un naturaliste et un économiciste. La théorie critique contemporaine, chez Axel Honneth, s’est-elle aussi repliée sur une conception naturaliste et intersubjectiviste de la théorie de la reconnaissance, puisée chez le jeune Hegel, où l’amour, l’amitié et la reconnaissance réciproque sont présentés comme des préalables à l’établissement d’une relation de communication, et servent de modèle pour penser l’ensemble du lien social. À l’encontre de ces approches, notamment à l’aide des travaux de Vincent Descombes et du sociologue québécois Michel Freitag, je cherche à revaloriser l’institutionnalisme hégélien et son concept d’esprit objectif. J’illustre aussi, avec Moishe Postone, comment toute théorie critique contemporaine doit, si elle espère réellement développer une critique des sociétés capitalistes avancées, pouvoir retrouver en Marx un penseur de la totalité et des médiations aliénées ou fétichisées (la forme-valeur) et articuler à la critique de la médiation des rapports sociaux par le travail abstrait une revalorisation de des médiations symboliques et politico-institutionnelles, de l’esprit objectif, en tant que seule la transcendance d’une dimension de sens objectivée peut suppléer à la régulation des rapports sociaux par la forme aliénée propre à la valeur abstraite. La revalorisation du concept d’esprit objectif hégélien, c’est-à-dire du pôle d’objectivité normative instituée, m’apparaît l’une des conditions sine qua non pour réorienter la théorie critique vers la dialectique qui, seule, lui évitera les écueils de l’intersubjectivisme, du dualisme et du nominalisme.

Malgré les efforts consentis par la communauté intellectuelle pour faire avancer la cause des minorités ethno-culturelles et les progrès réalisés en matière du droit des minorités, les combats menés par les minorités ethno-culturelles continuent, dans bien des cas, de souffrir d'un déficit de légitimité. Dans ce mémoire, nous cherchons à démontrer dans quelle mesure la théorie de la lutte pour la reconnaissance développée par Axel Honneth peut servir à déterminer la légitimité des luttes menées par les minorités ethno-culturelles. La théorie critique peut-elle en effet ouvrir une fenêtre sur le progrès social en mettant en lumière le potentiel normatif de certaines luttes sociales et identitaires dont pourrait bénéficier l'ensemble de la société? Afin d'identifier, au sein du cadre théorique de Honneth, les critères normatifs permettant de déterminer la légitimité des luttes menées par les minorités ethno-culturelles, nous allons dans le premier chapitre situer la théorie de Honneth au sein des champs théoriques auxquels elle appartient, soit la théorie critique et les théories de la reconnaissance. Le deuxième chapitre est consacré aux fondements théoriques de la théorie de la lutte pour la reconnaissance dans lequel nous allons développer, d'une part, le concept de reconnaissance et, d'autre part, celui de la conflictualité. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous tentons de démontrer si la théorie de la lutte pour la reconnaissance possède une pertinence pour la question des minorités ethno-culturelles. En effet, en détenant la capacité de prendre en considération toutes les formes d'injustices, en adoptant la perspective des victimes de l'injustice et en évaluant les conflits à partir des justifications données par les groupes concernés, la théorie de Honneth cherche à déterminer les luttes sociales qui sont légitimes de celles qui ne le sont pas. Dans le quatrième chapitre, nous verrons que plusieurs facteurs limitent la théorie à juger du potentiel normatif des conflits ethno-culturels. D'abord, deux des trois sphères de la reconnaissance (la sphère du droit et celle de la solidarité) ne permettent pas d'inclure les demandes des minorités ethno-culturelles dans les attentes susceptibles d'être reconnues par les membres de la société. De plus, l'approche individualiste de Honneth rend inapte la théorie à juger de la pertinence des revendications des minorités ethno-culturelles dans la mesure où les luttes sociales sont vues uniquement sous l'angle de la réalisation individuelle et jamais dans une perspective collective. De surcroît, les institutions, telles que vues par Honneth, sont considérées, somme toute, que comme « expression de la reconnaissance »; elles ne peuvent d'elles-mêmes, ni accorder de la reconnaissance, ni la refuser. Malgré les limites théoriques que nous venons d'énoncer, la théorie de la lutte pour la reconnaissance perd-elle pour autant toute pertinence par rapport à la question des minorités ethno-culturelles? Il nous semble en effet que Honneth, en accordant une grande importance à l'expérience de l'injustice et aux caractères particuliers de chaque conflit, pose, peut-être malgré lui, les jalons nécessaires pour le développement d'une approche qui parviendrait à mettre en valeur le potentiel normatif de certains conflits et ce, par sa capacité à déterminer les revendications qui sont légitimes de celles qui ne le sont pas. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Axel Honneth, Reconnaissance, Minorités, Théorie sociale critique, Conflit social.

Denna uppsats visar hur representationen av dekadent maskulinitet i svensk dekadenslitteratur från tiden strax innan sekelskiftet 1900 konstruerades. Genom att se till de tre författarna Ola Hansson (1860-1925), Emil Kléen (1868-1898) och Axel Wallengren (1865-1896) visas hur den dekadente mannen – dekadenten – skapas som karaktär och litterär figur. Dekadenten var, menar denna undersökning, extremt bunden av rum, socialitet och kropp, och kunde endast agera inom mycket snäva ramar skapade av dessa kulturella kategorier. Vad som framträder är närmast en schablon enligt vilken dekadensförfattarna arbetade, och rum, umgängesformer och kroppsligheter är så gott som utbytbara från verk till verk och författarskap till författarskap. I likhet med tidigare forskning på ämnet styrker denna uppsats bilden av den dekadenta maskuliniteten som en nervös och förment feminiserad maskulinitet, men vill till detta även tillföra att den, i egenskap av en motmaskulinitet i opposition mot den normativt borgerliga maskuliniteten, även var kapabel att erbjuda fysiskt motstånd.