Since the 1987 Brundtland Report, the development of urban areas has been considered a key determinant in achieving 'sustainability'. Greater residential density is increasingly advocated for and applied through policy statements around the world as a way of achieving this goal. Various tiers of New Zealand government are following international policy trends, developing programmes, protocols and strategies that promote sustainability and 'good' urban design practices through intensification, or concentration, within urban areas. Research shows that a policy framework of urban concentration, through greater residential density, is only successful where consumers and providers of housing support its practical application. Confrontation between policy and the market, and the acceptability of greater levels of residential density to residents, can jeopardise a policy's success. This research uses a mix of survey and interview techniques to determine the acceptability of "medium density" developments to residents, and to understand the practises and motivations of housing developers in Christchurch's "Living 3" zone. This zone is predominantly sited between the central business district and low-density suburban areas, making it ideally located to facilitate policies of intensification. The principle purpose of the zone is the development of medium-density residential accommodation, however greater residential density is relatively new to Christchurch where the potential for expansion is seemingly unbounded. The intention of this research is to assist the planning, production and performance of future developments. In conclusion, this thesis makes recommendations to improve the form and design of medium density residential developments in Christchurch's inner Living Three zone in terms of the market's producers and consumers.

Since the 1987 Brundtland Report, the development of urban areas has been considered a key determinant in achieving 'sustainability'. Greater residential density is increasingly advocated for and applied through policy statements around the world as a way of achieving this goal. Various tiers of New Zealand government are following international policy trends, developing programmes, protocols and strategies that promote sustainability and 'good' urban design practices through intensification, or concentration, within urban areas. Research shows that a policy framework of urban concentration, through greater residential density, is only successful where consumers and providers of housing support its practical application. Confrontation between policy and the market, and the acceptability of greater levels of residential density to residents, can jeopardise a policy's success. This research uses a mix of survey and interview techniques to determine the acceptability of "medium density" developments to residents, and to understand the practises and motivations of housing developers in Christchurch's "Living 3" zone. This zone is predominantly sited between the central business district and low-density suburban areas, making it ideally located to facilitate policies of intensification. The principle purpose of the zone is the development of medium-density residential accommodation, however greater residential density is relatively new to Christchurch where the potential for expansion is seemingly unbounded. The intention of this research is to assist the planning, production and performance of future developments. In conclusion, this thesis makes recommendations to improve the form and design of medium density residential developments in Christchurch's inner Living Three zone in terms of the market's producers and consumers.

<p>The aim of this essay is to give the reader an idea of how the European agricultural policies have developed, in regard of sustainable development, since Sweden became a member in the union 1995. The main aspect that’s been investigated is the issues regarding sustainable development and how the issues regarding the ecological farming methods have been dealt with. My research questions are:</p><p>- How has the European environment- and agricultural politics changed since Sweden</p><p>joined the union in 1995?</p><p>- What consequences have the changes had for ecological farming?</p><p>The answers to the stated questions are that there have been several treaties in the field of environmental development of the agricultural policy, starting with the Maastricht treaty and ends up with the European Action Plan for Organic Food and Farming. Since there are economical aid to back up the decisions there have been some restructuring of the farming policies in the way that makes it’s possible to produce ecological products even if that’s more expensive than the regular actions.</p>

Cette recherche traite de l'expérience vécue par des jeunes en difficultés scolaires au sein d'une école EVB. L'objectif principal de cette étude consiste à explorer le vécu des jeunes ayant des difficultés scolaires en tentant de mieux comprendre leur expérience au sein d'un environnement éducatif caractérisé par un projet éducationnel innovateur. Des entrevues semi-dirigées ont d'abord été menées auprès de quatre élèves de 4e et 5e secondaire provenant de la même école, desquelles certains questionnements ont découlé quant aux limites et éléments favorisant le développement de ce type d'école. Trois autres participants adultes ayant une expérience professionnelle avec les écoles EVB ont donc été interrogés. Les résultats indiquent que la source des difficultés scolaires est surtout liée au manque de sens que les jeunes attribuent à leur apprentissage et qu'une augmentation de la qualité des échanges avec les enseignants et de l'expérience pratique dans les cours pourraient permettre une hausse de leur motivation. Alors que le projet EVB prend davantage de place au niveau du parascolaire et que les activités parascolaires sont une source de motivation pour ces jeunes, il demeure que ces derniers ne témoignent pas d'une influence particulière de ce projet sur leurs difficultés scolaires. En réalité, il serait nécessaire que l'intégration de ce projet s'effectue au niveau des cours même pour être mieux à même de juger de son effet sur les jeunes en difficultés scolaires, une situation qui dépend de plusieurs facteurs. De surcroît, il semble que les jeunes rencontrés sont tous sensibilisés à la protection de l'environnement, mais sont par contre différemment sensibilisés aux sujets liés à la solidarité et à la justice sociale.

Analysts have had a long fascination with moments of significant change and discontinuity in political relations. Studies of “exogenous shocks,” “critical junctures,” “historical events,” “policy windows,” and “punctuated equilibria” have occupied a prominent place in qualitative assessments of policy and institutional change. Yet, despite analysts’ interest, these turning points remain poorly understood. Leading theoretical treatments are overwhelmingly descriptive, offering little in the way of explanatory capacity. Introducing the concept of Temporal Focal Points, my thesis provides a temporal extension to Thomas C. Schelling’s focal point hypothesis. Temporal Focal Points—definite, exceptional phases along the temporal continuum—precipitate a convergence of expectations among actors in time that heightens the likelihood of agreement. Convergent expectations are a crucial means of overcoming temporal coordination problems among actors. By facilitating a spike in analytical activity, political entrepreneurship, and bargaining intensity, actors are able realize joint gains opened up by past shifts in key parameters. Prominent temporal signposts allow actors to recognize that existing institutional arrangements are not an equilibrium. I test the plausibility of this theory through an analysis of the record of change at four distinct phases of the history of the United Nations environment regime from 1962-1992, including the 1972 Stockholm conference, the 1982 Nairobi conference, the UN General Assembly’s response to the Brundtland report, and the 1992 Rio Earth Summit.

Ce mémoire s'intéresse aux développements du libéralisme en Amérique du Nord. Le libéralisme subit des pressions qui le façonnent. Historiquement, les deux principales sont les revendications des droits civiques et les dénonciations des inégalités sociales et économiques. Un nouveau courant critique se développe présentement. Ce courant est celui de l'environnementalisme. Le but de ce mémoire est de tenter d'évaluer quelles relations ce nouveau champ entretient avec le libéralisme. Son champ étant très large, nous avons choisi de l'évaluer à travers le développement durable. Le choix du développement durable est motivé par sa proximité avec le libéralisme et la pertinence du concept dans la vie politique actuelle. Nous faisons l'hypothèse que le libéralisme ne pourra intégrer que partiellement les changements imposés par le développement durable. Ces changements consolideront un mouvement du libéralisme qui l'éloigne de la tradition fondée sur une interprétation stricte de la liberté négative. Un respect assez strict de la conception négative de la liberté est une caractéristique propre du libéralisme nord-américain. On peut d'ailleurs diviser en deux les écoles libérales en Amérique du Nord. La première est néo-libérale. Elle fait une interprétation très stricte de la liberté négative. Le second groupe, les libéraux égalitaires, préfère tempérer ce concept de liberté négative par une considération égale des libertés. Or, nous verrons que le développement durable vient consolider un mouvement s'éloignant d'une interprétation stricte de la liberté négative. Pour bien comprendre les différents aspects de ce mouvement, nous explorerons le rapport Brundtland, document qui donna naissance au concept du développement durable. Nous verrons que ce rapport est né de tensions entre plusieurs intérêts. Pour bien comprendre ces intérêts, nous analyserons les caractéristiques proprement écologistes et libérales du rapport. Nous arrivons à la conclusion que le principe de développement durable découle assez directement des préoccupations de justice chères aux libéraux égalitaires. Les néo-libéraux étant marginalisés tant par une non-correspondance de leurs idées concernant le rapport intergénérationnelle et intragénérationnelle avec celle défendue par le rapport Brundtland. Nous soulignons ensuite les limites qu'impose le libéralisme aux besoins environnementaux. Cette évaluation se fait principalement autour de la discussion concernant la tension entre idéal et neutralité chez les libéraux. Les libéraux recherchent une neutralité qui est problématique lorsqu'elle devient un idéal qui s'oppose à d'autres idéaux, notamment ceux des environnementalistes, comme c'est le cas de la liberté négative défendue par les néo-libéraux. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Libéralisme, environnementalisme, écologisme, liberté négative, neutralité, anthropocentrisme, écocentrisme, Brundtland, développement durable, justice, néolibéralisme, libéralisme égalitaire.

Starting with the idea that unsustainable practices contribute to issues of social justice and poverty as much as to ecological issues. Chapter 1 traces the origins of the terms sustainable and development individually to see how it is that they came together. Chapter 2 traces the major international conferences and documents and their use of the terms sustainable development. Chapter 3 takes a phenomenology approach to get a bit deeper into sustainable development. I examine the most commonly cited definition of sustainable development as well as a broader definition of sustainable development as a process of change. Chapter 4 examines the field of environmental ethics and argues that constant debates over value distract policy makers from the central question of what morally motivates people to support environmental ethics views. Chapter 5 examines the institution and regime building process, and the conclusion offers three questions to measure our progress.

CEEQUAL is a British assessment and award scheme for improving sustainability in civil engineering and the public realm. The scheme was developed in 2003 and has gained recognition in the UK and Ireland. The interest in CEEQUAL is starting to spread to the rest of Europe and to the Swedish Transport Administration.   The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the scheme from the perspective of the experience of implementation using two case studies in the UK – a road project and a railway project. The road project is represented by a subordinated project within the Olympic Park, a development for the London 2012 Olympic Games. The railway project that is being studied is the Crossrail programme, a large railway project in London. The objectives for this thesis are to: Review experiences from CEEQUAL awarded projects and to evaluate what additional sustainability benefits the award has given infrastructure projects compared to using normal standards. Identify costs and resources required for a CEEQUAL Award. Identify if it is possible for clients to require the use of CEEQUAL and stipulate a certain rating. The results from the two case studies are analysed and applied on the Swedish Transport Administration, together with information about CEEQUAL and the definition on sustainable development. Some of the conclusions of this thesis are: That the effect CEEQUAL will have on a project’s sustainability performance depends on what the normal standards are as well as the client’s requirements. The CEEQUAL scheme provides structure for projects to work with environmental and social issues. CEEQUAL makes social issues more visible and creditable. There is need for something that complements CEEQUAL to be able to say anything about project’s environmental impact, for example EPD or Carbon foot printing. It is important that CEEQUAL is a part of the working process otherwise it will cost extra time and money to do the assessment. It is possible for clients to have CEEQUAL as one of the requirement within the procurement process. It is also possible to require that a project is delivered with a certain CEEQUAL rating. Finally, my recommendation to the Swedish Transport Administration is to use CEEQUAL and apply for the award for different representative project and implement the CEEQUAL-thinking in their normal standards for all projects. If they register certain selected projects they can meet the requirements from the government commission and this can also work as a way to calibrate how they are performing on environmental and social issues to the rest of the industry. CEEQUAL can also work as an environmental quality assurance in projects where EIA isn’t mandatory. / CEEQUAL syftar till att bedöma och ge utmärkelse för hur väl ett infrastruktur- eller anläggningsprojekt har arbetet med hållbarhetsfrågor. Systemet är utvecklat i England och lanserades kommersiellt 2003. Intresset för CEEQUAL börjar sprida sig till övriga av Europa och till Trafikverket. Denna uppsats utvärderar brittiska erfarenheter från att använda CEEQUAL. Studien bygger på två fallstudier – ett vägprojekt och ett järnvägsprojekt. Vägprojektet representeras av ett delprojekt inom utvecklingen av Olympic Park och järnvägsprojektet av Crossrail. Syftet med studien är att: Utvärdera erfarenheter av att använda CEEQUAL och identifiera vilka mervärden, utifrån hållbarhetsperspektivet, systemet ger mot normalt arbetssätt. Identifiera de kostnader och resurser som krävs för CEEQAUL. Identifiera om det är möjligt att ställa krav på CEEQUAL och ett speciellt betyg i upphandlingen av genomförandet av ett projekt. Resultatet av de två fallstudierna har analyserats och applicerats på Trafikverket. Även teori om hållbar utveckling och information om CEEQUAL har använts för att analysera resultaten. Slutsatser utifrån denna rapport är bland annat: Vilken effekt CEEQUAL har på ett projekts hantering av hållbarhetsfrågor beror på hur dessa frågor hanteras i normalt fall.  CEEQUAL ger projekt en struktur för att arbeta med ekologiska och sociala frågor. CEEQUAL skapar trovärdighet för arbete med sociala frågor. Det behövs något som kompletterar CEEQUAL för att kunna säga något om ett projekts påverkan på miljön. Det är viktigt att CEEQUAL är en del av arbetssättet, annars kommer bedömningen att kosta extra tid och pengar. Det är möjligt för en beställare att ställa krav på användning av CEEQUAL och ett speciellt betyg i upphandlingen. Avslutningsvis så är min rekommendation till Trafikverket att de använder CEEQUAL och ansöker om utmärkelse för vissa referensprojekt men implementerar CEEQUAL-tänkandet i alla projekt. Genom att registrera vissa projekt så kan Trafikverket möta de krav som regeringsuppdraget ställer. De kan också använda CEEQUAL-utmärkelser för att kalibrera sig då och då mot CEEQUAL för att se hur de förhåller sig mot ”best practice” inom branschen.  CEEQUAL kan också fungera som en kvalitetssäkrare av ekologiska och sociala frågor i de projekt som inte kräver MKB.

The aim of this essay is to give the reader an idea of how the European agricultural policies have developed, in regard of sustainable development, since Sweden became a member in the union 1995. The main aspect that’s been investigated is the issues regarding sustainable development and how the issues regarding the ecological farming methods have been dealt with. My research questions are: - How has the European environment- and agricultural politics changed since Sweden joined the union in 1995? - What consequences have the changes had for ecological farming? The answers to the stated questions are that there have been several treaties in the field of environmental development of the agricultural policy, starting with the Maastricht treaty and ends up with the European Action Plan for Organic Food and Farming. Since there are economical aid to back up the decisions there have been some restructuring of the farming policies in the way that makes it’s possible to produce ecological products even if that’s more expensive than the regular actions.

[EN] The present work aimed to study Sustainable Development. It was studied the topic, its significance, why its appearance and its current state. A timeline was elaborated with key events and historical milestones of the theme. The theme was analyzed in its main aspects. It was questioned the various problems that have arisen and that hinder the success of its appliance. It was investigated what was being done and what can be improved. New hypotheses and perspectives were thrown up to address the issue and to implement more successfully and effectively trying to overcome the main problems that have been encountered in its implementation. Parameters for implementation of Sustainable Development were established. It was concluded that there is much work to be done in this area, that more tools can be created, that it may be a greater sharing of information and that are missing more open discussions of the problems that are being placed. The parameters that were developed are useless if they are not known and shared and applied in everybody's daily life. This poses a challenge to each and every one of the inhabitants of our blue planet. To this end it was developed an online platform for sharing of these parameters, as well as an application that helps and advises on the best ways to successfully implement Sustainable Development. / [ES] El presente trabajo tiene como objeto de estudio el desarrollo sostenible. Se ha estudiado el tema, su significado, el porqué de la aparición del concepto de desarrollo sostenible y su estado actual. Para ello se ha elaborado un cronograma con los principales eventos e hitos históricos del tema, que ha sido analizado en sus principales vertientes. Se han cuestionado también los diversos problemas que surgen y dificultan el éxito de su aplicación, investigando lo que se está haciendo en el área y lo que se puede mejorar, planteando nuevas hipótesis y perspectivas para abordar la temática y para implementarla con más éxito y eficacia, e intentando solventar los principales problemas que han aparecido durante su implementación. Por otra parte se han establecido parámetros para la aplicación del desarrollo sostenible. Las primeras conclusiones a las que se ha llegado es que existe mucho trabajo por llevar a cabo en esta área, que se pueden crear más herramientas al efecto, que la información puede estar más compartida y que podría y debería haber más discusiones abiertas sobre los problemas que se nos plantean. Los parámetros que han sido elaborados de nada sirven si no se comparten y divulgan, así como si no se aplican en nuestro día a día. El desafío está lanzado para todos y cada uno de los habitantes de este nuestro planeta azul. Con este propósito se ha desarrollado una plataforma on-line desde donde se pueden compartir estos parámetros, así como una aplicación que ayuda e informa sobre las mejores prácticas para implementar con éxito el desarrollo sostenible. / [CA] El present treball té com a objecte d'estudi el desenvolupament sostenible. S'ha estudiat el tema, el seu significat, el perquè de l'aparició del concepte de desenvolupament sostenible i el seu estat actual. Per a açò s'ha elaborat un cronograma amb els principals esdeveniments i fites històriques del tema, que ha sigut analitzat en els seus principals vessants. S'han qüestionat també els diversos problemes que sorgeixen i dificulten l'èxit de la seua aplicació, investigant el que s'està fent en l'àrea i el que es pot millorar, plantejant noves hipòtesis i perspectives per a abordar la temàtica i per a implementar-la amb més èxit i eficàcia, i intentant solucionar els principals problemes que han aparegut durant la seua implementació. D'altra banda s'han establit paràmetres per a l'aplicació del desenvolupament sostenible. Les primeres conclusions a les quals s'ha arribat és que existeix molt treball per dur a terme en aquesta àrea, que es poden crear més eines a aquest efecte, que la informació pot estar més compartida i que podria i deuria haver-hi més discussions obertes sobre els problemes que se'ns plantegen. Els paràmetres que han sigut elaborats de gens serveixen si no es comparteixen i divulguen, així com si no s'apliquen en el nostre dia a dia. El desafiament està llançat per a tots i cadascun dels habitants d'aquest nostre planeta blau. Amb aquest propòsit s'ha desenvolupat una plataforma on-line des d'on es poden compartir aquests paràmetres, així com una aplicació que ajuda i informa sobre les millors pràctiques per a implementar amb èxit el desenvolupament sostenible. / Alves De Menezes Quintela, EJ. (2015). DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL PASSADO O SÉCULO XX: ESTABLECIMENTO DE PARÂMETROS DE APLICAÇÃO [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/54115 / TESIS